First, the cultivation method
There are two cultivation methods of Lentinus edodes, short-term wood cultivation and substitute cultivation. Mushrooms produced by short-term wood cultivation have high commodity quality and high input-output ratio, which can reach 1:7~ 10, but they need a lot of wood and are only suitable for development in forest areas. The input-output ratio of alternative cultivation is only 1:2, but the production cycle is short and the biological efficiency is high, so it can be used.
1, sowing date and
select
Mushrooms are mostly produced in shade sheds or fruit forests, which are greatly influenced by climatic conditions and have strong seasonality. The sowing date of Lentinus edodes in different places should be determined according to the local climatic conditions and variety characteristics. Generally, our region is in September-10 (earlier in mountainous areas), 12- 10, which leads to early fruiting and barrel making, and high temperature.
2. Preparation of culture materials
Wood chips are the main raw materials for bag cultivation of mushrooms. Except pine, Chinese fir and camphor wood, most hardwoods and branches can be used as raw materials for mushroom production after being crushed.
(1) The composition of several cultivation materials is 100 kg, depending on the production scale.
(1) sawdust 78%,
20% (fine rice bran), 1% gypsum, 1% sugar, 0.3% urea.
55%~60%.
(2) sawdust 78%,
16%、
2%, sugar 1.2%, gypsum 2% ~ 2.5%, urea 0.3%, calcium superphosphate 0.5%.
55%~60%
③ sawdust 78%,
18%, gypsum 2%, calcium superphosphate 0.5%, magnesium sulfate 0.2%, urea 0.3%, brown sugar 1%.
55%~60%.
Preparation of the above three cultivation materials: firstly, dry mix gypsum and bran, and then dry mix with sawdust. First, dissolve sugar and urea in water, evenly spread them on the materials, spread them with a shovel blade, and repeatedly and evenly sweep them on the material surface with a bamboo broom.
④ cottonseed hull 50%, sawdust 32%, bran 15%, gypsum 1%, calcium superphosphate 0.5%, urea 0.5% and sugar 1%. The water content of the material is about 60%.
⑤ Bean straw 46%, sawdust 32%, bran 20%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%. The water content of the material is 60%.
⑥ sawdust 36%, cottonseed hull 26%, corncob 20%, bran 15%, gypsum 1%, calcium superphosphate 0.5%, urea 0.5% and sugar 1%. The water content of the material is 60%.
Preparation of the above three cultivation materials: weighing various ingredients according to the amount, first adding water to the materials with high water absorption, such as cottonseed hulls, bean stalks and corncobs, according to the material-water ratio of 1: 14~ 1.5, and stirring evenly to make the materials permeable; Dry mixing gypsum and calcium superphosphate with bran and sawdust, and then mixing with watered cottonseed hull, soybean stalk or corncob; Sugar and urea are dissolved in water and mixed into the material. At the same time, adjust the moisture content of the materials and mix the materials evenly with a shovel and a bamboo broom. There can be no dry particles.
(2) Pay attention to the problem sawdust when batching, that is, hardwood sawdust. Old sawdust is better than new sawdust. Before batching, the sawdust should be screened to remove coarse sawdust to prevent the plastic bag from being punctured. The thickness should be moderate, and superfine sawdust will affect the ventilation in the bag. 10% ~ 30% cottonseed hull should be added to the sawdust cultivation material to improve the yield. However, the proportion of cottonseed hull and corncob in the cultivation material is too large, and it is easy to break the fungus column when it comes out of the bag. Too much bran and urea should not be added to the cultivation material, otherwise it will easily lead to excessive growth of mycelium, difficult to change color and grow outside the mushroom. Bran and rice bran should be fresh, not caked, moth-eaten and moldy. Bean stalks should be ground into coarse chaff, and corncob powder should be granulated to the size of beans.
The water content of Lentinus edodes cultivation material should be higher than.
The water content of cultivation materials is slightly lower, which is generally controlled at 55% ~ 60% in production. A little lower water content is beneficial to control the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria, but when the first mushroom comes out, it is necessary to replenish water to the mushroom column in time, otherwise it will affect the fruiting. The ratio of raw materials to water is different due to the different dry and wet degrees of raw materials and different soft and hard thicknesses. Generally, the ratio of raw materials to water is 1: 0.9 ~ 1.
