The English name of orthodontics comes from the combination of three Greek roots, meaning "tooth", "orthodontics" and "discipline", that is, "orthodontics".
Basic introduction of scientific names of western medicine: other names of orthodontics: otolaryngology infection: non-infectious academic basis, orthodontic treatment opportunity, age limit, process, time, precautions, indications, orthodontic methods, functional brackets, movable brackets, fixed brackets, contraindications, complications, misunderstandings, academic basis 1. The reconstruction of jaw includes two processes: proliferation and absorption, which are important physiological characteristics of jaw and the basis of orthodontic treatment. Therefore, the change of jaw during orthodontic treatment is mainly a physiological process of balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. 2. The compressive strength of cementum is often only absorbed by alveolar bone under the same orthodontic force, and there is no or only a small amount of cementum. 3. Stability of periodontal ligament environment. After orthodontic treatment, the width of periodontal ligament and the connection between periodontal ligament and alveolar bone and cementum can be restored to normal. Orthodontic treatment Orthodontic treatment is mainly to adjust the coordination of maxillofacial bones, teeth, nerves and muscles through various corrective devices, that is, to adjust the abnormal relationship between upper and lower jaws, between upper and lower teeth, between teeth and jaws, and between nerves and muscles connecting them. Its ultimate goal is to achieve the balance, stability and beauty of the oral and maxillofacial system. The correction of malocclusion mainly depends on wearing an appliance inside or outside the mouth and applying appropriate "biological force" to the teeth, alveolar bone and jaw to make them move physiologically, thus correcting malocclusion. Some malocclusion deformities need early treatment (3 ~ 6 years old), such as malocclusion caused by bad habits such as biting lips and sucking fingers, in order to avoid adverse effects on maxillofacial region during growth and development. The rest malocclusion should be examined by orthodontists when the permanent teeth begin to erupt (8 ~ 10 years old). Because at this time, we can observe the eruption process of children's permanent teeth early and regularly, and find and solve problems in time. The best age for most orthodontic treatments is 12- 16 years old. Some orthodontists call this age the "golden age" for orthodontic treatment. The best time of orthodontic treatment depends on different age groups: 1, deciduous teeth (3~5 years old). The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to promote the normal development of children's maxillofacial region. The malocclusion in this period, such as malocclusion of deciduous teeth, mandibular protrusion and posterior malocclusion, which hinder the normal development of maxillofacial region, should be corrected in time, and the bad habits such as tongue coating and biting lips that affect the normal function of oral cavity should be corrected to prevent further malocclusion. 2. Tooth changing period (girls: 8- 10 years old, boys: 9- 12 years old). Generally speaking, there is no need to correct local malocclusion in this period. However, for bad habits such as lip biting, tongue spitting and mandibular protrusion, or abnormal situations such as facial shape, anterior teeth, functional mandibular retraction and the relationship between upper and lower jaws, it is often necessary to go to the hospital in time to check with orthodontists to determine whether it is dental, functional or skeletal malocclusion, so as to make clear the treatment plan. 3. Permanent tooth period (female:1114 ~ years old, male: 13- 15 ~ years old). The permanent dentition began to form around 12 years old. At this time, once the teeth are misaligned, they will not disappear automatically, and can only be corrected by the treatment of orthodontists. This period is the best period for children's orthodontics, and the curative effect is the best. All kinds of dentition can be corrected by orthodontics. Compared with children, adults will have more restrictions when receiving comprehensive orthodontic treatment. If the problem of occlusal teeth is caused by maxillary dysplasia, because the face and bones of adults have been basically shaped, it should be cured by orthodontic treatment. Only the combination of orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery can correct the deviation of adult jaw development. Generally speaking, functional orthoses used to correct skeletal dysplasia in children are not successful in adults. With the development of society, people's requirements for quality of life are gradually improving, and more and more adults are also seeking orthodontic treatment to improve smiles, correct