Although the pursuit of high-level life has always existed in history, without major changes in production and lifestyle, food, clothing, housing and transportation generally developed slowly based on the continuation of previous generations, with more continuation than change. The Qin and Han Dynasties Such is the age. > > The original function of clothing is to avoid cold and cover shame. With the development of the times, its social value function has gradually emerged. > > Clothing materials in the Qin and Han Dynasties mainly included silk, linen, grass cloth, animal skins, etc. Among them, silk and linen were most commonly used. Since the Warring States Period, planting mulberry and flax, raising silkworms and weaving have been an indispensable part of the family sideline business; technologies such as textile and dyeing have matured, making the types, quantities, textures, patterns, etc. of silk and linen clothing materials have made great progress compared with before. . Generally speaking, silk clothing is a valuable item, mainly used by aristocrats, bureaucrats and the class with status and wealth; ordinary people mostly use linen (made from the skin fibers of hemp and ramie) as the basic clothing material, "common clothes" "This term for clothing has become a synonym for the civilian class. Gebu (made from the epidermal fibers of perennial herbaceous plants) is probably more precious than linen as a clothing material. During the reign of Emperor An, Empress Dowager Deng gave Gebu to all the editors, which showed that Gebu looked like an unusual fabric. Animal fur fabrics are commonly used in border areas or minority areas, but are not popular in the mainland, or are regarded as clothing for the poor. In addition, cotton, as an exotic clothing material, is mainly found in the Western Regions and is not widely used, let alone the Central Plains. > >——The living etiquette and customs of the Qin and Han Dynasties. The clothes that ordinary people wear can be divided into two categories: robes and short clothes. Originally, the clothes and clothes were different, and the upper and lower parts were not connected to each other. During the Warring States Period, a new style of clothing that connected the upper and lower garments became popular and was called "deep clothing". Various robe-style clothing in the Qin and Han Dynasties inherited the basic characteristics of deep clothing and were the most important uniforms at that time. Robes include clothes, robes, and other styles. The robe is a robe-like garment worn in summer. It has no lining and is mostly made of light fabrics. The plain gauze garment unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 1 has a body length of 128 cm, a sleeve length of 190 cm, and a weight of only 49 grams. The robe is an autumn and winter garment that is ankle-length, has large sleeves, and is lined with cotton wool. It can be worn by both men and women. There are two types of robes: hen robes and robes: hen robes are made of newly produced silk cotton and are mostly used by the upper class or the wealthy class; robes are made of a mixture of old and new silk wadding and are mainly worn by poor families or hermits. Similar to a robe, it is an everyday casual wear, but more generous. On important occasions such as entering the palace and offering sacrifices, dressing up is a disrespectful behavior. For example, Wu'an Hou Tiantian "entered the palace sitting in clothes and was disrespectful and exempted" ("Hanshu: Foreign Qi Enze Hou Biao"); in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Duan was given a scarlet for exterminating the Qiang. A collar was now regarded as a precious piece of clothing. > > Short clothes are divided into inner and outer clothes. The shirt has no sleeves and should be worn close to the body. It should not be thick, so it is a single garment. It is also close-fitting and comes in two shapes: one is not sewn out of the trouser legs, and only a piece of cloth is wrapped around the waist; the other is crotch-fitting. Outer jackets include jackets, jackets, skirts, etc. Ru is a coat that reaches to the knees. "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Ru, short clothes." The short clothes mentioned here refer to long clothes such as robes and robes. There are types of undershirts, such as single undercoat and compound undercoat. Single undercoat is mainly worn in summer, or called sweat undercoat; compound undercoat has lining and wadding and is worn when the weather is cold. It can be worn by both men and women. The hem of the undershirt just reaches the knees, so the lower part must be attached. There were also two types of trousers in the Han Dynasty: one was uncrotch-fitting and was worn only on the legs, or shin clothing, which may not be worn in daily life; the other was crotch-fitting trousers with two crotches sewn together, which must be worn under the undergarment. That's it. In addition to wearing short jackets and short jackets together, all warriors wore long jackets. Short jackets and long jackets were worn together, which is also seen in literature and archaeological data. For women, the lower garment is a skirt. The upper skirt and lower skirt are the popular clothing styles for women in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Just as the poem "Mo Shang