(1) manual measurement method. Grab a handful of mixed cultivation materials and hold them in your hands. If there is no water between your fingers, stretch out your palm and form a ball.
(2) Drying method: accurately weigh 500g of the mixture, spread it thinly in an enamel tray, and dry it at the temperature of 105 until the weight of dry material no longer decreases, and weigh the dry material. Water content of material (%) = wet material weight-dry material weight × 100, and 0.650 of dry material weight is added with water.
(of active ingredients) helpful to prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria.
3. Bagging and sterilization
Bag cultivation of Lentinus edodes is the most representative cultivation method of Lentinus edodes. Although the specific operation varies from place to place, the principle is the same. (1) specifications of plastic pipes In fact, plastic pipes with open ends are mostly used for bag cultivation of mushrooms, including polypropylene plastic pipes with a wall thickness of 0.04-0.05 cm and low-pressure polyethylene plastic pipes with a wall thickness of 0.05-0.06 cm. Polypropylene pipes can be sterilized under high pressure and normal pressure, but in winter, low-pressure polyethylene pipes are suitable for atmospheric sterilization. The specifications of plastic pipes used in production are also various, with a width of 15cm and a length of 55-57cm.
(2) Bagging and sterilization: firstly, one end of the plastic pipe is tied tightly. There are two ways to tie the mouth: one is to tie one end of the plastic pipe inoculated with the side structure twice with nylon rope, and then fold and tie the pipe mouth of the plastic pipe tightly to prevent the pipe mouth from leaking; Some manufacturers use 17cm× 35cm short plastic tube to charge and inoculate both ends, so one end of the plastic tube should be tied up hard, but it is not necessary to turn it upside down and tie it again. A plastic pipe tied up at one end is called a plastic bag. Before bagging, check whether there is air leakage. The inspection method is to blow the plastic bag full of air and put it in water to see if there are bubbles. Never use a leaking plastic bag. It is best to bag with a bagging machine, in groups of 5 people. Two people take turns to put the plastic bag on the discharge bucket, one hand gently holds the bag mouth, and the other hand pushes hard.
Live at the bottom of the bag and make it as tight as possible. The other two people will arrange the mouth of the material bag so that the mouth of the bag must be tied tightly. Tie the knot in the same way as at the other end of the bag. Bagging by hand, while loading, shaking the plastic bag, and compacting the materials with thick wooden sticks. After loading, tie the bag tightly. A bag containing materials is called a material bag. In hot season, it is generally required to concentrate manpower to load the car quickly. Otherwise, the material will turn sour and smelly. When the material is put into the pot, there should be a certain gap or "#" shape in the sterilization pot, which is convenient for air circulation, and it is not easy to have a dead angle during sterilization. When high-pressure steam sterilization is used, the material bag must be a polypropylene plastic bag. With the increase of temperature, the temperature in the pot will also increase.
When the pressure gauge points to 1.5 kg/cm2, keep the pressure unchanged for 2 hours, stop heating, naturally cool, let the pressure gauge pointer slowly fall back to 0, open the air valve first, and then boil. When using atmospheric steam sterilization pot, the fire should be big and fierce when heating begins, and the time from ignition to the temperature in the pot reaching 100℃ should not exceed 4.
When the temperature reaches 100℃, it should be maintained at medium fire for 8~ 10 hours, and the temperature cannot be lowered halfway. Finally, we should attack with fierce fire for a while, and then simmer overnight. Before cooking, the cooling room or inoculation room should be disinfected.
Plastic baskets used for cooking should also be disinfected by spraying 2% Lysol or 75% alcohol. The hot bag just out of the pot should be transported to the sterilized cooling room or inoculation room for cooling, and inoculation can only be carried out when the bag temperature drops below 30℃.
4. Inoculation and culture management
(1) Most bags inoculated with Lentinus edodes are lateral inoculation, which requires several people to do at the same time, so it is more convenient to operate in the inoculation room and the plastic inoculation account. The specific method is to disinfect the space in the inoculation room first, then transport the bags that have just come out of the pot to the inoculation room and arrange them one by one, and spray 0.2% carbendazim on the bags once with a hand-held sprayer. After all the bags are sorted, put them into the inoculation bag.
