1.
A method of baking the raw materials to be baked in an open stove or fire pit, iron shelf or iron fence on a bonfire after curing them with condiments. When using the open baking method, due to the concentrated firepower, it should be turned frequently during baking to make it heated evenly, and the distance from the fire should be mastered to ensure the consistency of internal and external maturity. According to different baking tools, open-air barbecue can be divided into three types: fork roasting, roasting and skewering roasting. Cross roasting is to roast raw materials with iron or bamboo sticks and branches and then put them on the fire repeatedly, which is suitable for roasting whole chickens, ducks, fish and large pieces of meat. Baking is a method of putting iron net or thin slate on fire, cutting raw materials thin or into small pieces, and putting them on it to eat while baking. For example, Korean barbecue and Japanese barbecue are all roasted. The other is kebabs, in which small pieces of raw materials are strung together with iron skewers or bamboo skewers and roasted on the fire, such as Xinjiang kebabs. ?
Bake in the mud
A method of pickling chicken, fish and other raw materials with seasoning and wrapping them with pig net oil, lotus leaf and so on. Then seal them with yellow mud and bake them in the fire. When baking, the fire should not be too big, but should be turned frequently. When baking, if cracks are found, immediately seal them with yellow mud to prevent burning the raw materials inside and causing skin scorch. ?
3. Bamboo roasting
Bamboo baking is also called tube baking. Raw materials to be roasted, such as meat, poultry, vegetables and rice, are put into bamboo tubes, sealed and roasted on fire until cooked. Pay attention to choose a bamboo tube with bamboo joints at both ends and good sealing condition, with a length of 30 to 40 cm and a diameter of 10 cm. After filling the raw materials, the bamboo mouth must be sealed tightly, and the fire should not be too big. ? Barbecue food is simple, practical and interesting, but when barbecuing in the wild, we must pay attention to the safety of fire, so as not to cause fire and disaster.
Cooking and baking food need fire, camping and heating need fire, and sending distress signals also needs fire. Therefore, the ability to survive in the wild depends on the ability to make a fire to some extent.
1. Build a stove
(1). Make sure whether a bonfire can be built there first.
In the wild, you can't make a fire everywhere, because a little carelessness will lead to a mountain fire. Field kitchen-a circle with a diameter of 3 meters
The first problem in setting up a camping stove is the location. Cooking is inseparable from boiling water, so you can choose something close to water. But too close will pollute the river, so the kitchen should be set at a certain distance from the river. No combustible materials shall be placed in the circle at least 1.5m away from the center of the fire source. In addition to the crackling sound, the fire burning wood will fly in everywhere, and it is easy to ignite the surrounding weeds on dry days. Be careful.
Don't be impatient when making a bonfire.
It must be difficult for you to light a bonfire. The wind is strong or the wood is wet, so you can't light it. You need a skill to make a fire. First of all, you should collect enough firewood, light the newspaper or bark used to make a fire, and then draw the branches. At this time, you can't worry. When the fire really starts, slowly thicken the branches. In places where it is difficult to collect firewood, newspaper groups can be used.
2. How to obtain kindling
Matches are an indispensable necessity in outdoor life. When a person gets lost or can't get to the campsite before dark, a box of matches can often help people get out of trouble and even save lives.
When there are no matches and lighters, you can make a fire in the following ways, but none of them are easy.
(1). Convex lens ignition method
Any convex mirror (such as a telescope) with a diameter of more than two inches can be used to gather sunlight in bright sunlight and make it shine on the prepared kindling, thus igniting the kindling. It is well known that a magnifying glass (convex lens) is used to focus flammable kindling (rotten wood, yarn drawn from cloth, dried bark torn into thin slices, dried sawdust, etc.). ) to make a fire. The quickest way to ignite with a magnifying glass is to irradiate the propellant or fuse of gasoline, alcohol and bullets, and the fire can be ignited in 1 ~ 2 seconds. In addition, the magnifying glass can also ignite wet or soaked matches in water to dry through sunlight. Magnifier is an important ignition tool.
