Although the Yuan Dynasty ruled China for 97 years, the time was not long, but it left three outstanding agricultural works in the agricultural history of China. First, the Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry compiled by the Ministry of Agriculture in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, followed by Wang Zhen's Agricultural Books and Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry's Food and Clothing. Among these three books, Wang Zhennong's Book has the greatest influence.
Basic introduction Real name: Wang Zhen font size: Boshan time: Yuan nationality: birthplace of Han nationality: Dongping in Yuan Dynasty (now Dongping in Shandong Province) Date of birth: 127 1 year of death: 1368 Main works: Wang Zhennong's main achievements: author's brief introduction to Wang Zhen's agricultural books, author's works, content introduction, full text introduction, Author's brief introduction Wang Zhen (127 1- 1368) was born in Dongping (now Dongping, Shandong) in Yuan Dynasty. China ancient agronomist and agricultural mechanic. He served as Yin in Jingde County, Xuanzhou (now Jingde County, Anhui Province) and as Yin in Yongfeng County, Xinzhou (now Guangfeng County, Jiangxi Province). During his time as an official, he lived frugally, donated money to local schools, built bridges and roads, and gave medicine, which did many good things for the people of the two places. At that time, people received rave reviews and praised him for "doing good for the people." Like many intellectuals in ancient China, Wang Zhen inherited the traditional idea of "agriculture-oriented" and thought that the primary political task of the country from the central to the local level was to grasp agricultural production. The Preface to Wang Boshan's Agricultural Books, written by Dai at the same time, said that when he worked in Jingde and Yongfeng, he was very effective in persuading farmers and made remarkable achievements. The method adopted is to stipulate that farmers should plant several mulberry trees every year; Give guidance to crops such as hemp, ramie, cereal, millet and buckwheat from sowing to harvesting; He also drew pictures of various farm tools such as "money, shovel, shovel, rake and song" for the common people to copy and try. He also "takes the lead" and "takes the lead". Finally, Wang Zhen compiled his rich experience in teaching people to farm and raise livestock, together with related works and materials collected by predecessors, into the Agricultural Book. The author's work Wang Zhen served as the county magistrate of Xuanzhou Jingde (now Anhui Jingde) and Xinzhou Yongfeng (now Jiangxi Guangfeng) from the second year of Dade (1298) to the fourth year of Dade (1300). In the second year of Dade (1298), Wang Zhen produced more than 30,000 kinds of wooden movable type and printed 100 copies of Jingde County Records. About four years in Yuan Chengzong Dade (AD 1300), Wang Zhen's agricultural books or agricultural books were written. At the end of Nongshu, a book named Making Movable Type Printing Calligraphy was attached, which described its wooden movable type printing. The whole introduction of Wang Zhennong's book was completed in 13 13. A total of 37 episodes, 37 1 article, about 1, 300 words. It is divided into three parts: Nong Sang Tong Ji, Gu Bai Pu and Nong Qi Tu. Finally, the attached miscellaneous notes include two books: Living Room of Legal System and Making Movable Type Printing Calligraphy, which have little to do with agricultural production. The main contents of Wang Zhen Nong Shu occupy an important position in the ancient agricultural heritage of China. It also discusses the agricultural technology in northern China and southern China at that time. Wang Zhen himself is from Shandong. I have worked as a local official in Anhui and Jiangxi provinces and have been to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Wherever he goes, he often goes deep into the countryside to observe on the spot. Therefore, whether it is about farming techniques, the use of farm tools, or planting mulberry and sericulture, agricultural books always take into account the differences between the north and the south and pay tribute to the mutual exchanges between the north and the south. For example, the book introduces the characteristics of the north and the south in detail, and says: "From north to south, customs are different and practices are different." (The fourth part of Reclamation), several farm tools with the same function and different shapes are often described together for people to compare and adopt, saying, "Put them together now, so that the north and the south can know about them, use them as appropriate, and don't neglect them." In the aspect of sericulture, the methods of sericulture in the north and south are selected and described, and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. The purpose is to "choose its exquisiteness and write it in a book, thinking that it will be effective." It can be said that all the comprehensive agricultural books before Wang Zhennong's books, such as Fan Sheng Zhi's Book, Qi Yaomin's Book, Nong Sang Yao Ji, etc. , only describes the agricultural technology in the north, not talking about the south, not paying attention to promoting technical exchanges between the north and the south. On the basis of predecessors' works, Wang Zhennong's book comprehensively and systematically expounded the so-called generalized agricultural production knowledge for the first time, and put forward the traditional system of agriculture in China. Lu Chunqiu, Shang Nong and other four articles are just four agricultural papers about agricultural policy, land use, land preparation and mastering agricultural time in the pre-Qin period. There are only more than 3,000 words left in Fan Sheng Zhi in the Han Dynasty, so we can't see the whole picture. The earliest and most complete comprehensive agricultural book is Qi Yaomin's Book, which was written in the 6th century. Compared with Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book, Qi Yaomin's Book includes food crops, vegetable and fruit tree