Tape, cone-shaped wooden stick with the diameter of 1.5 ~ 2cm for punching, 75% alcohol cotton ball, cotton yarn and inoculation tools are all ready. Close the doors and windows, turn on the ozone sterilizer and disinfect for 40 minutes. Shut down/kloc-open in 0/5 minutes. Inoculators quickly enter the inoculation outdoor room, close the door of the outdoor room, get dressed, spray 75% alcohol into the space for disinfection before entering the inner room, and inoculate according to aseptic operation (same as above).
Part). Lateral inoculation generally uses a plastic tube with a length of 55 cm as a material bag, connecting 5 holes, 3 holes on one side and 2 holes on the other side. In groups of three. The first method is to put the cone-shaped head of the construction wooden stick into an enamel cup filled with 75% alcohol, and the alcohol should immerse the tip of the wooden stick for 2 cm, then move the bag to be inoculated to the desktop, and wipe the bag with 75% alcohol cotton yarn in one hand. Construction holds a wooden stick in one hand at 3. 1 acupoint in the middle of the sterilized bag, and the other 2 acupoints are close to both ends of the bag respectively. The second person opened the bottle cap of the strain, rotated the bottle mouth on the alcohol lamp and burned it once, and the long-handled tweezers were also burned and sterilized on the flame of the alcohol lamp. After cooling, scrape off the surface layer of the strain at the bottle mouth, and then put the strain into a plastic tube sterilized with 75% alcohol or 2% lysol; After hand disinfection with alcohol cotton ball, directly break the strain by hand.
Fill the hole quickly with a piece of strain with the same size, and the strain should be filled to the inoculation hole slightly higher than the hole. Note that the second person's hands should always be disinfected with alcohol, and don't touch anywhere except the place of strain. The third person sealed the inoculation hole with 3.5cm× 3.5cm square adhesive tape, and turned the bag over 180 degrees, with the side receiving the strain facing down. The first person will use alcohol. Punch two holes at equal distance in the material bag, then put the tip of the wooden stick of construction into alcohol for disinfection, and then move the second material bag. The second person fills the two inoculation holes of the first material bag with strains, the third person seals it with adhesive tape, and then moves the first material bag (called the fungus bag at this time) to the next inoculation hole and discharges it to the side. The fungus bag can be cultured in a culture room. It is made of a plastic tube with a length of 35 cm.
Inoculation with inoculation box is often more successful than inoculation room, because the inoculation box has small space, good sealing and thorough disinfection. However, a single inoculation box can only be operated by one person, which is only suitable for inoculation at both ends of short bags. If it is side construction inoculation, it is best to use double inoculation boxes, which are operated by two people. One person is responsible for sealing with adhesive tape during construction, and the other person transfers the strains into the holes according to aseptic operation procedures.
(2) Bag culture refers to the management from inoculation to mushroom mycelium growing in bags and reaching physiological maturity. Bag culture period is usually called spawning period, which can be laid indoors (in greenhouse) or in shade shed, and the spawning place should be clean and free.
