Reasonable diet

Reasonable diet means that the nutrition provided by three meals a day must meet the needs of human growth and development and various physiological and physical activities.

Adults' daily diet includes four kinds of food:

One is milk: such as milk, cheese, calcium and protein, which can strengthen bones and teeth. It is advisable to drink 250-500ml of milk every day.

The second category is meat: it includes all kinds of meat, poultry, aquatic products, eggs, tofu, etc. It contains protein, which can promote human metabolism and enhance resistance. It is advisable to eat about 4~6 A Liang every day.

The third category is vegetables and fruits: rich in vitamins, minerals and cellulose, which can enhance the body's resistance and make the stomach unobstructed. They should eat at least 1 kg of fresh vegetables and fruits every day.

Four kinds of cereals: rice and flour, which contain starch, mainly supply human energy and meet the needs of daily activities. It is advisable to eat it for about 5-8 A Liang days.

Moderate exercise

Life needs exercise, and both inactivity and excessive exercise are harmful to health. The best aerobic exercise is walking, walking 3 kilometers a day for more than 30 minutes and exercising 5 times a week; The intensity of exercise is probably "heart rate+age = 170" after exercise. This is equivalent to moderate-intensity exercise for ordinary people. Exercise doesn't have to care about its form. The important thing is to do what you can, step by step, persevere, and accompany you all your life.

Quit smoking and limit alcohol.

The harmful components in tobacco are not only addictive, but also seriously harmful to people's health. People of any age can get real health benefits by quitting smoking. If it is difficult to quit smoking for a while, you should limit smoking to 5 cigarettes a day and gradually reduce the amount of smoking until you quit smoking completely.

Alcohol is a double-edged sword. Moderate drinking is good for health, while excessive drinking is a health killer. Long-term stimulation of alcohol will damage people's nerves, liver, cardiovascular system and kidneys. If you drink alcohol, it is advisable to drink no more than 15g per day.

psychologic equilibrium

Among the four cornerstones of health, psychological balance is the most important. To maintain a psychological balance, we must achieve three pleasures: helping others wholeheartedly, being content and always enjoying it; Three rectifications: treat yourself correctly, treat others correctly and treat society correctly; Three musts: not only to contribute wholeheartedly to society, but also to enjoy a better life; Be enterprising in your career and have a normal heart in your life; We should not only strive for perfection in our own work, but also have a colorful amateur life.

Beware of cerebral hemorrhage "killing the carbine"

Seventy-year-old uncle Xu was sent to the hospital for emergency treatment because of subarachnoid hemorrhage. After a month of all-out rescue, I was finally discharged from the hospital. Relatives and friends are very happy and have come to visit. Uncle Xu and the guests were talking and laughing, and they were warmly invited to dinner. After eating, I felt dizzy and headache, and then my hands and feet didn't work. I was taken to the hospital and died of a second cerebral hemorrhage.

Similar tragedies are common, which should really arouse the profound thinking of patients with cerebral hemorrhage and their families. The treatment and rehabilitation of patients with cerebral hemorrhage after discharge are as important as those in acute stage. Because statistics show that one-third of the survivors of cerebral hemorrhage have a higher probability of rebleeding and a greater risk of rebleeding during the recovery period of two to three months.

Therefore, there are still many problems that patients need to pay attention to after discharge: First, they should rest quietly to avoid fatigue and emotional excitement, and don't think that they will be fine after discharge.

Secondly, we should control the blood pressure to be stable, and take antihypertensive drugs according to the plan formulated by the doctor to avoid sudden increase of blood pressure leading to cerebral hemorrhage.

Third, we should avoid the factors of increasing intracranial pressure, such as forced defecation and severe cough, so as not to induce rebleeding. Patients should keep their stools unobstructed after discharge, and some laxatives or moistening drugs, such as paraffin oil and kaisai dew, can be used.

