2. Planning of jujube orchard Jujube trees are perennial trees, and the planning and design of jujube orchard should be conducive to irrigation, wind protection and field transportation. It requires the organic combination of roads, forests, drainage and electromechanical, and at the same time, shelterbelts must be planted first to reduce the loss of wind disasters. Soil preparation and fertilization are the primary conditions for dwarf close planting and early high-yield mode. Therefore, on the basis of fully ploughing 30cm deep at the end of the previous autumn, according to the design plant spacing as the standard, 1m square hole soil preparation is carried out at the planting point, which requires straightness. Stack the topsoil and core soil separately, spread 15-20kg crushed crop straw on the pit bottom, and use 20-30kg farmyard manure for each pit, and fill it into the pit after mixing with soil evenly. Finally, cover the topsoil, water it once, and plant it the next spring. Adjust the relationship between water, fertilizer and climate, and maintain a stable environment conducive to jujube root production.
3. Generally, the first-and second-grade seedlings with pure and robust varieties, complete roots, no diseases and insect pests of candied dates, and firmly healed rootstocks and scions must be selected for seedling selection. The height of the first-class seedlings is more than 100cm, the ground diameter is 1- 1.2cm, the main roots are more than 2cm, and the length is more than 20cm, with 6-8 roots; The height of secondary seedlings is 80- 100 cm, the ground diameter is above 0.8cm, the taproot is 2mm thick, and the length is 18 cm, with more than 5 seedlings.
4. Planting time can be planted in spring and autumn. However, planting is mainly in spring, and planting should be delayed in spring, and the best period is from April 5 to 20 (the temperature is above 18℃), and planting should be early in autumn, from 10 to1.5 after defoliation.
5. It is best to keep the seedlings fresh in the morning and evening on cloudy or sunny days, so as not to damage the epidermis and roots of the seedlings, with more fibrous roots and less broken roots. Do a good job in grading in time, organize the labor force to grade with digging, and tie 25-50 plants together. Then, immediately bury the roots with wet soil and cover them with wet grass curtains to prevent jujube seedlings from dehydration. It is best to spray 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture or 65438+ on the upper part of seedlings. Seedlings must be sent to the garden on the same day, planted in time or with the wind, and not exposed to the sun. Before transportation, the seedlings from other places must be dipped in mud, wrapped with wet straw plastic film, finally covered with canvas and felt, bundled and shipped, packed with tree roots, and transported to the destination in time. Anyone who follows in for more than 3 days must soak their roots in the mud for more than half a day before planting, and must master the following key technologies to improve the survival rate of seedlings.
5. 1. soak the roots of seedlings with ABT rooting powder before afforestation. 50× 10-6( 1g rooting powder and 20kg water) solution 1.5-2 hours.
5.2 Before afforestation, spray the roots with ABT rooting powder100×10-6 (1g rooting powder treatment 10kg water) solution, spray the roots of seedlings wet and spray thoroughly, and then afforestation can be carried out after the liquid medicine is absorbed. The seedlings can be treated with 50- 10-6 and 1g rooting powder to 100- 1000 plants;
5.3. Before planting, soak the roots of seedlings in phosphate fertilizer solution (50 kg water plus 1.5 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 10 kg clay) for 5- 10 minutes;
5.4. The seed l5ming roots were soaked in cow dung liquid (50kg water and 13kg cow dung stirred) for 5 minutes, and the survival rate was also very high.
6. Configuration of Pollination Trees In order to improve the fruit setting rate of jujube, pollination trees should be configured, such as Jinzao, Jinsixiaozao, Lizao, Junzao or Zanhuang Jujube. Generally 1 row pollinated varieties are sandwiched between main varieties every 3-4 rows; For jujube orchards with wide row spacing, arrange 1 plant pollination trees every 8 8- 10/plant. It is necessary to choose pollination trees whose flowering period and fruit maturity are as consistent or close as possible to the cultivated varieties.