cultivation, animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, agricultural product processing and cooking, and finally includes some cultivated plants not made in China. The scope can be described as very extensive, but cooking that occupies a large space obviously does not belong to the category of agricultural production. Wang Zhennong's Book clearly shows that agriculture in a broad sense includes food crops, sericulture, animal husbandry, horticulture, forestry and fishery, while the contents of brewing, pickling, fruit processing, cooking, cake bait, syrup drinking, sugar making, glue boiling, pen making and other agricultural products processing in Qi Yaomin's Book have been deleted. On the whole and systematically, Wang Zhennong's book is also better than Qi Yao Min's book. There is no clear general concept in Qi Yao Min Shu, only two articles, Plowing Fields and Collecting Seeds, are mainly about various theories of crop cultivation, which describe various production technologies in isolation. Wang Zhen's formula in agricultural books is equivalent to the general theory of agriculture. Firstly, the historical origins of agriculture, Niu Geng and sericulture are summarized. Secondly, the timing and suitability of agricultural production are discussed with two articles: "timing" and "geographical location". Then, from "reclamation" to "harvest", the common basic principles and measures of agricultural operations such as reclamation, soil, tillage, fertilization, irrigation, field management and harvest are discussed in seven articles. "Baigupu" is very similar to the theory of self-cultivation. Divide crops into several genera (classes) first, and then list the specific crops of each genus (class) one by one. Although the classification is unscientific and cannot be compared with modern classification, it has the embryonic form of crop classification, which is better than Qi Yao Min Shu. Atlas of Agricultural Machinery is the focus of the book, with 306 illustrations, a total of 20 episodes, divided into 20 doors and 26 1 item. In addition, the trilogy of Nong Sang Tong Ji, Gu Bai Pu and Nong Qi Tu also take care of each other and pay attention to the internal relations of each part. When discussing the production procedures of various crops, Baigupu pays great attention to their internal relations. When introducing the historical form, function and efficacy of farm tools in production, the Atlas of Farm Tools often involves Nong Sang Tong Ji and Gu Bai Pu. At the same time, according to the different regions and conditions in the north and south, they are treated separately. Take care of both the general and the special. The listing of farm tools as an important part of comprehensive agricultural books began with Wang Zhen's agricultural books, which is also a major feature of the book. Traditional farm tools in China have developed to a mature stage in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with complete types and diverse shapes. By the Song Dynasty, there had been more comprehensive books on farm tools, such as the three-volume Handbook of Farm Tools written by Zeng Zhijin, and then there were two volumes. Unfortunately, this book is dead. The number of agricultural instrument atlas in agricultural books in Wang Zhen is unprecedented. There are only more than 10 kinds of farm tools mentioned in Fan Sheng Zhi, more than 30 kinds of farm tools mentioned in Qi Yaomin's Book, but there are more than 100 kinds and 306 drawings in Farm Tools Atlas. When doing this part of the work, Wang Zhen spent the most energy, not only collecting and vividly describing the popular agricultural tools at that time, but also drawing the restoration map of agricultural tools that had been lost in ancient times after textual research. For example, in the Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16), Liu created the "Mill", which was ingenious and unique. With a cow pulling, you can "turn the weight of eight mills". (Atlas of Agricultural Instruments in Chu Jiu Gate) Unfortunately, it has been lost for a long time. After searching for information, Wang Zhen restored it and named it "Lianmo". Poems by Du Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (? -38 years) invented the water row, using hydraulic blast to make iron. By the Yuan Dynasty, the legal system had been out of the question, and Wang Zhen was looking for recovery and development in many ways. In ancient times, water rafts were blown with leather, but the water rafts originally painted by Wang Zhenfu were already blown with wooden fans (simple bellows). Wang Zhen is particularly interested in axles. In the "Chu Jiu Gate", "Irrigation Gate" and "Utilization Gate", 57 kinds of production tools related to wheel shafts are concentrated. On this basis, he created "Water Tank" and "Three Things about Waterwheel". Among them, the "water wheel three things" is the most ingenious, with three functions of grinding, grinding and grinding. Atlas of Agricultural Tools shows the outstanding achievements of agricultural production tools in ancient China. Later illustrations related to agriculture in agricultural books and other books, such as "Three Tales", "Agricultural Administration Encyclopedia", "Integration of Ancient and Modern Books" and "Timing General Examination", basically originated from this book. The Map of Current Politics and Living Law and the Map of National Agricultural Situation are also the first works of Wang Zhennong's book. The original picture of the back picture has been lost, so it is impossible to know its original appearance. What I see in the book now is painted by later generations. Timing refers to the living method diagram, which is a concise summary of calendar and timing. The figure shows the direction, heavenly stems, earthly branches, four seasons, twelve months, twenty-four solar terms, seventy-two seasons and agricultural activities represented by each phenology from the inside out with a coaxial octupole turntable. Combine the stars, seasons, phenology and agricultural production programs flexibly and compactly. This kind of "farmer's monthly order" summarizes the main contents with a small