Jingdi Liu Qi is the eldest son of Wendi and his mother Jidu. Huidi was born in Dadi Zhongdu (now southwest of Pingyao County, Shaanxi Province) in the seventh year (formerly 188). /kloc-ascended the throne in 0/6, died in Jingdi for three years (before 14 1), and was named "Xiaojing Emperor" in Changxin Palace Lantern. According to the Zhou Dynasty's interpretation of the sacrificial rites, "respect" is a beautiful name: "relying on righteousness (achievement) to celebrate the scenery", "being fond of deep thinking (being fond of deep thinking and good at full planning) to celebrate the scenery" and "being righteous (spreading righteousness and being strong in moral character). Although it is flattering, it still reflects the political and personality characteristics of Jingdi from several aspects. ?

Emperor Han Jingdi played an important role in the history of the Western Han Dynasty. He inherited and developed the career of his father, Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, and together with his father, he initiated the "governance of cultural scene". It also laid the foundation for his son Liu Che's "Hanwu Prosperity" and completed the transformation from Wendi to Wudi. Then, how did Jingdi develop the favorable situation and eliminate the unfavorable factors, thus making the Han Dynasty prosperous? The following four aspects are explained and illustrated: the king, the Huns, politics and storage. ?

To the king: successful counter-insurgency and stable imperial power?

Three years before Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (154), seven vassal states, led by Wang Wu and Liu Ying, rebelled one after another, which was called "Wu Chu Rebellion" or "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" in history. ?

The occurrence of the rebellion between Wu and Chu in the Seven Kingdoms has both remote and recent causes. In the 12th year of Emperor Gaozu (195), Liu Bi, the son of Liu Zhong, Liu Bangli's brother, became the king of Wu. Liu Ying, the prince of Wu, opened a copper mine, cast "half Liang" money, boiled sea salt, set up an official city, and was tax-free. Therefore, the economy of Wu developed rapidly, and Liu Ying's political ambitions began to breed. During the Wendi period, the King of Wu entered Korea and played a game with the King of Qi (Jingdi). Because of a chess dispute, the Crown Prince grabbed the chessboard and smashed the prince of Wu to death. Emperor Wen of Han sent someone to transport the body back to Wu, and Liu Bi, the king of Wu, said angrily, "There is injustice in the world. He died in Chang 'an and was buried in Chang 'an. Why are you buried? " The coffin was transported back to Chang 'an for burial. From then on, Liu Bi said that the disease would not happen again. Emperor Wen of Han simply gave him some sticks (tea table and crutches, symbolizing respect and preferential treatment for the elderly) and allowed him not to. However, the king of Wu, Liu Bi, not only did not repent, but became more arrogant. ?

After Chao Cuo ascended the throne like Emperor Han Jing, the King of Wu and Liu Bi became increasingly arrogant, and their rebellion became more and more obvious. Chao Cuo, an ancient counselor, suggested cutting off the fiefs of governors and restoring the direct rule of the Han court. He advised Jingdi to cut his vassal, pointing out: "If we cut it today, we will cut it, and if we don't cut it, we will cut it. Cut it, it's urgent (fast), and it's a small disaster. If you don't cut it, it will be late, and disaster will happen. " Jingdi adopted Chao Cuo's suggestion of "cutting princes". In the first three years of Emperor Jingdi (before 154), Donghai County of Wu, Changshan County of Sui and Six Counties of Jiaoxiwang were successively separated by various charges. ?

In the first month of three years before Emperor Jingdi, the imperial edicts of the Han Dynasty were sent to the State of Wu. Wu immediately killed officials below 2000 stone (county level) sent by the imperial court. In the name of "Jun Qing side severely punishes Chao Cuo", all the vassal states were prosecuted. News came that Liu Ang, king of Jiaoxi, Liu Xiongqu, king of Jiaodong, Liu Xian, king of Yanchuan, king of Chu, Liu Biguang, Liu Wu and king of Zhao, all started to cooperate. The "Seven-country Rebellion" led by Wu Chu finally broke out. ?

After Liu Bi's challenge, he led 200,000 troops to cross the Huaihe River to the west. After joining forces with the Chu army, he formed the Wu Chu Allied Forces. Then the Western Expedition killed tens of thousands of Han troops, which was quite impressive. Liu Wu, the king of Liang, sent troops to meet him. As a result, Liang Jun was defeated. ?