occlusion or other problems caused by injuries, diseases or long-term neglect of oral care. Nowadays, society pays more attention to personal image and health. Having a happy smile and neat teeth can make you more confident. For people of any age, a healthy and beautiful smile can enhance self-confidence. Healthy teeth can move at any age. However, because the physiological metabolism of adults is not as active as that of young patients, and the oral environment is more complicated than that of young patients, the difficulty and time required for orthodontic treatment will increase to some extent. Of course, because the facial bones of adults no longer grow, some serious malocclusion problems can not be corrected by appliances alone, and sometimes maxillofacial surgery combined with orthodontic treatment can be used to solve them. The process of orthodontics is actually a process in which doctors and orthodontists cooperate with each other to arrange irregular teeth through brackets. The process of orthodontics can be divided into these stages: 1, consultation: including clinical examination before treatment, collection of diagnostic data (such as plaster model, facial appearance and oral dentition photography, facial and dentition X-ray examination, etc. ), the diagnosis and analysis of medical records, the formulation of treatment plans, the explanation and discussion of patients. 2. Start orthodontic treatment: After the treatment plan is determined, the doctor will choose the appropriate bracket according to the patient's condition and requirements, and make corresponding debugging, bonding and force application. Orthodontic treatment begins with the treatment of teeth. Then visit once every 1 month. The specific time will be decided by the doctor according to the needs of treatment. Every time the doctor visits again, he will also make necessary checks and records during the treatment. 3. Maintenance: Wear tooth retainer after orthodontic treatment. Generally speaking, it is necessary to wear the retainer all day one year before the end of treatment, and then gradually reduce the time of wearing the retainer according to the doctor's advice. Failure to insist on wearing retainers may lead to the recurrence of malocclusion. Because malocclusion varies from person to person, the specific details of orthodontic treatment depend on the degree of individual tooth deformity. In addition, whether the orthodontic process is simple or not depends on the experience of orthodontists and the cooperation of patients. In a word, for orthodontists, as long as they cooperate with doctors well in the process of orthodontics, they can achieve ideal orthodontic effect. The duration of orthodontic treatment is generally about two years, but the time required for treatment will increase or decrease according to the age, severity and dental reaction of each patient. The efficiency of orthodontic treatment can be greatly improved as long as we can cooperate well with orthodontists, make follow-up visits on time, maintain oral hygiene and health, and protect the appliance from being damaged. Note: don't think that wearing brackets can be done once and for all. Pay attention to diet and oral maintenance during orthodontics. Improper diet and oral care habits may affect the time required for treatment and the final effect at the end of treatment. Because the denture of orthodontic bracket is adhered to the tooth surface by special adhesive, and then the arch wire is fixed on it, and a certain force is applied to achieve the purpose of correcting teeth. Therefore, the bracket itself should be easy to install and disassemble. At the same time, the arch wire should also have the performance of producing appropriate strength and bearing certain chewing strength. Since it is an instrument to be removed in the future, the appliance can't be so close to the teeth, so we can eat it unscrupulously, and the thinner archwire can't bear too much bite force. Therefore, in the process of correction, we should eat less: (1) hard food, such as ice cubes, nuts, hard biscuits, sugar cane, hard candy, crabs, lobster shells and so on. I also quit bad habits such as biting my pen and nails; (2) Too sticky food, such as toffee, maltose and some biscuits. (3) Foods that are too big, such as apples and pears, should be cut into small pieces before eating. Of course, in order to avoid dental caries, we should try to reduce the intake of sweets and drink less carbonated drinks during the correction period. Clean your mouth thoroughly with the correct brushing method after each meal, supplemented by oral cleaning products such as dental floss and interval brush to avoid enamel demineralization, dental caries, gingivitis or other complications. Indications 1. Patients with crowded teeth: the symptoms are that the teeth come in and out, which are unsightly, difficult to clean, prone to dental caries, easy to form dental calculus and lead to periodontal disease. 