Sang" in the "Collection of Yuefu Poems" says: "Xiangqi is the lower skirt, and Ziqi is the upper skirt." The skirt is covered with a skirt above the knees, so it forms a long upper skirt. The short style at the bottom later emerged as a new trend of short upper skirt and long skirt at the bottom. > > In addition to the clothing system, you also need to pay attention to the crown system. "There is nothing greater than a crown in one's body" ("Lunheng·Jiaori"). In a certain situation, the crown is the clothing that best embodies hierarchy and etiquette, and its social value far exceeds the practical value itself. "Book of Rites: Guanyi" says, "The crown is the beginning of etiquette." Sima Biao's "Extended Hanshu·Yu Fu Zhi" records the relationship between the crown system and the identity of the wearer and specific occasions, and establishes respect among complicated regulations. Lower and lower ranks. Crowns are mostly made of fabrics such as muslin, silk and lacquer. During the more than 400 years of the Qin and Han dynasties, there were many types of crowns, and their shapes also changed greatly: in the pre-Qin period, there were no caps on the crowns, and in the Western Han Dynasty, this system was inherited, and later on, the caps were added. The turban was originally a turban for hair, but later evolved into the shape of a cap. People of low status cannot wear crowns, but can only wear scarves. "Shi Ming·Shi Jewelry" records, "Twenty people: a scholar's crown and a commoner's scarf." Cai Yong also said, "In ancient times, the humble deacons and those who did not wear the crown were subject to it." ("Doctrine") Men in the upper class are in You can also wear a turban when you are not wearing a crown. In the Han Dynasty, those who wore turbans (turbans) were mostly men from the lower classes of society. Around the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the scarf was no longer a symbol of the poor or lowly, but gradually evolved into a symbol of fashion and elegance. > > Diet is of primary importance in human life, so there is an old saying that "food is the first thing for people". > > Eating various grain crops as the staple food and vegetables, meat, and fruits as the non-staple food are the main characteristics of the diet in various regions of the mainland; meat and dairy products account for a large proportion of the diet in border ethnic areas. Food crops in the Qin and Han Dynasties included millet, broomcorn millet, bean sprouts, wheat, rice, etc. Crops such as millet, millet, and millet refer to various types of millet that may be sticky or non-sticky. As a general term for beans, bean can be divided into large and small beans.

As an exotic crop, wheat has been widely planted in the lower reaches of the Yellow River since the middle and late Western Han Dynasty. Rice mainly grows in the area south of the Huaihe River, and there are many varieties; the three major varieties of rice, indica, japonica, and glutinous rice, have existed since the Han Dynasty. Based on the development of grain crops, a new staple food structure was formed for residents of the Qin and Han Dynasties: the importance of the traditional crop millet weakened, and the status of wheat increased significantly, forming a staple food structure dominated by millet, wheat, and rice, and Shu gradually transformed from a staple food to a non-staple food. The main vegetables are sunflower (mallow), as well as leeks, onions, garlic, gourds, etc. In archaeology, cucumber and other rapeseeds were also found. Meat is mainly poultry, aquatic products and wild animals. Among the poultry, pigs and chickens are the most common, and records of chickens being used to entertain passing officials and envoys are common in Han bamboo slips; aquatic products are mainly fish, and carp seems to be the most commonly eaten; wild animals are mainly small poultry and mammals, such as geese and pheasants. , rabbit, deer, etc. Jujubes, chestnuts, pears, plums, apricots, persimmons, plums, and other varieties that were seen in pre-Qin literature have all been unearthed in kind in the Han Dynasty; those first recorded in the Qin and Han dynasties include Pu Tao (grapes), Li Zhi (lychees), etc., either from the Western Regions, or From Lingnan. Most of the meat eaten in the border areas and northwest regions is sheep. Mutton is a rare meat for people in the mainland and is often used as a reward by the court. > > The staple food types mainly include rice, porridge, bait, and cakes. Rice is made from corn, wheat grains or rice after the bran has been removed and boiled with water. It is one of the staple food preparation methods handed down from the pre-Qin period. This production method is widely used and is reflected in the Japanese concept, where "rice" and "food" are closely connected. "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Rice means food." Boiled rice can also be made into dry rice such as rice and glutinous rice. That is, the rice is exposed to the sun to remove its moisture for preservation. This type of dry food is easy to carry and is an indispensable item when traveling. Porridge was also a common staple food at that time. Millet, wheat, rice, and beans could all be used as porridge (soup). Wheat rice and bean porridge are the main foods for the lower class people in the north. "Wheat