After the news of the rebellion spread to Chang 'an, Jingdi immediately appointed Zhou Yafu (the second son of Zhou Bo, the marquis of Jiang) as Qiu, led 36 generals to meet them, sent Zhou to attack Zhao, and the general relieved the siege of Qi, appointed (the son of cousin Dou Taihou) as the general, and stationed in Xingyang for bid. ?

Jingdi sent Zhou Yafu and others to meet the rebels, but his heart wavered, which gave Yuan Ang an opportunity. Yuan Ang was originally Wu Xiang, and was closely related to Liu Bi. Yuan Ang said to Jingdi, "This plan is absolutely wrong. If a decree is issued to forgive the seven countries of Wu Chu and return to their hometown, all the soldiers will be bloody. " In exchange for the strike of the Seven Kingdoms, Jingdi really believed Yuan Ang's words, saying that he "did not love one person to thank the world", so he beheaded Chao Cuo in the East City and brutally ruled the family. It's a pity that Chao Cuo was honest and hurt by slanderers. ?

Jingdi punished Chao Cuo, removing the excuse of the seven countries going to war, but the seven countries still refused to stop fighting, further exposing their rebellious features. Jingdi regretted it and decided to put down the rebellion by force. Zhou Yafu, like the Han army, quickly put down the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, and Wu fled to East Vietnam and was killed. ?

The Seven Kingdoms Rebellion was a key war between the central government and the vassal states in the Western Han Dynasty, and the outcome was clear in just three months. Why did Hanting win so quickly? Why did the rebels lose so quickly? The answer can at least be summarized as follows:?

The heart of the minister, the heart of the army and the heart of the people. Since the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Yan Wu has practiced writing, which is closely related to the people, and enabled the social economy to recover and develop, and the people's lives to improve day by day, so his subjects supported the Han Dynasty. For example, Zhao She, a civilian, suggested to Zhou Yafu that when the Han army left Wuguan via Lantian, it could quickly control the Luoyang armory, avoid the ambush and win the surprise attack. On the contrary, Wu Chu and seven other countries, out of their own interests, expelled people, provoked wars, launched rebellions and undermined stability. Coupled with their collusion with the Huns, they were disgusted by the broad masses of the people, so the whole country opposed it. ?

The strategy is appropriate. When the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion started, Taiwei Zhou Yafu presented a plan to Emperor Jing, saying, "Chu soldiers are brave and fierce, and it is difficult to win a head-on confrontation. I am willing to abandon the land of the beam and cut off the grain route to secure the world. " The plan is to temporarily give up some space in exchange for time, thus containing the rebels and demoralizing them. Later, the development of the war completely confirmed Zhou Yafu's judgment. ?

Use talents correctly. Jingdi is good at employing people. For example, Zhou Yafu, commander-in-chief of the Han army, is a handsome man. Although Wu can accept all the fugitives in the world, he can't use them. ?

Great changes have taken place in the situation after the failure of the "Guangling Wang Xi" seven countries in Han Dynasty. Jingdi seized this favorable opportunity to solve the kingdom problem in order to strengthen centralization. ?

Adjust the setting of vassal countries. The seven countries that participated in the rebellion were all abolished except the Chu State, which was preserved and a new king of Chu was established. ?

Continue to vigorously promote the surrender of vassals. Since then, most vassal States have only one county, and their actual status has been reduced to the county level, and the countries and counties are basically the same. The number of counties in the vassal States decreased from 42 to 26, while the number of counties directly under the central government increased from 15 to 44, which greatly exceeded the number of counties in the vassal States. This change is of great significance to national unity and strengthening centralization. ?

Suppress and lower the status of the prince. It deprived and weakened the power of the vassal States, recovered the right to appoint and dismiss officials of the kingdom, canceled the "all vassal States were endowed", only retained its "grain tax" right, and took away the profit sources such as salt, iron and copper and related taxes. Since then, the vassals no longer have the material conditions to confront the central authorities. ?