picture, which is clear, economical and convenient to use. This is an admirable idea. In the appendix of Wang Zhennong's book, "Making Movable Type Printing Calligraphy" is more than 30,000 kinds of wooden movable type carved by craftsmen in Wang Zhen and a rotary typesetting tray made by Wang Zhenfa. The successful methods and experience of trying to print "Jingde County Records" can reduce the fatigue of typesetters and improve efficiency. Although it has nothing to do with agricultural production, it is a great contribution to printing and typesetting technology. The characteristics comprehensively and systematically discuss the part of Nong Sang Tong Ji in the generalized agricultural book Wang Zhen Nong Shu, which can be said to be a general theory of agriculture. It comprehensively and systematically discusses the content and scope of broad-sense agriculture. The first chapter, with the topics of "Farming Begins", "Niu Geng Begins" and "Sericulture Begins", narrates the origin of farming and sericulture, links the agriculture in Wang Zhen era with historical agriculture, and regards the agriculture in Yuan Dynasty as a part of historical agriculture, making it a link between the past and the future. Then, under the guidance of the theory of "three talents", all aspects of narrow agriculture are comprehensively and systematically discussed. Firstly, the complexity and regularity of the objective environment of agricultural production are discussed with "time" and "location", and the importance of "time" and "location" in agricultural production is emphasized. Under the condition of respecting the natural laws such as weather and geographical location, this paper comprehensively and systematically expounds all aspects of personnel, including reclamation, harrowing, sowing, weeding, fertilization, irrigation and harvesting, and summarizes various problems in agricultural planting. "Agriculture, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry, mulberry. He also publicized the feudal government's idea of attaching importance to agriculture and measures to persuade agriculture with articles such as "filial piety", "persuasion and help" and "accumulation of virtue". After reading Nong Sang Tong, people can have a clear understanding of the content and scope of agriculture in a broad sense, as well as the objective regularity and subjective initiative in agricultural production. This is a major feature of Wang Zhennong's book. This paper analyzes and compares the similarities and differences between northern and southern agriculture, and compares several important agricultural books before Wang Zhennong's book, such as The Book of Bi Sheng, The Book of Qi Yaomin and The Collection of Agriculture and Mulberry, all of which summarize the experience of agricultural production in northern China, while Chen Fang's agricultural book is devoted to South China's agriculture, and only Wang Zhen's agricultural book is discussed. The similarities, differences and functions of the two are analyzed and compared in detail. The difference in agricultural technology and tools between the north and the south is another important feature. Wang Zhen was born and raised in Qilu, the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China, where the economy and culture were developed in ancient times, and later worked as a local official in the south for a long time. This condition made him familiar with the agricultural production in the north and south of China, so he could comprehensively and systematically expound the agricultural production from the whole country. There is a relatively complete Atlas of Agricultural Instruments. Before the Agricultural Book, the book about farm tools was Lei Ji Classic written by Lu Guimeng in Tang Dynasty, which mainly introduced the farm tools of Jiangdong Plow, including several rice farm tools such as money, jade, utensils, rake and qu. There is no map. Zeng Zhijing's Catalogue of Agricultural Tools in the Southern Song Dynasty (lost) not only has fewer agricultural tools than Wang Zhen's Catalogue of Agricultural Tools, but also has no map. Important agricultural books after Wang Zhen's agricultural books, such as The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, Timing General Examination, etc. Although there are also "farm tools maps", most of them are copied from Wang Zhen's agricultural books, and there is not much new content. It can be seen that the Atlas of Agricultural Tools in Wang Zhen's agricultural books is a great creation of Wang Zhen in ancient agricultural books. It accounts for about 4/5 of the book's length, with more than 200 illustrations, involving farm tools 105, which can be said to be colorful, magnificent and unique. Description of Plant Characters in Baigupu; Baigupu in Wang Zhennong's book is about the cultivation of various crops. It includes cereals, genera, vegetables, fruits, bamboo and miscellaneous items. Compared with other ancient agricultural books, this part describes more plant characters, which is also a pioneering work of Wang Zhennong's book. For example, sorghum in cereals is described as "its grains, its stems and leaves are like millet, its grains are not as good as millet, and its ears are hairy"; There is a description in the genus Panicum that "the stem is more than ten feet high, the ear is as big as a broom, and the grain is as black as paint, such as mussel eyes"; ■ Wax gourd, described as "real born under vines, big as a bucket, thick and hairy skin, newborn green, frost white as powder, and white meat seeds"; ■ Taro is described as "lotus leaves, long but not round, slightly purple stems, hollow stems, white roots, and purple ones, which are as big as liters, sweet to eat, with many side leaves, and will continue to rise after being pulled out"; ■ It belongs to the genus Cockroach, and has the description of "leaves are like lotus, wrinkled and prickly, flowers bloom to the sun, and flowers bear fruit"; In the vegetable genus, there is a description of "the leaves are as broad as leeks and the roots are rich and white"; Leek is described as "overgrown, rich, Julia, slender and white near the roots".