The development characteristics of different age groups are our concern for children's physical and mental development. Children have different performances at different stages, which is the only way for children to develop. Let's share with you the developmental characteristics of different age groups.

Developmental characteristics of different age groups. Neonatal period: from birth to 28 days. During this period, children began to live independently from their mothers, and the internal and external environment changed greatly. However, their physiological adjustment and adaptability are not mature enough, and they are prone to hypothermia, weight loss, suffocation, infection and other diseases, with high morbidity and mortality, accounting for about two-thirds of infant mortality in developed countries, especially in the first week.

According to these characteristics, neonatal health care places special emphasis on care such as heat preservation, cleaning, disinfection and isolation. And should visit regularly (at least twice), insist on breastfeeding, do a good job in disease prevention and control, and reduce the morbidity and mortality of newborns.

2, infancy: 28 days to 1 year is infancy. This period is the fastest growing period, and the required heat energy is relatively higher than that of adults in protein, so it is very important to advocate breastfeeding and reasonable nutrition guidance. Infants have weak disease resistance and are prone to infectious and infectious diseases. They need to be vaccinated in a planned way, complete basic immunization procedures, and pay attention to the cultivation of sanitary habits and disinfection and isolation. Have a regular physical examination every three months.

3. Early childhood: 1-3 years old is early childhood. This period is a period of rapid development of children's language, thinking, movement and neuropsychiatry. Early education should be carried out purposefully and in a planned way according to its characteristics to cultivate children's good hygiene habits. Strengthen nutrition guidance after weaning, pay attention to children's oral hygiene, and continue to do a good job in planned immunization and prevention and treatment of common diseases, frequently-occurring diseases and infectious diseases. Regular physical examination once every six months.

4. preschool: 3-6 years old is preschool. During this period, the physical development is slower than before, reaching steady growth, while the intellectual development is more perfect and the thirst for knowledge is strong. People can do more complicated movements, learn to take care of themselves, and further develop their language and thinking. According to the characteristics of high plasticity in this period, we should cultivate excellent quality from an early age, develop good hygiene, study and labor habits, and get ready for school.

Children's education in this period belongs to children's enlightenment education, which is extremely important for their lifelong study, ability to acquire knowledge and level of labor skills. Therefore, families with conditions should send their children to kindergartens to receive systematic enlightenment education, so that children can turn from family or children's life to collective and partner life, which is the most important education period in a person's life. Preschool children have more and more contact with the external environment, so there are more and more accidents. According to these characteristics, we should do a good job in preventive health care and have a physical examination once a year.

5. School age: 6- 12 years old is school age. During this period, children's physique is still growing steadily, the function of cerebral cortex is more developed, and they have certain understanding ability for some things. When children enter school age, the main change is to change their lifestyle from play to study. It is a major turning point for children to enter school from home or kindergarten. Therefore, to do a good job in its connection, children should be psychologically prepared to adapt to study and life, otherwise there will be psychological obstacles such as inadaptability to school environment and study and life environment.

The incidence rate in this period is lower than before, but we should pay attention to prevent myopia and dental caries, correct chronic diseases, correct sitting, standing and walking postures, arrange regular life, study and exercise, ensure adequate nutrition and rest, pay attention to emotional and behavioral changes, and avoid excessive mental stress, and have a physical examination every two years.

6. Adolescence: 12─ 18 years old is adolescence. Individuals vary greatly during this period, which can be 2-4 years old. The characteristics of this period are obviously accelerated growth and development, increased weight and height, gradually obvious secondary sexual characteristics, rapid development and maturity of reproductive organs, menstrual cramps in girls and nocturnal emission in boys under the action of sex hormones. At this time, because neuroendocrine regulation is not stable enough, it often causes psychological, behavioral and spiritual instability;

On the other hand, due to the increase in contact with society, many new problems have been encountered, and the external influence is growing. In health care, in addition to ensuring adequate nutrition to meet the needs of accelerating growth and development. In addition to strengthening physical exercise and paying full attention to rest, we should also strengthen education and guidance according to their psychological and spiritual characteristics, so that they can establish a correct outlook on life and cultivate excellent moral quality to ensure the physical and mental health of teenagers, and have a physical examination every two years.