After the reform of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the vassal state system implemented in the early Han Dynasty changed obviously. The princes were nominally monarchs, but in fact they only got food, clothing and taxes. However, the influence of the vassals was not completely solved, so that Emperor Wu had to continue to take corresponding measures. ?

To Xiongnu: More peace and less war, ready to go?

Jingdi period was the "most powerful" period of Xiongnu, and the powerful tarquin attacked the Han Dynasty southward, burning and looting, which seriously threatened the rule of the Western Han Dynasty. At this time, the social economy of the Han Dynasty resumed development, but the conditions for defeating the Xiongnu were not yet mature. In this case, how did Jingdi deal with Sino-Hungarian relations? Generally speaking, there are wars and peace, but there are more wars and fewer wars, and peace is the main thing. ?

Jingdi insisted on pro-marriage, which eased the military conflict to a certain extent, bought time for economic development, and prepared for Emperor Wudi to fight back against Xiongnu in the future. Of course, Jingdi did not compromise blindly, but also made necessary resistance. ?

In several battles against Xiongnu, Li Guang shot and killed a number of outstanding generals on horseback, such as Li Guang, Chengwu and Ying Du, among which Li Guang, the "flying general", was the most prominent. ?

Li Guang was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Zhuanglangxi, Gansu). His ancestor Li Xin was a famous Qin national. So Li Guang is behind the door. Li Guang has a set of irregular methods of running the army, which is very suitable for the geographical conditions and enemy situation beyond the Great Wall. His troops are simple, mobile and resourceful. Therefore, Sima Qian praised him and said, "Be brave as an enemy and be kind to soldiers. Don't bother to give orders, master and apprentice follow them. " Huns were so frightened when they heard Li Guang's name that they called Li Guang "General Fei". ?

In addition to supporting Li Guang and Chengwu to resist the Huns and maintain peace and war, Jingdi also took some measures, which made a lot of preparations for thoroughly solving the Xiongnu problem in the later period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, mainly including two items. ?

Ma Zheng: "Building a garden horse is widely used". The shortage of horses in the Central Plains since ancient times is not conducive to the growth of cavalry, nor can it meet the needs of production development, and also limits the development of transportation and other undertakings. After Emperor Jingdi ascended the throne, he continued the construction of horse administration. He ordered the expansion of horse farms in the west (such as Beidi County) and the north (such as Shang Jun County) to encourage all counties, countries and people to raise horses. Due to the great development of the horse industry in Jingdi period, the output of military horses was quite large, and the number of horses belonging to the government grew to 400 thousand, but the folk horses were not included. ?

Implement the "selling knighthood order" and the "crime law". These two measures were put forward by Prince Chao Cuo and approved by Emperor Wen. After Emperor Jing ascended the throne, he continued to carry out these proved effective measures and made them more perfect. A large number of immigrants have enriched the border areas and become a mixed army of soldiers and peasants, which not only reduces the corvee of the mainland people, but also strives for a stable social environment. ?

Politics: quiet, humble and thrifty?

The traditional political evaluation of Jing Di by Mi 'an robe in the Western Han Dynasty is "quiet, humble and frugal": "clean" means doing less for politics; "Quiet" is to calm people's minds; "Public" means being kind to people; "Thrift" means frugality. Jingdi continued to carry out Huang Lao's inaction politics and adopted a series of effective measures. ?

Emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, developing economy After Emperor Jing ascended the throne, he continued to implement the established national policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. Emperor Jing said, "Agriculture is the foundation of the world. Jin Zhuyu, hungry and inedible, cold and undressed, thinks that money is used, but I don't know where it will end. " Therefore, he repeatedly ordered county officials to give priority to encouraging farming and mulberry planting. ?

Jingdi asked farmers living in barren land to migrate to places with fertile land and rich water resources to engage in reclamation, and rented "Changling field" to farmers who had no land and little land. At the same time, imperial edicts have been issued many times to crack down on those officials who make good use of people's resources by legal means, thus ensuring normal agricultural production. Jingdi has twice banned the use of grain to make wine, and also banned Neixian from feeding horses with millet. ?

During the Wenjing period, society was more stable and prices were lower and lower. According to the statistics of scholars, during the nearly 40 years of Wenjing's rule, the price of rice, which is directly related to the national economy and people's livelihood, fell the most, laying a good foundation for the development of other social undertakings. ?