2. Anterior crossbite (occlusion), also known as "ground occlusion", shows that the lower anterior teeth bite on the outside of the upper anterior teeth, and some people just have their teeth reversed; Some people not only have malocclusion of teeth, but also have deformity of facial bones, which is called skeletal malocclusion. It is characterized by hypoplasia of maxilla (backward) and overdevelopment of mandible (forward), which leads to depression in the middle of the face and crescent-shaped profile, which affects aesthetics and function. 3. Patients with interdental space show excessive interdental space. 4. Deep coverage: also known as "protruding teeth", some only show protrusion of the upper anterior teeth or varus of the lower anterior teeth; Some are skeletal deformities. Some of these people's front teeth and upper gums protrude excessively, but their chins shrink behind their upper lips, or they have no chin shape at all. 5. Patients with bimaxillary protrusion, or protrusion of upper and lower front teeth, causing lip protrusion, and can only forcibly close their lips, and their lips are bare. 6. Posterior crossbite (occlusion) and occlusion (occlusion): It affects chewing function and may lead to maxillary and mandibular deviation for a long time. 7. Patients with deep overbite (overbite of anterior teeth): the lower anterior teeth cannot be seen during occlusion; Some people are accompanied by skeletal deformity, which is characterized by short lower part. This deformity is easy to bite the upper gum, and it is also easy to cause periodontitis of front teeth and facial joint diseases. Orthodontic methods With the improvement of oral technology and patients' aesthetic requirements for orthodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment has gradually developed a variety of orthodontic materials and methods from movable brackets and buccal fixed brackets, such as ceramic brackets, self-locking brackets, lingual invisible brackets and bracketless invisible brackets. According to the requirements of different doctors and patients for curative effect, beauty and comfort, more treatment schemes are provided. The main feature of functional brackets is that the orthodontic force of functional brackets mainly comes from the muscle strength of the patient's oral and maxillofacial system, or it is a continuous and soft orthopedic force. Most functional brackets belong to movable brackets, such as Twin-block brackets and Frankel brackets, but some functional brackets belong to fixed brackets, such as Forsus and Herbst. Compared with removable brackets, fixed brackets have the advantage of not depending on the cooperation of patients, which can ensure the curative effect to some extent. The removable bracket of Forsus fixed functional appliance consists of snap ring, adjacent hook, base, correction spring, etc. Patients can take it off by themselves. At present, it is mostly used to break bad oral habits, correct some simple malocclusion or as an auxiliary device for fixed correction, and its application range is limited. Fixed bracket metal bracket metal bracket refers to sticking orthodontic brackets on the buccal side of teeth with adhesive, and then applying force to orthodontic brackets on teeth through orthodontic archwires to correct teeth. This kind of stent can't be removed by the patient himself. At present, the most widely used metal bracket in the world is straight wire appliance. Because they are widely used by doctors, their orthodontic function is also perfect in all aspects. Self-locking bracket Self-locking bracket is the most advanced buccal fixed bracket at present. Compared with the traditional non-self-locking bracket, it can obviously reduce the discomfort during orthodontic treatment, prolong the follow-up interval, shorten the time of oral surgery, and make it easier to clean and maintain oral hygiene. In addition, the self-locking bracket can also reduce the resistance when the teeth move and help the teeth to be leveled and aligned more quickly. The self-locking design of various brands on the market is different. Double-clip self-ligating brackets also have a special automatic protection function, which can automatically release the archwire when the orthodontic force is too large to avoid tooth damage and root tip absorption, thus better protecting the health of teeth and periodontal. Self-locking brackets are divided into metal and ceramic materials, both of which have the above characteristics. The color of ceramic self-locking is very close to the color of teeth, which is more beautiful than metal self-locking brackets. The ceramic material of ceramic bracket is close to the color of natural teeth, which has good concealment when sticking to teeth, so that the orthodontic process can be completed quietly. Therefore, it is deeply loved by adults and