Finally, if the patient feels dizzy, headache aggravates, or has nausea and vomiting, as well as temporary limb numbness and dyskinesia, it may be a precursor to rebleeding and should be sent to the hospital as soon as possible.

What is the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease?

With the great enrichment of material conditions, the number of obese people in society is gradually increasing. According to the statistics of relevant departments, the obese population in China accounts for 15% of the total population. What effect does obesity have on people's health?

There is a clear epidemiological relationship between obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors (including hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes), which greatly increases the cardiovascular risk of obese people. First of all, the risk of coronary heart disease in obese and hypertensive patients is 2-3 times that of normal people, and the risk of sudden death is 7 times that of normal people. Obesity may be the most important variable risk factor for hypertension.

A study on the relationship between obesity and hypertension observed 1 10,000 people. Among them, the number of overweight middle-aged people (40-64 years old) who may suffer from hypertension is 50% higher than that of normal weight people, and the risk of illness is twice that of normal weight people of the same age. Among young people, overweight is more closely related to hypertension.

Secondly, obesity and dyslipidemia Obesity is related to a series of dyslipidemia that can easily lead to coronary heart disease. In Framingham's study, plasma cholesterol increased by 0.3 mmol/L (12 mg/dl) for every weight gain of 10%. The NHANES-2 study found that the relative risk of hypercholesterolemia in overweight Americans aged 20-75 was 1.5 times that of non-overweight Americans. Among overweight people aged 20-45, it is twice as high as that of non-overweight people.

Thirdly, because waist circumference is related to body mass index and waist-hip ratio, simply measuring waist circumference can identify high-risk groups of cardiovascular disease. The researchers surveyed 2 183 Dutch men and 2698 women aged 20-59 with waist circumference as the classification index. The results show that the sensitivity and specificity of the measurement are more than 96% when the waist circumference of men is more than 94cm and that of women is more than 80cm. With the increase of waist circumference, the possibility of cardiovascular risk factors increases obviously. Men with waist circumference > > 94cm and women with waist circumference > > 80cm are twice as likely to suffer from one or more cardiovascular risk factors as men. The probability of male ≥ 102cm and female ≥88cm has one or more risk factors increased to four times. Obesity increases the burden on the heart, which will affect the heart function for a long time. According to the epidemiological conclusion of American researchers, the risk of heart disease in men with big bellies is more than twice that of men with normal weight. Dr. Ington Baker, from Harvard University Public Health Center in Boston, Massachusetts, said: "Excessive body fat at any age may increase the mortality rate, but in older men, a weight control plan based on waist circumference may be more useful than simply controlling weight."

Cardiovascular system: Persistence is the key to lowering blood fat.

Dyslipidemia has no symptoms, but it is an "invisible killer". Recently, Professor Zhao Jingping, director of the Department of Cardiology and doctoral supervisor of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, was interviewed by a reporter. According to their clinical observation for many years, he reminded people that there are several key points in the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Cholesterol is more important in blood lipids.

Professor Zhao has conducted in-depth research on blood lipid and coronary heart disease for many years and won the provincial scientific research achievement award 1 1. He said that when it comes to blood lipids, people always think that it only refers to triglycerides. In fact, blood lipids also include cholesterol. Cholesterol plays a more important role in the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Cholesterol mainly exists in low-density lipoprotein, which, like sludge in a river pond, enters blood vessels and deposits on the walls of blood vessels, forming atherosclerotic plaques and narrowing or blocking blood vessels. What is even more frightening is that the "fiber cap" on the surface of these plaques will rupture, which will make the substances in the plaques react with blood, form a thrombus in a short time, and suddenly block the large blood vessels (coronary arteries) on the heart, leading to asymptomatic sudden death of patients. Therefore, actively lowering cholesterol is the most critical and fundamental treatment for myocardial infarction and stroke related to atherosclerosis.

Lowering blood fat is not only for health care.