Keep away from pig farms, chicken farms, garbage dumps and other places where miscellaneous bacteria breed, and keep them dry, ventilated and cool. Disinfect and kill insects, and sprinkle lime on the ground before bagging. The spawning period of Pleurotus ostreatus in summer is in the high temperature season, and the temperature is often higher than the suitable temperature for mycelium growth (24~27℃), so the focus of spawning period management of Pleurotus ostreatus is to prevent high temperature burns. Newly planted fungus bags, three bags on one floor. The number of bacterial layers in each row depends on the temperature. If the temperature is high, there can be fewer floors, and walkways should be left between rows to facilitate ventilation and cooling, and to check the growth of bacteria bags. The temperature of the spawning ground should be controlled below 28℃. Do not turn over the bag within 7 ~ 10 days, and turn over the bag for the first time on 13~ 15 days. At this time, when the diameter is 8~ 10 cm, the growth will accelerate and the respiratory intensity will increase. Pay attention to ventilation and cooling. While turning over the bag, use a steel needle with a diameter of 1 mm to drill 3~4 micropores in the middle of the mycelium growth position at each inoculation point, about 2 cm away from the front end of mycelium growth. Or uncover half of the adhesive tape that seals the inoculation hole, bend a small hole inward to breathe, and pick out the bag contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria. At this time, due to the high heat generated by mycelium growth, it is best to strengthen ventilation and cool down. The temperature of the spawning ground should be controlled below 25℃. When the temperature exceeded 32℃, the mycelium stopped growing, and the mycelium was burned to death at 38℃. There are many ways to cool down, such as reducing bacteria package. Bacteria grow in greenhouses and shade sheds, thickening the cover during the day and removing it at night; There are many bacteria in indoor and greenhouse, but the outdoor temperature is low at night, so strengthen ventilation and cooling, and install exhaust fans if possible; If the temperature is too high, you can spray cold water to cool down, but after spraying water, you should pay attention to strengthening the wind, so as not to cause the environment to be too humid and prevent the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. After the bag is cultured for about 30 days, turn over the bag again. At the same time, a second micropore is punched at the position where the mycelium grows with a steel wire needle, which is 2 cm away from the front end of the mycelium growth, and a circle of 4-5 micropores is punched at the position where the mycelium grows at each inoculation point, and the hole depth is about 2 cm. In order to prevent miscellaneous bacteria caused by punching holes in the bag, the bag must be packed tightly, and the tighter the bag, the lower the contamination of miscellaneous bacteria will be. In all closed places where fungi grow, such as rooms and greenhouses, the space should be disinfected before turning over and tying bags, which can effectively reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. Special attention should be paid to pest control during the growth of fungi.
Because the size of the bag is different from the number of inoculation points, it usually takes 45~60 hyphae to grow full. At this time, the culture should be continued until the hyphae around the inner wall of the bag expand, with wrinkles and bulges, which gradually increase, accounting for 2/3 of the whole bag surface. The tumor feels elastic and soft when the bag is squeezed by hand. When the inoculation point is brownish, it shows that the mycelium of Lentinus edodes is physiologically mature in the mushroom farm and can turn color.
(3) Discoloration management: the growth and development of Lentinus edodes mycelium entered physiological maturity. Under certain conditions, the white hyphae on the surface gradually turn into brown films, which is called hyphal discoloration. The depth of discoloration and the thickness of membrane directly affect the occurrence and development of Lentinus edodes primordium, which is closely related to the yield and quality of Lentinus edodes, and is the most important link in the management of Lentinus edodes fruiting.
There are many ways to change color, and unpacking is often used. It is necessary to accurately grasp the time of unpacking, that is, when the mycelium reaches physiological maturity. It is not easy to change color when unpacking too early, and yellow water often appears when mycelium ages too late, which is easy to cause mixed bacteria pollution or membrane thickening, and it is difficult to distinguish Lentinus edodes primordia. The unpacking climate should be 15~25℃, preferably 20℃. First, make the floor of the mushroom greenhouse into a bed with a depth of 30-40cm and a width of 100cm, spread a layer of furnace ash, slag or sand on the bottom of the bed, then transport the bag that needs to be removed and discolored to the greenhouse, cut the bag with a blade, remove the plastic bag, and vertically arrange the columnar blocks in the bed with a spacing of 5-8cm. If the vertical arrangement of long columns is unstable, the bacteria column leans against the bamboo pole at an angle of 70~80 degrees. The bacteria column after unpacking should be protected from the sun and wind. At this time, the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse should be controlled at 75%~80%, and the yellow water bacteria column can be washed with clear water. Bacteria columns should be removed quickly and arranged vertically, and a row of beds should be filled. The top of the bed should be arched with bamboo pieces immediately, covered with plastic film, and the surroundings should be kept moist and warm. Do not exceed 25℃. If the temperature is high, spray cold water into the greenhouse space to cool down. When the temperature is high during the day, add more sunshades, remove sunshades at night, and strengthen ventilation and cooling. The light should be dark, and try not to uncover the covering film of the frame for the first 3~5 days. At this time, the relative humidity in the border should be 85%~90%, and there are condensed water droplets on the plastic film to keep the mycelium in a warm and humid place. When the temperature is low every morning and evening, it is still necessary to uncover the cover film of the bed and ventilate for 20 minutes. When the covering film of the bed is uncovered, the greenhouse cannot be ventilated at the same time, and the ventilation time of the two should be staggered. When the bacterial column is vertically arranged for 5-7 days and the surface of the bacterial column is covered with thick white fluffy aerial hyphae, it is necessary to strengthen the uncovered ventilation times, 2-3 times a day, 20-20 times each time. Promote color change. When the color changes after 7-8 days, increase ventilation 1 hour every time. Combined with ventilation, lightly spray water 1 ~ 2 times a day on the surface of the bacteria column, then dry it 1 hour and then cover it with film. Spray water continuously for 2 days until the color change is completed in 10 ~ 12 days.