7. Planting patterns
7. 1 jujube intercropping. Jujube is different from other fruit trees. Jujube tree germinates very late, but leaves early and the annual growth period is short, which is most suitable for intercropping with crops. Sparse branches and leaves, small leaves, less shade and high light transmittance are beneficial to the normal illumination of crops under trees. The root system is scattered, and the low density has little contradiction with crop growth. Judging from the utilization of soil nutrients, crops mainly use upper soil nutrients, and jujube trees use middle and lower soil nutrients. Jujube intercropping makes full and reasonable use of land and light energy, realizes three-dimensional production, improves the ecological conditions of farmland, achieves double harvest of jujube and grain, and improves the economic benefit per unit area. The crops between jujube trees should be considered as short-growing and early-maturing crops, and the demand for light fertilizer can be staggered with jujube trees. It is best to choose wheat, cotton, beans, beets, melons, and dwarf crops such as millet, sesame, peanuts and vegetables.
Jujube-farming intercropping is suitable for planting in relatively large flat strip fields, and the smooth operation of tractors, seeders and other machinery should be considered. In order to ensure the yield of early jujube and make full use of space, one of the following modes can be selected for planting. (1) single plant, row spacing 10- 12m, plant spacing of 3m, and plant 24, 22 and 20 plants every 667m2; (2) Double-row planting, with grain as the main crop and jujube intercropping. The row spacing of jujube trees can be appropriately increased, generally, 18m wide and 3 m narrow, with 24 plants planted per 667m2.
7.2 Dwarf and dense early cultivation garden. Dwarfing and close planting of jujube trees for early high yield is a horticultural orchard with high density, high technology, high input, high output and high benefit. Close-planted jujube orchards should be planted in farmland with deep soil layer, loose texture, fertile soil and irrigation conditions, and operated in sections according to production conditions. Planting densities are generally 84 plants /667m2(2m×4m), 1 10 plants /667m2(2m×3m), 167 plants /667m2 (2m× 4m). 167 plants /667㎡ or more, only a small area can be demonstrated, the planting line should be north-south, and the planting should be triangular.
7.3. Regular jujube orchards. According to the local environmental conditions, this method should be adopted in places with large slope and serious soil erosion or plots with broken terrain that are not convenient for agricultural machinery operation. In the conventional garden, the row spacing is 5m on fertile farmland and 4m on barren wasteland, and 34 plants (5m×4m) and 42 plants (4m×4m) are planted.
7.4 Planting jujube orchards around. Scatter along the roadside, water edge, in front of the house and behind the house, and idle open space. Generally, planting is carried out in a single row, with the plant spacing of 3m and the row spacing of 4-5m according to the area. Before planting jujube seedlings, careful soil preparation should be carried out. When establishing a "short dense early" jujube orchard and planting dates around it, we should implement the "three big and one suitable" planting method (that is, big pits, big seedlings, large row spacing and suitable planting) to ensure "one year survival, two years fruiting and three years fruiting".
8. Planting method According to the pre-design, dig a tree planting pit with a length, a width and a depth of 60cm. When digging, the topsoil shall be stacked separately, with 5 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer and cooked soil mixed with wet soil of topsoil at the bottom of the pit, and new soil shall be filled in the upper layer. When irrigation reaches 2/3 depth, gently lift the seedlings upward so that the roots are downward. At this time, first do the first stabilizing work, then fill the pit with soil, and then do the second stabilizing work and planting. Plant according to the procedure of "one burying, two stepping, three raising seedlings and four stepping". Cut off long roots before afforestation to facilitate the growth of new roots, and cut off secondary branches 1/4 and the whole trunk more than 40- 140cm before or after planting to reduce water evaporation and improve the survival rate. After jujube seedlings are planted, they must be fully irrigated with fixed root water that day. Where there are no irrigation conditions, it is necessary to ensure that each plant 1 barrel of water. After water seepage, cover the soil to protect the seedlings to make a tree tray, and finally cover it with 80- 100 cm square plastic film. Plastic film mulching can keep soil moisture, raise ground temperature, weed and loosen soil, save water and labor. It is beneficial to the root system to restore vitality and grow early, and the survival rate can reach over 95%.