If you don't have a ready-made magnifying glass, you can take a convex lens from the telescope, sight and camera instead. There was an example: 100 years ago, a foreign expedition suddenly broke down in the frozen Antarctic. One of the expedition members processed a crystal-clear ice cube into a round extra-large convex lens with a thick center and a thin periphery, and then stood up the ice convex lens and focused it in the sun. Finally, ignite the fire and get the fire. Put the fire on the focus of the flashlight reflective bowl, or take fire from the sun.
(2). The bullet ignition method
If the matches are wet, or there are no matches, we can use bullets to make a fire. The method is as follows: firstly, pull out the bullet, pour out two-thirds of the propellant, sprinkle it on dry and flammable hay or paper, put the paper and hay in the empty space of the shell, then push the shell into the chamber, shoot with the muzzle close to the kindling containing the propellant, and ignite the kindling. Shooting directly at flammable materials with a signal gun within a certain distance will cause combustion. Or take out the bullet, open the neck of the shell with the back of a knife or a stone, and take it out with your fingers.
(3) Bow drill ignition and rattan ignition methods
The method of igniting with bows and drills has spread all over the world. Although there are other methods of friction fire, such as fire plough, fire whip and so on. They all need a lot of time and energy, and they need suitable ignition materials, and they need many drills to succeed. Our ancestors used to drill wood for fire, and in ancient China, there was a legend that a man drilled wood for fire. Until now, some primitive tribal members who live in seclusion in the tropical jungle of Pacific islands still use this method to make fires. For example, in June of 197 1, the Tashadai people were found in the tropical jungle of Kodak Beto province, 500 miles away from Manila, the capital of the Philippines. They still live in the primitive stone age. Tashadai people use the method of drilling wood to light dry palm bark or moss, which takes only five minutes, and then blow into these smoking kindling things, and the flames will soon come out. But this method of drilling fire is very difficult for us "modern people" and can only be used as a last resort. The method is as follows:
Bow drill of fire: Tie shoelaces, ropes or belts with tough branches or bamboo pieces to make a bow. Wrap a dry stick around the bow and use it to spin quickly on a small piece of hardwood. This will drill out the black powder, and finally the black powder will smoke to produce sparks and ignite the fire.
Wearing glass sheets on a flat plate can also generate heat and fire. When the intense friction becomes hot, the fire is blown.
Rattan for fire: find a dry trunk, split at one end, use something to open the crack, plug the fire, put a rattan about two feet long behind the fire, step on the trunk with your foot, and quickly twitch the rattan left and right to make it friction and heat, thus igniting the fire.
You can also use two soft fire heads or bamboo pieces to rub each other hard to make a fire, and the bottom is padded with palm skin or dry matter at the bottom of coconut leaves as a kindling.
(4) strike a stone to get fire.
It is the earliest fire-making method of human beings, and its use may be inspired by the spark phenomenon when making stone tools. We can find a hard stone as a "flint" and knock it down with the back of a knife or a small piece of steel to let the spark fall on the primer. When the fire begins to smoke, blow or fan it slowly to ignite the open flame. If the flint can't make a fire, you can find another stone and try again. Of course, not any stone can ignite the fire, and the spark from the stone must have a certain amount of heat and duration to ignite the fire. According to archaeological data, it is found that the sparks generated by pyrite hitting flint can make fire.
5. Rapid modern methods
There is a sealed igniter in your first aid kit, which is connected with several wick oil ropes and flint, and tightly wrapped with waterproof tape. If you do it carefully and don't expose the fire for a long time, you can use it to light 400 to 600 fires.
Waterproof matches. Be especially careful when rowing the fire, the match head will easily fall off. Candles can save matches because only one match is needed to light them. If there are no candles, you can make a "prayer stick" (or a feather stick or a fluffy stick, when you call them that). This is made of dry cork, so the stick is still densely covered with sawdust. A large amount of fuel can be ignited by crossing several prayer flags with a length of 20 ~ 30cm under dry primer.