Many people think that lipid-lowering treatment is not necessary, but a health care treatment. They are afraid of increasing their financial burden and causing adverse reactions after taking the medicine. Professor Zhao believes that in fact, insisting on taking medicine can save a lot of medical expenses for treating myocardial infarction and stroke, and can also reduce the risk of disability and death caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. For example, putting a stent in a heart blood vessel costs at least tens of thousands of yuan, which is enough to take medicine 10 years. In the 1980s, the cardiology department of this hospital only treated 10 patients with myocardial infarction a year, but now it will treat more than 20 such patients a month.

The conditions for withdrawal are easy to rebound.

People always think that lipid-lowering therapy only needs one course of treatment, and the drug can be stopped when the blood lipid drops. In fact, atherosclerosis is a long-term chronic disease that needs long-term treatment. This includes that many doctors do not have a clear understanding.

Large-scale experiments abroad have proved that this disease is easy to rebound after stopping taking medicine, just like it is easy to rebound after losing weight. In the cardiovascular field, there are only 3 ~ 4 kinds of drugs with both therapeutic and preventive effects, such as statins, aspirin, beta blockers and so on. Statins are the most effective lipid-lowering drugs, which can eliminate or stabilize atherosclerotic plaques and prevent them from rupturing. Obviously, people with coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis should take medicine for a long time.

Early prevention is very important.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases can be prevented by developing a good lifestyle. At present, the annual cost of drugs used for lipid-lowering treatment in the United States has reached more than 20 billion dollars, and the cost of cardiovascular disease treatment in China is also rising. He thinks that eating too much delicious food at the table is not a good thing, and it will bring a lot of harm. At present, some teenagers have atherosclerotic plaques on the blood vessel wall, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are prone to occur after 40 years old. Therefore, we advocate healthy lifestyles such as diet control and more exercise. He said that experience from all over the world tells us that once you have coronary heart disease, it is difficult to control your diet. At this time, you must insist on taking medicine.

Vascular system: patients with coronary heart disease should prevent constipation

Mr. Wang Lao, 74, has suffered from chronic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes for many years. One night, he went to the bathroom to defecate. Because of constipation, overexert can induce angina pectoris. Generally, when angina pectoris attacks, he contains nitroglycerin, which will be fine after a while. On this day, he took a few pieces of nitroglycerin as usual, but it didn't work, so he added a few more pieces. In this way, the pain can't stop. The next morning, the family sent the old man to the 304 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army for rescue. The attending doctor found that the old man was pale, sweating profusely, having difficulty breathing, coughing up pink foam sputum, and his heart sounds were unclear. Electrocardiogram and myocardial enzymes showed extensive anterior myocardial infarction and left heart failure. The doctor immediately put him on a ventilator and gave him anticoagulation, thrombolysis and other drugs. After all-out treatment, the old man finally got out of danger and was discharged recently.

Xia Yunfeng, deputy director of the cadre ward of 304 Hospital, said that it is not uncommon for patients with coronary heart disease like Mr. Wang to have myocardial infarction caused by constipation. Intestinal peristalsis in the elderly is reduced and constipation is prone to occur. Because the stool is dry and blocked, it will cause abdominal distension, abdominal pain and irritability, increase the oxygen consumption of the heart and increase the burden on the heart. Especially due to constipation and excessive defecation, myocardial oxygen consumption rises sharply, which is easy to induce angina pectoris and even lead to myocardial infarction. Therefore, patients with coronary heart disease, especially patients with myocardial infarction, should pay special attention to prevent constipation. Director Xia said that to keep defecation unobstructed, we should first pay attention to the habit of defecation regularly, eat more crude fiber food and drink more water. It is best to drink a glass of water before going to bed at night and after getting up in the morning, which is not only beneficial to keep defecation unobstructed, but also can dilute blood and prevent myocardial infarction and stroke. Increasing outdoor activities according to your physical condition can promote intestinal peristalsis. The elderly can do an anal lifting exercise, 30 to 50 times each time, to increase the contractility of muscles around the anus. Patients with habitual constipation can take targeted medication under the guidance of a doctor.