During the period when Emperor Jing banned the provincial treaty law, the exploitation (tax) and oppression (law) of farmers were less than before. The so-called forbidden law means that the law in the silk book of the Western Han Dynasty should be simple and the punishment net should be wide. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (BC 156), Emperor Jingdi issued an imperial decree at the beginning of his accession to the throne: "Let the rent be half", that is, one and a half of the fifteen taxes levied on Emperor Wendi, that is, one and a half of the thirty taxes. Since then, this new land rent rate has become customized in the Western Han Dynasty. In the second year of rent reduction (before 155), Emperor Jingdi ordered that the age when men began to perform corvee service be postponed for three years, thus shortening the service time. This rule has been used until the era of Emperor Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty. ?

Emperor Jingdi carried out the policy of light punishment and cautious punishment in law: First, he continued to reduce the punishment, as mentioned above, and revised some improper points in the reform of Emperor Wendi's punishment of abolishing meat. Second, emphasize caution and enhance the fairness of the judicial process. Third, give some care to special criminals. ?

During the period of Emperor Jingdi, who vigorously developed education and cracked down on powerful people, the ruling class from Emperor Jingdi to county officials gradually attached importance to the development of cultural and educational undertakings because of the social and economic recovery and development to a considerable extent. At that time, Wen Weng was the most prominent school in the field of education. ?

Wen Weng, a native of Shu in Lujiang County (now southwest of Lujiang County, Anhui Province), was fond of learning when he was young, and was familiar with Chunqiu. After the county magistrate's inspection (that is, recommending the county magistrate to the court after the inspection), Jingdi appointed him as the magistrate of Shu County in the last year. County official school founded by Wen Weng has played an important role in cultural communication. His achievements have been affirmed by later generations. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated Wen Weng's school-running model and popularized it throughout the country. ?

On the one hand, Emperor Jingdi promoted cultural and educational etiquette, on the other hand, he cracked down on strongmen. In order to ensure that the order was issued, Emperor Jingdi took a number of decisive measures, two of which were very important: First, when building Yangling, he imitated the silk paintings of Gaozu in the Western Han Dynasty?

The ancestors moved some powerful men to Yangling City, separated their clans and pro-parties, and weakened their power, so as to achieve the goal of strengthening the middle and bringing the weak. Second, use brutal officials, such as Zhi Dou, Ningcheng and Xing Xing. , severely suppressed those who run amok and commit crimes in counties and towns, and made an example of them, which made those lawless strongmen, bureaucrats, consorts, etc. terrified, and their illegal behaviors greatly converged, partially adjusted class relations, which was conducive to social development. ?

Due to the implementation of the above measures, the social and economic stability and development have been further promoted. The population has doubled, the country has become rich and the national treasury has been enriched. It is said that in the later period of Emperor Jing's rule, the money in the national treasury piled up like a mountain, and the string of money was broken. The granary is full, the grain is piled in the open air, and some of it is moldy. However, the socio-economic development in Wenjing period brought about the disparity between the rich and the poor. This situation not only provided a solid material foundation for the later implementation of "talents" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty; It also brought new social problems to the mid-Western Han Dynasty. ?

For storage: infighting?

The abolition of the prince will lead to the redistribution of the rights of the ruling group, and various contradictions may suddenly erupt at this time, so it is the weakest and most dangerous link of the monarchy. Jingdi has been thinking about the storage space behind him since the day he ascended the throne. He gave birth to 16 sons, and none of them were born. It turns out that Jing Di's wife, Empress Bo, is the maiden granddaughter of his grandmother, Empress Bo, and was arranged by her grandmother when she was a prince. The thin queen has never given birth to a man and a woman, so it has caused fierce infighting over the storage space. ?

Competing for storage space is Liu Wu, the favorite son of my brother and mother Dou Taihou. Empress Bo had no children, was named as a wise king, and had a large area of fiefs, which made outstanding achievements in quelling the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms. After Jingdi's death, Dou Taihou intends to be succeeded by Liang Wang. ?