Common abnormal phenomena in the process of color change and their treatment methods.
A. The color change is too shallow or never changes: If the surface of the bacteria column is dry due to the invasion of light or dry wind during bag removal, water can be sprayed on the bacteria column to restore the surface humidity of the bacteria column, and the film can be covered to reduce the ventilation times and shorten the ventilation time, and the bacteria can be ventilated 1~2 times a day for 10~20 minutes each time. If the relative humidity of air in the space is too low or the temperature is too low,
B. The hyphae on the surface of the bacteria column have been growing vigorously, and they do not lodging or change color when they grow to 2 mm This phenomenon is caused by hypoxia, although the temperature is suitable, the humidity is too high, or the nitrogen content of the culture medium is too high. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the ventilation time, let the light shine on the bacterial column, increase the difference between dry and wet on the surface of the bacterial column, and force the mycelium to lodging. If it still doesn't work, you can spray the bacteria column with 3% lime water and dry it.
C. The mycelium is dehydrated, and the surface of the bacterial column feels tingly when touched by hand: the relative humidity of the air and the surface of the bacterial column can be improved by spraying water, so that the relative humidity of the air in the cover film can be maintained at 85%~90%.
D about two days after bagging, the tumor-like hyphae on the surface of the fungus column expand, partially peel off, or partially leave the fungus column to form a hanging shape. The main reason for this phenomenon is that it is damaged by external force or affected by high temperature (28℃) when bagging, or it may be caused by premature bagging, insufficient bacterial age and immature mycelium, which can not adapt to the changing environment. The solution is to strictly control the temperature at 15.
E. When the bacterial column is found to be contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria, the bacterial column can be sprayed with 1:500 times of type II kemeiling solution once a day for 3 days. After each spraying, the film can be covered after a short drying.
In addition to taking off bags and changing colors, some methods will be used in production. After changing color, take out the bag to produce mushrooms. Others are not deleted. When the primordium of mushroom fruiting body appears around the inoculation hole of mushroom bag, the plastic bag around the primordium is cut with a knife to expose the primordium, and the mushroom production management is carried out. After the first mushroom is made, the whole mushroom bag is completely discolored, and then the second mushroom is soaked in water. These discoloration methods are simple and moisturizing, and are used in high temperature seasons.
(4) After the fruiting management mushroom column is discolored, the mycelium is completely mature and rich nutrition is accumulated. Under certain conditions, from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the fruiting body primordium differentiates and grows, that is, it enters the fruiting stage.
A. Promoting germination: Lentinus edodes is a temperature-changing mushroom. A certain temperature difference, scattered light and fresh air are beneficial to the differentiation of fruiting body primordium. During this period, the cover film on the frame is generally removed, and the temperature of mushroom greenhouse should be controlled at 10~22℃, and the temperature difference between day and night is 5~ 10℃. If the natural temperature difference is small, you can also use the opportunity of ventilation during the day and at night to artificially increase the temperature difference. The relative humidity of the air is kept at about 90%. When the conditions are suitable, white cracks will appear on the brown bacterial membrane on the surface of the bacterial column in 3 ~ 4 days, and mushroom buds will soon grow. During this period, it is necessary to prevent the space humidity from being too low or the bacteria column from being short of water, so as not to affect the formation of fruiting body primordium. In this case, it is necessary to increase the intensity of water spraying until the surface of the bacteria column is not sticky or slippery after each water spraying, but only wet.