patients with high aesthetic requirements and becomes one of the indispensable materials for orthodontic treatment. However, the strength of ceramic materials is weak, and it is easy to break during treatment or removal, which affects the therapeutic effect. And the color is easy to be dyed and discolored because of the patient's bad oral hygiene maintenance habits, which used to be its main problem. But with the birth of a new generation of microcrystalline ceramic materials, these defects have been overcome now. On the premise of ensuring the overall strength, today's high-end ceramic bracket materials are smaller in size, higher in strength, and have the advantages of being difficult to dye, discolor and remove. Lingual invisible bracket is an advanced orthodontic technique in the world in recent years. It is to install all brackets on the lingual side of the teeth for orthodontic treatment, and there is no orthodontic trace on the appearance. Lingual correction technology began to appear in Japan and the United States as early as the 1970s. After years of theoretical research and technical improvement, it has become a self-contained system and has been widely used in Japan and the United States. The technology of invisible tongue correction is relatively mature in Europe, America, Japan and other countries, which requires higher operation for doctors and is technically difficult. Non-bracket invisible bracket Non-bracket invisible bracket is a technology to customize a series of transparent trays through 3D computer technology to complete the whole orthodontic treatment. Compared with traditional orthodontics, bracketless invisible orthodontics can be disassembled freely, so it has obvious advantages in oral cleanliness, comfort and aesthetics. However, bracket-free invisible orthodontics requires a higher degree of cooperation for patients (wearing time should be more than 22 hours a day). If you can't wear it according to the time requirement, the course of treatment will be prolonged and the curative effect will be greatly reduced. Therefore, there is still a certain gap between the fixed appliance and the fixed appliance in the treatment effect and the application scope of the treatment indications. Contraindications of invisible brackets: patients with periodontal disease, patients with poor oral hygiene habits or patients prone to dental caries. Suffering from systemic diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, diabetes, tuberculosis, psychosis, etc. Generally, it is not suitable for orthodontic treatment, and severe malnutrition and pregnant women are not suitable for orthodontic treatment. Complications 1, enamel demineralization and dental caries: There are many orthodontic appliances in the mouth during orthodontic treatment, so if you follow the usual cleaning habits, you will miss many places that are difficult to clean, resulting in irreversible demineralization of the tooth surface (chalk on the tooth surface) and serious dental caries (worm teeth). 2. Periodontal tissue damage: tooth movement and periodontal tissue reconstruction need to follow certain biological forces, and incorrect orthodontic force may cause permanent damage to periodontal tissue. 3. Root resorption: Orthodontic treatment includes slow remodeling of alveolar bone around the root. In this process, osteogenesis and osteoclasts around alveolar bone are active, so root resorption will occur to some extent. The degree of absorption often increases with the distance the teeth need to move, but generally speaking, the degree of root absorption will not affect the stability of the teeth as long as the correct biological force is applied to the teeth. However, due to the existence of individual differences, in rare cases, the root will undergo specific absorption, which will lead to tooth loosening or tooth loss. 4. Mucosal ulcer: At the initial stage of orthodontic treatment, ulcers sometimes appear after mucous membranes contact orthodontic brackets. Because of the * * at the end of ligation wire or arch wire, ulcers sometimes occur during treatment. But generally, after a period of adaptation, it can relieve itself. 5. Orthodontic pain and tooth looseness: Under normal circumstances, each tooth has a certain physiological activity ability in order to buffer chewing pressure and prevent tooth injury. During the orthodontic treatment, the tooth looseness increases, which is a normal reaction. But the side effects of orthodontics can be recovered. When teeth move, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament need to be reconstructed, mainly because teeth are fixed in alveolar bone by periodontal ligament, so teeth will become loose. However, after the teeth are corrected to the normal position and stop moving, the teeth can be stabilized by their own repair ability, and the periodontal ligament will reattach without causing permanent damage. Therefore, if the teeth are found to be too loose in clinic, the force should be suspended and allowed to recover for a period of time before continuing to apply force. 