Director Xia particularly emphasized that time is life for people with coronary heart disease. If I sent you to the hospital one minute earlier, you would have more hope. If patients with coronary heart disease have persistent angina pectoris, taking nitroglycerin can not relieve it. Whether it is day or night, you must be sent to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible, and you must never be forced to stay at home to avoid delaying treatment.

What does the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease include?

Correct diagnosis is the premise of reasonable treatment. The diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases includes the following three aspects:

1. localization diagnosis according to the symptoms and signs of patients, analyze the location of lesions. The pathological changes in the cerebral hemisphere are lateral paralysis, tongue paralysis, limb hemiplegia and hemianopia; Cerebellar lesions are mainly manifested as severe dizziness, unstable standing and nystagmus. The manifestations of brain stem lesions are complex, including ipsilateral cross paralysis, oblique mouth sticking out of tongue, hemiplegia of contralateral limb, hypoesthesia and so on.

4. Qualitative diagnosis According to the course of disease, disease characteristics and lesion site, analyze the nature of the disease and judge it as hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The treatment principles of the two are different. CT or MRI examination can determine the location and nature of the lesion.

3. Etiological diagnosis According to the whole process of the disease, combined with location and qualitative diagnosis, find out the specific causes of the disease. Cerebrovascular diseases are mainly caused by hypertension and arteriosclerosis. The study also found that the changes of some components in blood and hypercoagulability often lead to cerebral infarction. Cerebral aneurysms, cerebral vascular malformations and arteritis often lead to cerebral hemorrhage.

When is the best time to have a stroke CT examination?

CT scan is a commonly used examination method to diagnose stroke at present. CT can not only determine the location, size and nature of the lesion, but also observe the condition and estimate the prognosis. However, CT examination also has some limitations. Low-density lesions can appear on CT from 0/2 hour to 2 months after cerebral infarction, and the best scanning time is 8- 1 1 day after onset. /kloc-no liquefied lesion was formed within 0/2 hours or the lesion was absorbed after two months. The results of the first ordinary CT scan can be negative or reported as normal. Scanning immediately after hemorrhagic stroke or even within 3 hours, CT could not find any abnormality. With the passage of time, the bleeding point is concentrated into a high-density area, and the diagnosis can be made. After 4-5 days, the hematoma began to dissolve and absorb, and after 10, the small hematoma was completely absorbed, leaving no trace. It is difficult to distinguish the cystic cavity left by large hematoma from the black low-density lesion of cerebral infarction. Therefore, patients with cerebral hemorrhage should have a CT scan within one week. The absorption of hematoma in patients with cerebral hemorrhage has a certain regularity, which is 0.7- 1 ml/day. Once diagnosed, there is no need to review CT at will. If the patient has symptoms aggravation or new nervous system signs within the expected time of complete absorption of hematoma, he can do it again to confirm whether there is rebleeding or unexpected situation, so as to avoid the blindness of CT reexamination and reduce the economic burden.

Cardiovascular system: cold hands and feet, beware of heart disease.

Do you know that?/You know what? Hands and feet are often cold, which is not only a sign of deficiency of both qi and blood in TCM, but also a sign of heart disease.

Cold hands and feet are not a woman's patent. Mr. Li, who is tall and strong, often has cold limbs no matter what season. Even though his hands and feet were cold, Mr. Li never went to see a doctor for this, but he began to pay attention to this "cold" problem because he was rushed to the hospital last year because of a "heart attack."

I miss you for a long time. Similarly, because of other diseases, she began to pay attention to the warmth and coldness of her limbs.