Emperor Han Jingdi himself was at fault. At the beginning of the third year BC (BC 154), that is, on the eve of the outbreak of the rebellion in the Seven Kingdoms, King Liang entered the DPRK, when Emperor Jing had not yet established a prince. One day, Emperor Jingdi gave a banquet for Liang Wang, got drunk and said, "I will pass it on to Liang Wang in the future." Liang Wang naturally secretly pleased in my heart. Counselor Dou Ying said: "The consensus between China and France was passed on to my son and grandson. Why is it that today's emperors pass on their younger brothers and arbitrarily appoint high-impedance people? " When Jing Di woke up, he was surprised and let it slip. The discussion was shelved. ?

After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms was pacified, the contradiction of establishing heirs became more prominent. Dou Taihou once again suggested that Jingdi Chuan was located in Liang Wang, and Jingdi ordered Yuan Ang and others to advise the Empress Dowager. Yuan Ang said to Dou Taihou: "In the past, Song Taizu and Gong Xuan set up brothers instead of sons, which led to the fifth rebellion. If you can't bear it, you will hurt your sense of honor and get into trouble. Therefore, Chunqiu believes that it is correct to carry on the family line. " Knowing that he was indefensible, Dou Taihou never mentioned it again and sent Liang Wang back to China. ?

The protagonist of the infighting for the reserve is Mrs. Wang, the mother of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (later named as the queen). Mrs. Wang was born in (now Xingping County, Shaanxi Province) to a father and a biological mother, Zanger. Brother Wang Su, Tian Fen, Tian Sheng, sister Wang Wa, once married a woman Jin Su. Her mother sent her and her sister Wang Wa to Liu Qi's womb. ?

After Mrs. Wang entered the palace, she gave birth to four children for Liu Qi, Yi Long Sanfeng, and the first three were girls, named Princess Pingyang, Princess Nangong and Princess Si Long respectively. Dragon Fetus, Liu Che, the later famous emperor of Han Dynasty, was born on the seventh day of July in the first year (before 156) shortly before Jingdi ascended the throne. ?

Liu Che, a fledgling, is extremely intelligent and can advance and retreat freely. According to the story of filial piety in the Han Dynasty, "When I was three years old, Emperor Jing held it on his lap and fondled it ... I asked,' Are you willing to be the son of heaven?' Yes:' It's not heaven yet. May I live in the palace wall every day to tease your majesty. ""Herry Liu casual answer, let Liu Qi had to regard this son with special respect or new views. Herry Liu has an amazing memory and a strong thirst for knowledge. He especially loves to read the great achievements of ancient sages and emperors, and he never forgets anything. Jingdi was deeply surprised. Herry Liu began to sue Fuxi, and recorded tens of thousands of words of diagnosis of dragons and turtles of Yin and Yang, without leaving a word. By the age of seven, the sage's car had surpassed others ",so Jingdi changed Herry Liu's name to" car ". The word "car" indicates that he is full of wisdom and meets the requirements of holiness. So Liu Qi came up with the idea of Prince Yi. ?

In the fourth year of Jingdi (before 153), Liu Rong, Li Jizhi's favorite concubine, was made a prince, known as "Prince Li" in history; Herry Liu was named King of Jiaodong. Soon the opportunity for Herry Liu to replace Prince Li appeared, because Guantao princess royal and Liu Piao came in. ?

Liu Piao is her sister, and Dou Taihou's daughter princess royal wants to marry her daughter Gillian to Rong. Only to be rejected by Li Fei, Liu Pu forged a hatred with her and had the idea of revenge. ?

Unlike Li Ji, Mrs. Wang is alert and tactful. When Liu Pu, a princess royal in Guantao, wanted to betrothed his daughter, who was four years older than Liu Zhi, Mrs. Wang was famous for her high status as a princess. She was uncompromising in front of Dou Taihou, and now she happily agreed. ?

So 6-year-old Herry Liu got engaged to Chen Ajiao of 10, six years earlier than Jingdi (15 1). In September of the same year, Queen Bo was abolished because she had no heir. Since then, Guantao princess royal praised Liu Che's cleverness and understanding to Jingdi many times, which made Jingdi love this child even more. At the same time, princess royal often slandered Jingdi and framed Li Ji. In November, seven years before Jingdi (before 150), Gezhu Dahang made Liu Rong, the prince of chestnut, the king of Linjiang. Half a year later, Mrs. Wang was made queen, and Liu Che, 7, was made prince. ?