6. Dental pulp reaction: In the initial stage of orthodontic treatment, there is a mild and temporary inflammatory reaction in the dental pulp, indicating that the patient has pain or discomfort in the first few days at home, but the experiment proves that this effect has no clinical significance. This is also one of the side effects of orthodontics, but it is temporary. Myth 1: Only children can receive orthodontic treatment. There is no age limit for orthodontics. Of course, teenagers have fast metabolism and strong adaptability, and the time required for orthodontics is relatively short. But this does not mean that orthodontics is limited to minors. Adult patients can receive orthodontics as long as their periodontal conditions permit. Myth 2: The teeth after orthodontics are easy to loosen and fall off when they are old. This misunderstanding confuses orthodontics and periodontal disease. Loose teeth fall off mainly because the oral environment is not well maintained, and the dental plaque around the teeth is not cleaned in time, which further reacts with minerals in saliva to form dental plaque, which gradually accumulates over time, infecting surrounding tissues and causing periodontitis. The tissues around the supporting teeth, such as alveolar bone, are absorbed by periodontitis, and the area of root surrounded by alveolar bone decreases with the absorption of alveolar bone, and finally becomes loose and falls off. Undeniably, the degree of tooth looseness will increase due to the stress and alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment, but after orthodontic treatment, the degree of tooth looseness will recover itself. As long as the oral environment is maintained and periodontitis is avoided, there will be no problem of tooth loosening and falling off in the future. Myth 3: Orthodontic tooth extraction will affect your health. Tooth extraction is a very common and mature treatment method, and tooth extraction will not cause any adverse effects on patients' function and health. It should be said that the purpose of tooth extraction treatment is to coordinate the inconsistency between tooth quantity and bone quantity. When there is no obvious bone imbalance between maxilla and mandible, the root cause of malocclusion is that the space of alveolar bone is not enough to accommodate all existing teeth. Tooth extraction treatment can not only make the tooth quantity and bone quantity match better, but also make the treatment result more stable. In addition, the oriental facial features are that the nose is not straight enough, the lips protrude forward, and the development of the chin is not as good as that of the westerners. Therefore, in order to achieve a better face shape, many patients (60%) need tooth extraction correction. Myth 4: Orthodontics takes a long time, costs a lot, and porcelain crown restoration takes a short course of treatment, once and for all. Teeth are different from machines. Tooth movement itself is a physiological process and the speed of treatment is limited by normal physiology. Adult correction usually takes one and a half to two years. Although the course of treatment of porcelain crowns is short, dentures are false teeth after all, and the polished tooth tissues cannot regenerate. The later maintenance and long-term prognosis (it is generally recommended to replace porcelain crowns every five to ten years) can not be ignored, and it is not a lifelong repair advocated by some doctors. Many lawless people stole the concept of porcelain crown and came up with the so-called 7-day quick correction of beauty crown. There is no such thing as a beauty crown and a beauty crown. It is neither a technical term nor the job of a professional doctor. This kind of institution takes advantage of patients' eagerness to see the results, regardless of the consequences, grinds off a lot of healthy tooth tissue, and then places a crown on it, which is called beauty crown. In fact, in the long years to come, patients will have to face irreparable teeth and damaged periodontal tissue. There is no such thing as rapid orthodontics. Tooth movement is a scientific and slow process. Professional treatment, while ensuring the curative effect, should also maintain the health misunderstanding of teeth and periodontal tissue: brackets are not beautiful, affecting work and life. With the rapid development of modern orthodontic technology, there are more and more types of brackets. According to different aesthetic needs, there are a variety of orthodontic methods to choose from, including ceramic brackets, lingual brackets, invisible brackets without brackets, etc., which can achieve different aesthetic effects, and have little impact on work and life after a period of adaptation.