rice and bean porridge are all eaten by savage farmers" ("Jijiupian"). Bait is a food made from millet, rice and other rice flour and steamed with water. It has been around since the pre-Qin Dynasty; cake is a food made from gluten-free wheat flour, kneaded with water and steamed. With the expansion of wheat planting area and milling technology in the Yellow River Basin, emerged from the development. "Jijiupian", written in the late Western Han Dynasty, listed cakes and bait as the first foods. Since the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, cake foods have been promoted, including Hu cakes, soup cakes, etc. Hu cakes may be what we call sesame cakes today, and soup cakes may be what we call today's noodles or noodles. The development of cakes has greatly impacted the old tradition of wheat and rice. Peng Wei: "Miscellaneous Examination of Diet in the Han Dynasty", "Historical Monthly" Issue 1, 2008. , is one of the symbols of the changes in food preparation methods in Qin and Han Dynasties. For all social classes, sauce or fermented bean paste is the main food accompaniment. Therefore, people in the Tang Dynasty described sauce as being like a leading general in the diet of the Han Dynasty. The sauce is usually made from bean noodles and salt, and fermented fermented soybeans are used to make the sauce. The preparation of dishes, especially meat cooking, includes broiling, steaming, curing, steaming, etc. The stir-frying method has not yet appeared at this time. > > The common meal system in the Qin and Han Dynasties was two meals a day, morning and evening. As a common saying among people, "If you don't eat for a day, you will be hungry" ("Hanshu Shihuo Zhi"). The upper class and special groups of society, Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips "The Law of Chuanshi" records: The envoys of the prime minister, censor (doctor) and two thousand stone officials, "if they send officials, new officials and subordinates, assist them on expeditions, and those who migrate "Only those who have emergencies to report, including military officials and county officials, are eligible to receive three meals a day provided by Chuanshe. See "Bamboo Slips from Zhangjiashan Han Tomb" [Tomb No. 247], page 164. , not limited to two meals a day. King Li of Huainan was convicted and moved to Shu, but the court still gave him preferential treatment of "eating three times a day" ("Hanshu: Biography of King Huainan"). The so-called three meals refer to breakfast, lunch and dinner. The emperor's diet was stipulated by etiquette as four meals a day. Whether this was the case in the Qin and Han Dynasties is unknown. For the majority of ordinary people, it is rare to have two meals a day after working all day long. In the event of famine or war, it is not uncommon for people to suffer from hunger or even die. For aristocrats, bureaucrats and the wealthy class, food is not just a need to satisfy their hunger, but enjoying delicious food has become a dietary pursuit. Pictures of kitchens as seen in portrait masonry, descriptions of extravagant banquets in literature, rich objects displayed in unearthed cultural relics, newly unearthed slips recording food preparations, archaeological research on cultural relics in Hunan Province, etc.: "Yuanling Huxi Mountain One" "Brief Report on the Excavation of Han Tomb No. 1", "Cultural Relics" Issue 1, 2003. , all illustrate the dietary characteristics of people with status, status and wealth. Among the banquets, there are some things that can well reflect the cultural characteristics: First, there is the hierarchy of status. Generally speaking, people who are above the hall are respected and those who are below the hall are humble. Those facing east are respected and those facing north are humble. Second, eat in portions. Restricted by the seating and tableware, the guests of honor all sit on the floor and eat separately. Third, men and women feast together. Women can have banquets with men in public places, or even be invited to other people's homes to have banquets with men. In addition to delicacies, fine wines, silk and bamboo, singing and dancing, there are also activities such as "for longevity" and entertainment during the banquet: "for longevity" means toasting and blessing, and juniors can "blew longevity" to their elders and between guests of honor; entertainment adds to the fun, In addition to drinking orders, there are also pot throwing, games, etc. The loser must drink. > > The living style of the Qin and Han Dynasties was based on the house as the core and the courtyard as the extension. This was the basic integrity. > > The usual form of a common house is one hall with two rooms or one house with two rooms. The Qin Slips of Sleeping Tiger Land mentioned the residence of an interrogated person: "There are two houses in one house, each with a household. The inner rooms are all covered with tiles and made of large wooden furniture, and the doors are made of ten trees." "Bamboo Slips of Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land" , page 149. This description can quite reflect the living conditions of ordinary people: there is one main room and two bedrooms, all with doors, the houses are covered with tiles, and the wooden structures are complete. There are ten mulberry trees in front of the door.