Later, in the second year of the Central Plains (BC 148), Liu Rong, the king of Linjiang, accidentally broke the law and was recruited from Jiangling (now Hubei) to the capital. Captain Zhi Dou is under strict supervision and interrogation. Liu Rong was very angry and sad. After writing an apology to his father, he committed suicide. ?

Liu Che was made a prince, but Liang Xiaowang and Liu Wu refused to stop there. He spread heroes everywhere, made weapons such as crossbows, stored gold and silver "and millions", and sent people to assassinate more than ten ministers such as Yuan Ang. After the conspiracy was exposed, Liang Wang was greatly frightened. He bribed Han Anguo to go through the back door of princess royal and dredge Dou Taihou, and he was relieved a little, but Jingdi was much more alienated from him. Liu Wulian, the king of Liang, was depressed and frightened, and soon died of illness. Emperor Jing divided Emperor Liang into five parts, which unconsciously weakened the strength of Liu Wu philosophers. ?

After Jingdi established a new prince, the most worrying thing was Hou Zhou Yafu, a ruler in one's hand and one's hand, who tried to get rid of him. In the first year of Emperor Jingdi (BC 143), Zhou Yafu was imprisoned and dismissed on trumped-up charges. A generation of famous soldiers did not eat for five days and eventually vomited blood and died. Forcing Zhou Yafu to death, like the wrongful death of Chao Cuo, shows that Emperor Jing is "ungrateful, killing people with forbearance" and is used to kicking down the ladder. ?

In the first month of the third year after the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (before 14 1), Emperor Qi became ill, and his condition became more and more serious. He knew he was dying. Before he died, he said to Liu Yuxin Che: "People don't suffer from ignorance, but from fraud; If you don't suffer, you will have it. " We should not only know people and friends, but also know opportunities and Zhi Zhi. Jingdi seems to have felt that his son has many different qualities from himself. It is safe to give the world to him. Let him go by himself, it's no use asking. Soon, Jingdi died in Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an and was buried in Yangling (north of Zhangjiawan Village, Zhengyang Township, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province). Che is the emperor, and this is Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. ?

Liu Qi's profile?

Name: Liu Qi?

Born in the seventh year of Huidi (former 188)?

Zodiac: Cow?

Year of death: three years of Emperor Jingdi (14 1 before)?

48?

Posthumous title: Emperor Xiaojing?

Temple number: None?

Mausoleum: Yangling?

Father: Liu Heng?

Mother: Dou?

First marriage: when you become a prince, your age is unknown?

Spouses: 7 people, Queen Bo and Wang Wei?

Children: 14, 3 girls?

Successor: Liu Che?

Most proud: quelling the rebellion of the seven countries?

Most frustrating: Liang Wang and Liu Wu compete for storage?

Most unfortunate: Liu Rong, the eldest son, committed suicide?

Most distressing: Killing Chao Cuo unjustly?

What I'm good at: ungrateful killing?

Liu Che (156-87), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is the tenth son of Emperor Wu Liu Qi, the grandson of Emperor Wu Liu Heng and the great-grandson of Liu Bang. His mother is Wang Yong, who was made a prince at the age of seven, and ascended the throne at the age of 16. 54 years of rule. An unprecedented great achievement. His great talent and literary talent made the Han Dynasty the most powerful country in the world at that time, and the Western Han Empire under his rule was even stronger than the Roman Empire. It has become the undisputed center of world civilization, and the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has also become one of the most proud and great times in the history of the Chinese nation. ?

Life?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in China to use the title of the year. After he succeeded to the throne, he inherited his father's business, weakened the vassal power, and promulgated the promotion decree proposed by Minister Zhu, so that the vassal could make his son Hou, thus splitting the vassal fief. At the same time, he introduced the official title of secretariat to strengthen local control. Militarily and economically, he also strengthened centralization, putting iron smelting, salt making, wine making and other things under central management. At the same time, he forbade the vassal States to cast money, so that the finances were concentrated in his hands. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", paving the way for the special position of Confucianism in ancient China. However, it is generally believed that he used Confucianism to unify his thoughts, and at the same time used spells and criminal names to strengthen his rule, which is the so-called "expressing Confucianism in the law." Ji An and Sima Qian's castration, which were actively used at that time, are famous examples. ?