B. management of fruiting body growth and development period: after mushroom bud differentiation, it enters the growth and development period. The temperature of fruiting body growth and development of Lentinus edodes strains with different temperature types is different, and most strains can grow and develop in the temperature range of 8 ~ 25℃. The optimum temperature is 15~20℃, and the fruiting body grows well at constant temperature. The relative humidity of air should be 85%~90%. With the growth of fruiting body, 2. The accumulation of carbon oxides is accelerating, so it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, keep the air fresh, and have some scattered light. The fruiting period begins in autumn. Due to the crisp autumn, dry climate and great temperature changes, the fungus column has just begun to sprout, with sufficient water, rich nutrition and vigorous hyphae. The key point of management is temperature control and moisturizing. In early autumn, the greenhouse where mushrooms grow should be covered with shading materials, ventilated and sprayed with water to cool down. In late autumn, the temperature is low, so it is necessary to increase the light during the day to raise the temperature. If strong light affects the fruiting, you can hang a sunshade net in the air in the greenhouse and add a thermal curtain at night. When the relative humidity of the space is low, water is mainly sprayed on the walls and spaces to increase the relative humidity of the air. When the fruiting body grows until the bacterial membrane is broken, the bacterial lid is not fully extended, the edge is rolled inward, the bacterial folds are all elongated, and the fruiting body turns from white to brown, it can be harvested. When it is cloudy or wet, it can be ventilated for 4 hours to dry the surface of the bacteria column, and then stop spraying water for 5~7 days. Let the hyphae fully rejuvenate and grow, and replenish water to the fungus column when the concave hyphae left by picking mushrooms turn white. The method of supplementing water is to make a hole in the center of both ends of the bacterial column with 10 iron wire, which is as deep as 1/2 of the length of the bacterial column, and then make three holes on the side of the bacterial column at equal distance. Press the board with stones and soak it in clear water for about 2 hours. It is advisable to soak the fungus column in water (the weight of the fungus column is slightly lower than that before and after fruiting). The water content of the bacteria column that can't be soaked is insufficient, and excessive soaking is easy to cause the bacteria column to rot and affect the fruiting. After replenishing water, the fungus column is discharged into the bed again, and the previous management method of accelerating germination and fruiting is repeated to prepare for the second mushroom tide. After the second harvest, the water will be cut off. Usually four-tide mushrooms are produced. Sometimes, the moisture content in the mixture is too high, and the temperature and humidity of mushrooms are suitable. When the first wave of mushrooms came out, the water loss was not great. Instead, the water supply can be stopped for 5-7 days after the first harvest, and the mushrooms can be soaked in the column to replenish water after the hyphae are restored to the management of accelerating germination and fruiting in the early stage. The soaking time can be longer. After every mushroom harvest in the future,
It is rainy and humid in winter. At this time, when the fungus column comes out in autumn and winter, the mycelium growth is not as strong as that in autumn because of too much water loss and insufficient water. The key point of management is to replenish water to the bacteria column, soak for 2~4 hours, and supplement some nutrients such as sugar and trace elements. Pay attention to heat preservation and moisture retention, keep the relative humidity of air at 85%~90%, and properly ventilate.
2. Integrated control of pests and diseases and miscellaneous bacteria
1, Integrated Control Measures for Mushroom Cultivation with Bag Material
(1) After the strains are strictly preserved in production, whether the strains are contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria is the most basic condition for high-quality strains. High-quality strains can be determined by visual inspection and culture. The mycelium is very thick, and the cork has a unique smell when opened, which can be regarded as a high-quality strain. If possible, sampling culture should be carried out, and the viability of mycelium can also be checked.
(2) Strictly close the treated fungus bags. Plastic bags should be uniform in thickness, no.
For polypropylene plastic bags with strong elasticity, high temperature resistance and high pressure, the culture material should not be too wet, and the ratio of material to water should be controlled at1:1.1~1.2; The charging tightness is moderate, and the upper and lower tables are consistent; The bags at both ends should be tied tightly and fused with flame. When making fungus bags in high temperature season, it can be 1:800 times.
Mixed solution to control miscellaneous bacteria. "
(3) Strictly close the normal pressure sterilization, and keep the temperature in the oven at100℃ for 8 hours; When the fungus bag in the pot is discharged, there should be a gap in the middle to make the fungus bag with steam flow heated evenly; Avoid cooling halfway due to hydration or fire; It must be completed within 8 hours from stirring to sterilization, and it must not exceed 5 hours from sterilization to temperature rising to 100℃ to avoid fermentation deterioration.