During the reign of Emperor Wen, the people were recruited to move to the northern frontier fortress. Chao Cuo suggested that the court build houses for these people. "Build the house first. The house has two rooms, the door is closed, and the utensils are placed." ("Han Shu·Chao Cuo") ). Judging from these records, one hall and two rooms seem to be the basic style of residence for ordinary households in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The ancillary buildings of the house include toilets, pig pens, etc. The toilets and pig pens are often connected and have the dual purpose of raising pigs and accumulating fertilizer. Outside the room is the courtyard. Simple courtyards may be surrounded by bamboo or wood, while those who are more sophisticated use rammed earth or adobe to build walls, thus forming a relatively closed space. Living space is actually not limited to this. There are "seven houses" in "Huainanzi Tianwenxun": room, hall, courtyard, door, alley, technique, and field, that is, inner room, hall, courtyard, gate, alley, street, and field. Although this living space from near to far, from inside to outside, goes far beyond the narrow scope of residence, it can better reflect the living conditions of people at that time. The Han Dynasty settlement ruins recently discovered for the first time in China can clearly confirm this. > > Sanyangzhuang Site Liu Haiwang and Zhang Lupeng: "Introduction to the First Discovery of Han Dynasty Village Sites in China", "Ancient and Modern Agriculture" Issue 3, 2008. Located in the old course of the Yellow River in the southern part of Neihuang County, Henan Province, it dates back to the Han Dynasty; due to a large-scale flooding of the Yellow River, it was completely buried in sand. The courtyard layout and farmland borders are well preserved, and the roof and collapsed walls remain intact. Judging from the four excavated courtyards, the layout of the courtyards is basically the same. They are all enclosed two-entry courtyards facing south. Except for one courtyard, which has a complex situation, the other three courtyards are all composed of one hall and two rooms, which is consistent with the shape of ordinary people's residences mentioned above. The residents of the courtyard should be ordinary families. The building materials of the house are the same: brick foundation, tile roof, and it is a mixed civil-wood structure. There are toilets, livestock sheds, etc. in the courtyard; in addition to unearthed farm tools, grain processing equipment, such as stone mills (used for grinding pulp or powder) and stone mills (used for shelling), are available in every household. This is very important for those who knew the people at that time. Dietary status is beneficial. Outside the south gate of the courtyard, there is a brick well and a paved path connecting the courtyard gate. There are various rows of trees behind the courtyard (to the north). According to preliminary judgment, there are mostly mulberry trees, but also elm trees. The courtyard is surrounded by large areas of cultivated farmland. The courtyards of each household are not closely connected and are separated by tens of meters of farmland. There are still a number of roads in the ruins. According to the width, they are divided into main roads (the widest is about 14 meters), secondary roads (about 5 meters wide), and small roads (about 3 meters wide). The small roads are connected to the courtyard and the main road. of exclusive use of the road. > > Large courtyards are the residences of nobles, bureaucrats, and the wealthy. This type of residence covers a larger area and has more complete and complex building facilities. In addition to the main room, bedroom, kitchen, and toilet, the room types also include banquet venues, garages, stables, warehouses, etc. Judging from the portrait masonry and pottery house models discovered by archaeologists, large courtyards mostly have buildings with more than three or four entrances, such as front and rear halls and gates, arranged on the central axis. There are several courtyards in the front and rear of the building. The main door can lead to carriages, has a roof, and a room next to the door where guests can stay, which is called the veranda; there is a courtyard at the entrance, and the main room opposite the door is the front hall. The front hall is the main building of the house, how tall it is; there is a wall behind the front hall, The house is divided into two parts, the front and the back, so there is a back hall. There may be a building behind the back hall, and then there is the back door of the whole house. There are courtyard walls on the left and right sides of the central axis, and corridors are set up inside the walls to connect the back hall and the verandah, forming a building complex with several courtyards. Most of these large courtyards are occupied by several generations living together. For the particularly extravagant princes and bureaucrats, their residences developed in the direction of gardening, which was prominent during the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are buildings, pavilions, terraces, pavilions, ponds, mountains, flowers and trees in the residences, which have a garden atmosphere. For example, Liang Ji "opened wide gardens, quarried soil and built mountains, and built nine slopes in ten miles to resemble two rivers. There were deep forests and clear streams, and strange birds tame their heads and flew away among them" ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Liang Ji"). Documentary records may be exaggerated, but the luxury of Liang Ji's residence is evident from this. > > The original meaning of the word "行" is road, which is closely related to transportation. Transportation is also the foundation of ancient political, economic and cultural development. > > In the era of the unified empire of the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a unified plan for national transportation, forming the earliest national transportation network in history with the capital as the center and radiating to the surrounding areas. Jia Shan said that the Qin Dynasty "wanted