Shandong is known as "the land of Qilu and the hometown of etiquette". The central plain of Shandong is characterized by farming culture. Weifang kites and Yangjiabu New Year paintings exude a rich earthy atmosphere; the fishermen along the coast of Jiaodong have strong and rough customs. Unrestrained; Western Shandong has deep traditions and is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius. Influenced by the unique regional culture, Shandong's folk customs are diverse and ever-growing. In this land, Shandong folk art is famous throughout the country.
Qi and Shandong folk customs coexist, and Shandong folk customs form their own series. In ancient times, Shandong was divided into Qi and Lu. The two different regions formed different styles of folk customs and have always existed relatively. They influenced each other but had their own styles. To the east of Shandong is the State of Qi, and to the west is the State of Lu. Due to the profound influence of the two ancient countries on future generations, Shandong is still called "Qilu" to this day. The different folk customs of Qi and Lu formed the regional differences in folk customs of Shandong later. Qi Su inherited the cultural traditions of Dongyi, was less bound by the clan and Zhou rituals, and had the color of commodity economy. Lu Su tried to replace the original cultural tradition with Zhou rites, which was more natural and economical.
Two major folk customs in Shandong were selected into the national intangible cultural heritage
In 2006, the Yangjiabu New Year paintings in Weifang, Shandong and the Puhui New Year paintings in Gaomi, Shandong were selected into the first batch of intangible cultural heritage in the country .
The Gaomi New Year paintings are unique in the country. New Year painting artists use willow charcoal strips to start the line draft, and then use drawing paper to spread the lines on the draft to make copies. One draft can be made into several pieces. Because of this trick, It is known as "pushing out ashes". After dusting off the draft, a whole set of hand-painting steps are added to create a beautiful painting. The ash New Year paintings originated in the early Ming Dynasty. Most of the initial works were statues of gods and flowers on ink screens. At the end of Qianlong's reign, more and more people began to paint New Year paintings in local areas. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it developed into two main schools: "Laomo Painting" and "Red Goods". Nowadays, there are fewer and fewer New Year paintings on dust. The surviving works of the two groups of artists from that year are particularly precious.
Yangjiabu woodblock New Year paintings began in the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty and have a history of more than 600 years. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Yangjiabu New Year paintings were sold inside and outside the province. Yangjiabu New Year paintings have diverse themes, are auspicious and lively, have bright colors, and have strong folk colors. According to the different posting directions, they can usually be divided into door paintings, kang head paintings and other types. The work of Yangjiabu New Year pictures lies in the printing. Woodblock making is a delicate job that requires careful carving, and some woodblocks can be preserved for many years. In the hands of some folk artists, there are still woodblocks handed down from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After carving the plate, you need to apply layers of colors and print it on paper. A New Year picture usually requires 6-8 layers of color to complete. They are all made by hand, and most of them are printed on site.
Eight folk customs are famous all over the country
Jinan, Shandong Province is known as the "City of Dough Sculpture". Among Jinan's arts and crafts, dough sculpture has become the most regionally distinctive type. Jinan's dough sculptures have bright colors and delicate techniques. They use fingers to twist, knead, and rub, and then use knives, grates, and needles to rub, cut, and point to create figures. The clothes, clothing, and appearance are lifelike, especially for Chinese costume dramas. The character creation is particularly professional. Liu Xuebin, director of Jinan Folk Art Museum, said that the birthplace of modern dough sculpture is Shandong, and its representative figure is Dong Fengqi, who is especially good at portraits. "The highest limit of dough sculpture is micro-sculpture. The smallest micro-sculpture of Dong Fengqi's characters is only one centimeter high."
When talking about Shandong folk customs that are famous all over the country, we have to mention the art of paper-cutting. With a pair of scissors and a piece of red paper, you can cut out various shapes at will. The imagination in it is surprising. It is understood that Fan Zuoxin and Luan Yueying are the most famous Shandong paper-cut artists. Shandong's paper-cutting style is concise and lively, with strong regional culture, and its skill and imagination are very high in the country. "Paper-cutting was originally used as window grilles, and later evolved into an art form." Director Liu said, "Paper-cutting in Shandong has a long history, and it gradually appeared after the invention of papermaking."
Weifang, Shandong It is a famous kite producing area in China. In the Ming Dynasty, kite-making artists appeared among the people. Later, with the popularity of kite flying custom, the art of kite also reached its peak stage. Weifang kites mainly have three basic shapes: string, hard-winged and simple, among which the dragon-headed centipede is the most prominent. On the basis of inheriting the essence of tradition, modern kites are constantly refurbished and have won the reputation of "Kite Art, Weifang's No. 1". Now Weifang has become a regular venue for the International Kite Festival. Liu Xuebin, director of the Jinan Folk Art Museum, said that Shandong folk customs such as clay sculptures, shadow puppets, pyrography, miniature sculptures and facial makeup are famous throughout the country.
The impact of immigrant folklore on Shandong
Shandong folk culture has continued to occur from ancient times to the present due to reasons such as immigration, transportation, and seeking jobs abroad. This is reflected in the evolution of folk customs. A situation of both absorption and openness has been formed.
The folk culture brought by immigration has had a profound impact on Shandong folk customs. In the early Ming Dynasty, the policy of "immigration to widen the countryside" was implemented. From the second year of Hongwu to the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants moved from Dahuaishu, Hongdong County, Shanxi to Shandong, Dezhou, Binzhou, Liaocheng, Tai'an, Heze, and Jining. Some of them They also moved eastward from Binzhou area. In this way, Shanxi immigrants are spread almost all over Shandong. Shanxi folk customs have influenced Shandong, such as not lighting a fire to cook during the Cold Food Festival. Many of the residents of several counties in northern Shandong (today's Liaocheng area) immigrated from Zaoqiang County, Zhili (today's Hebei Province) in the early Ming Dynasty. Where they lived, New Year paintings, clay toys and other folk art still have the same style as Zaoqiang. similar. In the early Ming Dynasty, most of the immigrants from Sichuan to Shandong were concentrated in Laizhou. Therefore, the customs of Laizhou were different from those of its eastern neighbors. There were also immigrants from many cities in Shandong, and their folk customs were also different.
The wharf towns along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal that flourished in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, such as Dezhou, Linqing, Liaocheng (Dongchang), Jining, etc. in Shandong, were influenced by water transportation from the north to the south, and their customs were closely related to those in Shandong. There are many differences in other areas. Most of these towns have a Bamboo Alley, where bamboo weaving shops common in Jiangnan are concentrated. The teahouses set up on the street have roughly the same layout for selling tea and drinking tea. Yutang Sauce Garden in Jining moved from Suzhou along the canal. Its products still maintain the Jiangnan style and still use the "Gusu Old Store" sign.
A typical example of the exchange of folk culture brought about by going out to find a job is the historical Shandong people's expedition to Guandong, or "traveling to Guandong". There are roughly two different types of people from Shandong who come to Guandong: one is to move with their families to villages and mountains in the Northeast, which is a type of escape, and is commonly known as "forced to have no choice but to travel to Guandong"; the other is to live in Shandong but spend most of their lives doing business in the Northeast. , commonly known as "residence field". They brought the customs of Shandong to the Northeast and brought the customs of the Northeast back to Shandong. Long-term exchanges have resulted in many similarities in the folk culture of the two places. In particular, some folk tales with the same content, such as the story of the bald-tailed old plum and ginseng, are widely circulated in Shandong and Northeast China. Shandong customs are most influenced by Northeast China, especially in Jiaodong.
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