(4) Do a good job in environmental sanitation, purify the air, and minimize the spore density of miscellaneous bacteria, which is the most active and effective method to reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. Bottle disinfection and cooling, inoculation and advanced places in the culture room should be cleaned daily. Centralized cleaning should be carried out after heavy rain. Insist on using 0.2% soapy water or 3%~4% carbonic acid aqueous solution, 5% formaldehyde and 65438+ in the air and on the ground every day.
The solution and 5% ~ 20% lime water are sprayed or sprayed alternately, so that wastes and pollutants can be burned or immersed in the chemical tank in time to prevent environmental pollution and air pollution.
(5) Strict aseptic operation should be strictly disinfected after inoculation; Do a good job of strain pretreatment before inoculation; In the process of inoculation, the strain bottle is sealed with alcohol lamp flame; Inoculation tools should adhere to flame disinfection; Keep the strain intact as much as possible; Avoid walking and talking when vaccinating; Clean up the garbage in the inoculation room in time and keep the room clean.
(6) The scientific arrangement of inoculation season must be based on the temperature requirements of mycelium growth and fruiting body occurrence of Lentinus edodes. Premature inoculation or high temperature climate in summer and autumn will not only obviously increase the pollution rate, but also be unfavorable to mycelium growth; Although the pollution rate is low when inoculated too late, the growth period of autumn mushroom is shortened, which affects the yield. The best inoculation time is when the daily average temperature is stable at about 25℃.
When the temperature is high in summer, the inoculation time should be arranged from midnight to the next morning.
(7) Improving environmental factors The speed and severity of the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria largely depend on various environmental factors, especially when mold occurs on mushroom cultivation blocks or fungus tanks. When environmental factors such as temperature and humidity are beneficial to the growth and development of mushrooms, the mycelium of mushrooms is vigorous and resistant, and miscellaneous bacteria are not easy to appear. On the contrary, miscellaneous bacteria will take advantage of it and happen quickly. Therefore, in daily management, we should try to create mushrooms suitable for growth.
(8) In order to reduce the occurrence of mold when hyphae are not healed, take measures such as closing doors and windows (opening more windows for ventilation), removing the covering film, controlling the covering after mold, etc ... If individual cultivation blocks are mildewed, don't rush to deal with them before hyphae heal, increase the number of film lifting, and strengthen the ventilation in the cultivation room to reduce temperature and humidity.
(9) Mold occurs on the surface of the culture block or bacteria tube, without feeding. Generally, lime water with pH value of 8 ~ 10 can be used to wash the mold changes on it.
, inhibit the growth of mold. If the mold is serious and has penetrated into the material, it can be dug out and replanted. Cultivation blocks or fungus barrels with particularly serious mold can be taken outdoors, washed with clear water, dried for 2-3 days, and then sprayed with 0.5% ethylene peroxide (Ch3cooh 8595; ) can achieve significant control effect.
(10) Strengthen inspection. In the high temperature season, the discharge of bacteria bags in the culture room should not be too high or too dense, so as not to stop the growth of mycelium or burn it due to high temperature, which will affect the yield. After the bacteria grow for 5~6 days, carefully check the bags one by one in combination with the pile turning. If any contaminated bags are found, take them out immediately. For the slightly polluted bacterial bags, 20% formaldehyde, 5% carbolic acid or 95% alcohol can be injected into the contaminated parts, and then the disinfection tape can be affixed.
For bags seriously polluted by Penicillium and Trichoderma, add a proper amount of new materials and sterilize and inoculate again; Bury the contaminated bag of Streptomyces in time. In addition, it is necessary to prevent rats from killing rats and avoid secondary pollution. Contaminated and discarded bags should be disposed of centrally. Never throw it around to avoid repeated infection.
(1 1) The main pests that harm bagged mushrooms are mites and nematodes. During indoor culture, the main pest is nematodes. When pests occur in breeding rooms or farms, high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides can be sprayed, and the ratio is1:1200 ~1500 times that of tebufenozide.