Special igniter. When the matches you carry are soaked, you can light them with this newly invented metal match. If used carefully, this modern match can ignite 3000 fires, and every mountaineer should carry one in his backpack.
Flash signal lamp method. If your plane, car or yacht is equipped with a flash-the police often use a red flash in an emergency-you can smash the top of the lampshade on a rock and light it with a flash. But do as required, and be careful not to cause forest fires.
Small stone stick technique. This gadget consists of a small plastic handle and flint embedded in it. Rubbing flint with a sharp blade will produce extremely hot Mars, which will ignite any fire. These two kinds of metal matches are the development of flint and steel used by early pioneers, and they are really effective.
Electric spark method. If the battery on your plane, car or ship is not broken, you can intercept two unimportant wires, such as a light wire or a ground wire. Connect an electrode to each of the two wires, and then carefully touch the other ends of the two wires to trigger a spark to ignite the nearby fire.
3. How to find kindling?
Before starting a fire, you should prepare the kindling. Pyrotechnics are used to ignite fuel, because it is difficult to directly ignite tender branches, big forks and wet firewood with kindling.
Hay, branches, dead leaves and small pieces of wood can all be used to make a fire. If it rains, look for dry kindling under trees or rocks.
The dried fruits and fruit drops of pine and cypress usually contain resin, which is an excellent ignition material. Dead pine joints often have "pine oil" or resin. Sometimes, you can also dig resin on the dead old roots. Even in rainy days, birch bark is still a good kindling because it contains flammable oil.
In areas without trees, there are also natural fuels, such as rope-twisted hay, dead shrubs, dried coal slime, oil shale, oily sandy soil, dried animal manure and animal oil. At the same time, you can also get gasoline from a car you can't use or a forced landing plane.
If you can't find dry natural fire, you can use cotton wool in cotton-padded clothes, bandages in medicine boxes, piles of fluff in your pockets and so on.
Light the fire, gently blow up the wood, and add some twigs or sawdust; The wood blocks should be piled loosely to keep the air circulating. Thick wood can only be added when the fire is strong.
Step 4 light a bonfire
The bonfire should be lit in the lee, and the distance from the tent should not be close to 1 ~ 2 meters to avoid fire. If you must make a fire in wetland or snow, you should first pad the ground with stones or wood. In order to facilitate combustion, two sleepers can be placed at right angles to the wind direction, and firewood as fuel can be placed at right angles to the sleepers. Then, cut some thin wood with a knife and axe into oblique stubble and put it on top and in the middle of these firewood. Finally, put a kindling to light.
The best material to light a bonfire is birch bark. The oil content of birch bark is 20% ~ 30%, and it can still burn in the rain. It was once an important military material in ancient times, and it was also a convenient torch material for night fighting. Rotten wood, palm leaves, hay, pine needles, lichens, dried animal manure, etc. It is also a good material for ignition.
In order to concentrate the heat of the bonfire and not be affected by the wind, two wooden stakes can be driven obliquely on the leeward side of the bonfire, and some wet logs are discharged against the wooden stakes to make a wind-proof reflection wall. There are usually the following kinds of bonfires:
(1) Forest bonfire. Put a thick log horizontally, put some thin dry logs on it, and move while burning. Suitable for camping in winter without shelter.
(2) Star bonfire. Put one end of 5 ~ 10 log together like a star and light it from the center.
After burning, push the log in. This bonfire is so hot that even several people can sleep around it in the snow.
(3) Long bonfires. Stack two logs about human length with the wind, and drive a wet wedge on the side to prevent the logs from sliding. Put a pillar between two trees to leave a burning gap. Time of bonfire burning
Long, almost no need to adjust, suitable for camping and heating in winter.
A small bonfire should be lit to cook and bake food. The bonfire heated at night will burn bigger and need to store more fuel. So this should be taken into account when choosing a campsite. The fuel distribution ratio for one night is one-third in the first half of the night and two-thirds in the second half of the night. When evacuating, the bonfire should be completely extinguished, especially in forest areas and grasslands, so as not to cause fire.