to conquer the world, and Yan Qi was poor in the east." , Wu and Chu in Antarctica, above the rivers and lakes, and on the seashore, the view is over" ("Hanshu Jiashan Biography"). The more important traffic trunk lines at that time were: the Sanchuan Donghai Road connecting Guanzhong, the Central Plains and the East, the Nanyang Nanjun Road connecting Guanzhong and the Jianghan Plain, the Longbei Tunnel connecting Guanzhong and the northwest, the straight road connecting Guanzhong and Jiuyuan, and the straight road connecting Hedong and Jianghan Plains. Right on Handan Guangyang Road in Beiping. Judging from the existing relics of the Qin and Han Dynasty Chidao, the width of the road is more than fifty meters, which is bound to cost a lot and recruit a lot of people. Some important projects, such as Chidao and Zhidao in Qin Dynasty, Baoxie Dao and Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, were all started at the decision of the emperor. The stele inscriptions of the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as "Open Baoxie Road on the Cliff" and "Hejun Pavilion Road Stele", etc., to some extent reflect the difficulty of local road and bridge construction projects. Generally speaking, urban roads are wider than those in rural areas; capital streets are wider. For example, the main streets in Chang'an City are 45 meters wide, and the streets in Luoyang City in the Eastern Han Dynasty are even more than 50 meters wide. The management of roads or checkpoints is stricter. People from all walks of life were required to carry "talisman", "pass" and other pass certificates when entering and exiting the pass; for a long time, Chidao prohibited others except the emperor from crossing or walking. > > The development of transportation during the Qin and Han Dynasties was first of all beneficial to political rule. The imperial court relied on transportation, supplemented by a complete postal system, and implemented administrative orders through document administration, effectively controlling all parts of the country.

The transmission of daily government orders varies according to their nature and geographical distance. Emergency political and military affairs increase the speed of information transmission according to their level, so that they can quickly connect and communicate with each other. Zhao Chongguo, the general of the Han army and the Qiang people, submitted a military plan from Jincheng to Emperor Xuan's approval and issued it. The round trip only took 7 days, and the transmission speed reached more than 400 miles per day. Secondly, it is beneficial to the social economy. Inheriting the trend of social and economic development since the Warring States Period, that is, production and consumption have broken through regional boundaries. Based on the transportation that extended in all directions during the Qin and Han Dynasties, "wealthy merchants traveled all over the world and traded everything" ("Historical Records: Biography of Huo Shi"), laying the foundation for Economic prosperity in the early days of the empire. Cities located on the main transportation lines have also developed greatly by taking advantage of their geographical advantages. "From the east, west, south, and west of the capital, through the mountains and rivers, through the prefectures and counties, all the rich and prosperous capitals of Yin Dynasty were nothing more than five thoroughfares, where merchants gathered together, and where all things were colonized. "("Salt and Iron Theory: Ligeng"). Again, it is beneficial to cultural development. The interaction between cultures and customs in various regions and classes has special significance for cultural development: culturally, it ended the division of the Warring States Period and opened up a new situation of unification and the gestation of Han culture. > > The main forms of water and land transportation are cars and boats. Due to differences in geographical conditions, cars are more common in the north and boats are more common in the south. Cars are particularly important. There are many types of chariots in Qin and Han Dynasties, the most common one is Zhen chariot. This is a kind of vehicle with all sides exposed, which can be ridden standing or seated. Most of them only drive one horse. Zhen cars are known as "light cars" because of their small carriage and fast speed. Compared with the Jin car, the car has a pair of lugs, which are fenders mounted on the top of the car to cover the tops of the wheels. The lugs are mostly rectangular in shape, with hanging side panels on the outside. The color of the car's ears depends on the official's rank. "For a long official, a car with two thousand stones will be made of red, and for a chief official, a car with two thousand stones will be made of red, and for a thousand to six hundred stones, it will be made of red." ("Book of Han Jingdi Ji"). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, different car decorations represented different levels and became one of the symbols of status. Liu Zenggui: "The Car Driving System between the Han and Sui Dynasties", "Life and Culture", Volume 10, "Scholar's Chinese History Research Series", No. 178 Page. . Opposite to the car with the open compartment is the clothing car with the compartment covered. The most representative type of clothing cart is the baggage cart, which often carries women. When driving, the horse is the most respected person and the cow is the humble person. "Historical Records: Five Families" says that after the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, "poor princes would ride in ox-carts." The ox-carts were obviously lower-standard vehicles. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation changed drastically. "The nobles in ancient times did not ride in ox-carts..." Later, he was honored a little bit. Since Ling and Xian, the emperor and his scholars have regarded him as a regular chariot" ("Book of Jin·Yu Fu Zhi"). Cars are mostly used by the upper class. For the poor, traveling means walking. Ordinary people or wealthy people often use deer carts (wheelbarrows) that can carry both people and objects.