Often cold hands and feet, not only the terminal nerve circulation is not smooth. Chen Chaozong said that when the external environment, such as the rapid change of climate, or the prevalence of diseases such as colds, such people often follow the trend because of poor immunity. Cold hands and feet is not just a lack of blood. Ren Jielong, a cardiologist, said that patients with heart disease and diabetes sometimes have cold hands and feet. If there is no special change in skin color and limb function, Ren Jielong said that cold hands and feet are just a phenomenon that the body responds to changes in the external environment, so people don't have to be too nervous. Most cold hands and feet have no effect on health, but often, there are still some troubles in life.

Because of the myocardial infarction, Li Gang still didn't have the confidence to try too strenuous exercise, but he was afraid that his hands and feet would be cold, so he created a brisk walk. Every morning, he strode for 35 minutes at the speed of "faster than walking, slower than running", and then shook his hand as he walked, insisting on walking for a year. Li Gang said that he is very healthy now.

Blood pollution is the first potential killer of human beings.

With the progress and development of society, people's living standard has improved from solving the problem of food and clothing to a well-off life, but it has also brought some things we don't want. The blue sky is gone, the river is polluted, and a lot of waste has nowhere to be discharged. We are very sad to see all this. However, do you know that there is also a river in your body, the riverbed is a blood vessel, and the river is the blood that sustains our lives? With the improvement of living standards, some so-called "rich diseases" have followed, namely hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking and so on. The worst consequence of pollution is the stenosis and blockage of the riverbed-blood vessels in the body, which is called thrombosis and arteriosclerosis in medicine. The Black Death, a human epidemic, has been prevalent in Europe for several years, resulting in a large number of deaths. However, thrombosis and arteriosclerosis have been prevalent for nearly 100 years, and they are getting more and more serious. Worldwide, the death caused by thromboarteriosclerosis accounts for 52% of all deaths, far exceeding the second largest tumor (24%).

Diabetes is closely related to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Note: More than 2 out of every 3 diabetics eventually die of cardiovascular diseases.

Diabetes is another important risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In fact, diabetic ketoacidosis coma, hyperosmotic coma and so on. Most of them died of macrovascular complications, and more than 2 out of every 3 diabetic patients died of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Once diagnosed with diabetes, the risk of cardiovascular events in the next 10 years is similar to that of patients with myocardial infarction. So diabetes is also called the equivalent of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is cardiovascular disease. Diabetes is very dangerous. Poor control will lead to blindness, kidney disease, nervous system disease, amputation and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in diabetic patients is 2-4 times that in non-diabetic patients. Once coronary heart disease is found, it is often that all three blood vessels of the heart have stenosis lesions, and it is often diffuse stenosis. Now with interventional technology, there is no need for surgery, but there are requirements for patients, and the range of vascular stenosis should not be too long, otherwise they can only open the chest. If the diffusion is too large, the vascular bridge cannot be established. Therefore, diabetic patients should pay more attention to complications.

Prevent accidents.

Note: There are two cores to prevent accidents: preventing plaque rupture and preventing thrombosis.

Myocardial infarction, sudden death and angina pectoris

The "infarction" of myocardial infarction refers to the blockage of blood vessels (called coronary arteries) that nourish the myocardium for some reason. The most common reason is the rupture after atherosclerosis, which activates platelets and a series of coagulation substances and forms thrombi of different sizes at the rupture of plaque. If the thrombus is large enough to completely block the blood supply to the myocardium, it will cause myocardial necrosis after a certain period of time, which is called myocardial infarction.

If the blocked blood vessels are thick; The area that causes myocardial necrosis will be larger. After myocardial infarction, the systolic and diastolic functions of necrotic myocardium will drop sharply or even be completely lost, leading to heart pump failure, which will lead to a series of clinical symptoms and be life-threatening. The heart can also be in a state of electrical activity disorder, leading to fatal arrhythmia, which can make patients die in a short time (sudden death).

If thrombus does not completely block blood flow, it will cause various types of angina pectoris.