At the beginning of Liang Wudi's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the national economic situation was relatively good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal countries still exist. Therefore, while continuing to implement the policy of Emperor Jing, he took a series of measures to strengthen the centralization of absolutism. Politically, first, the "favor decree" was promulgated, which allowed the captaincy to enfeoff more children and divide the fiefs of the kingdom, further weakening the power of the captaincy; Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength and consolidated the sacred position of imperial power; Another 13 secretariat departments were established, which strengthened local control. On the military side, it is mainly to concentrate military power and enrich the central military power; On the economic front, we should rectify the finances, issue the orders of "liquidation" and "admonition", levy a tax on businessmen's assets, and crack down on wealthy businessman dajia; Sang Hongyang suggested that smelting iron and boiling salt should be returned to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and counties; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest, and implementing the "land substitution law" ideologically are beneficial to the development of agricultural production, adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ousting a hundred schools of thought, and exclusively respecting Confucianism, making Confucianism the dominant ideology of China society and having a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations. ?

On the one hand, he sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to conquer the Huns, which relieved the threat of the Huns and ensured the economic and cultural development of the north. He wiped out the Yelang and Nanyue regimes, and successively established seven counties in the southwest, so that today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions returned to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty. At the same time, Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road, strengthen the rule of the Western Regions and develop economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. In the East, he sent troops to destroy Wei's Korea (Korea) and set up four counties: Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen. ?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to the development of talents, and he established an inspection and evaluation system, which was the origin of China's talent selection system and had a great influence on later generations. ?

In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the constant use of troops against Xiongnu and the Western Regions, as well as the profligacy of meditation and worship of gods and immortals, the corvee was aggravated and taxes were increased, which led to the bankruptcy and exile of a large number of farmers. In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings broke out successively in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once promulgated "The Crime of Luntai" in Luntai. "Since I acceded to the throne, what I have done is crazy and makes the world sad, so I can't regret it. Let those who have harmed the people and ruined the world from today! " Admit a mistake. ?

In 88 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the painter to draw a picture of the Duke of Zhou as a dynasty vassal and give it to Huo Guang, which means that Huo Guang assisted his youngest son Liu Fuling as emperor. In order to prevent the young mother of the Prince from repeating the mistakes of Lv Hou's weighing system, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty executed her under a malicious excuse. ? In 87 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died and was buried in Maoling, with the temple number Sejong. ?

Family?

*? After Chen Fei?

*? Wei Ruyun?

o？ Liu Yuxin based on what?

o？ Wei princess royal (Princess Donnelly)?

o？ Yang Shi Princess?

o？ Princess Zhu Yi?

*? Mrs. Wang?

o？ Qi Wang Huai Liu Wei?

*? Li Ji?

o？ Guy princess royal (Princess Yi)?

o？ Liu Dan, the king of thorns?

o？ Guangling Li Wang Liu Wei?

*? Li Furen?

o？ Changyi mourns Wang Liu Bo?

*? Mrs. Yin (Yin Jieyu)?

*? Mrs. Xing (Xing E)?

*? Zhao Jieyu (Mrs Gou Jian)?

o？ Han Zhaodi Liu Fuling?

A prosperous monarch who is talented and can make good use of people.

Han Chu? Due to years of war, the population has decreased and the productivity is insufficient. However, China's national strength reached its peak after the rule of Wenjing. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he began to solve the threat of Xiongnu in the north. He used famous soldiers, such as Huo Qubing, Wei Qing, Li Guang and Zhang Qian? China's diplomacy has rapidly emerged on the international stage. After 30 years of operation, it basically solved the threat of Xiongnu and became the overlord of East Asia.

At that time, the status of the Chinese empire was in full swing. In 28 BC, the Northern Xiongnu killed China's envoy. Eight years later, Chen Tang, the vice captain of China's Western Regions Protection Office, attacked the Northern Xiongnu with the help of the Western Regions troops and the Han army stored in the Western Regions, and finally wiped out the Northern Xiongnu in one fell swoop. Chen Tang stated the reason for sending troops to the Central Committee: "Anyone who invades China and flees will be punished further." So generous.