Developmental characteristics of different age groups 2 (1) Physical development

The growth cycle of children's height and weight is divided into four significant periods:

(1) develops very rapidly from birth to 2 years old;

② From 2 years old to adolescence, the development is relatively smooth;

(3) Adolescence (about 13~ 15 years old for boys and113 years old for girls) develops rapidly and changes greatly;

④ 15 and 16 years old reached maturity and developed slowly.

Height and weight: Generally, girls can grow to about 18 years old, while boys can grow to about 20 years old. But the development speed is S-shaped.

There are two periods of the fastest development. The first peak is in the first year and the second year after birth, and the height of the first year increases by 20~25 cm, which is 50% of the height at birth. Weight gain is 6 ~ 7kg, which is twice the birth weight (3kg). In the second year, the speed was even faster, and the height increased by 10 cm.

Weight gain 2,5 ~ 3,5 kg. After that, the growth rate dropped sharply, the height increased by 4~5 cm per year, and the weight increased by 65,438+0,5 ~ 2,5 kg per year, maintaining a relatively stable speed. There was a second sudden increase in adolescence. At this time, the height increased by 6~7 cm and the weight increased by 4~5 kg. Later, it began to slow down until it matured. After the completion of bone calcification, the height of men stopped growing.

Boys and girls have crossed the development curve of height, weight and shoulder width twice. The first crossing was at the age of 9~ 10. After crossing, the development level of female students' original soft and backward indicators exceeded that of male students of the same age, indicating that women began to enter a period of sudden increase in youth development.

The second crossing was at the age of 14~ 16. After crossing, the real growth period of male adolescence begins, while women enter a slow stage. Since then, the gap between men and women has continuously increased to 18 years old. The absolute value of male height and weight is greater than that of female, and the gap between height and shoulder width is more significant.

Development of various systems of the body: The growth and development of various systems of the body are also unbalanced, and the development of the brain and nervous system is the fastest after birth, reaching the adult level in the first six years.

The development of the lymphatic system showed a special speed in the first ten years, reaching a peak around 10 years old, which was 200% of that in adulthood. The reproductive system did not make much progress in childhood (that is, in the first decade), but it developed rapidly after the second sudden development of the whole body began.

(b) development of the brain and nervous system

Brain development is a priority. At birth, the newborn's brain weighs about 390 grams, which has reached 25% of that of adults, while at the same time, the newborn's weight is only 5% of that of adults (about 3 kilograms for newborns and 60 kilograms for adults on average). After the child is born, the brain weight increases at a speed of first fast and then slow, and the brain weight increases the fastest in the first year, increasing by about 1 g every day, reaching 660 g at 9 months.

In the following years, the development gradually slowed down, and by the age of 6-7, the brain weight was close to that of adults, about 1280 g, accounting for 90% of the adult brain weight. After that, it grows slowly, about 9 years old1.350g, 1.2 years old1.400g, and stops growing around 20 years old.

The complexity and perfection of brain structure and function is the main aspect of brain development after birth. According to the research of brain physiology, the increase of children's brain weight is not the proliferation of brain nerve cells, but mainly the complexity of nerve cell structure and the elongation of nerve fibers. Neonatal cerebral cortex has smooth surface, shallow sulcus and simple structure. After that, the number and length of synapses of nerve cells increased, the cell volume increased, nerve fibers began to extend in different directions, and more and more nerve fibers penetrated into all layers of cortex.

At the same time, the myelination of nerve fibers is gradually completed. Myelin formation is an important sign of brain internal maturity. It ensures the rapid conduction of nerve excitement along a certain route. The lower part of the newborn brain (spinal cord, brain stem) has begun to form myelin sheath. After that, it is the part related to sensory movement first, and then the myelination of frontal lobe and parietal lobe directly related to intellectual activity. At the end of 6 years, almost all quantitative conduction pathways have been myelinated.

Development of action

The development of children's movements is controlled by the brain, nervous system and skeletal muscle, so the development of children's movements is closely related to the development of children's body, brain and nervous system. The development of children's movements is similar to that of their bodies.

1, from top to bottom: The earliest action that children develop is head action, followed by body action and finally foot action. Children first learn to look up and turn their heads, then turn over and sit, then use their hands and arms, and finally learn the movements of their legs and feet. Any child's movement development is always mature along the direction of looking up, turning over, sitting, climbing, standing and walking.

2. From near to far: From the middle of the body, the movement of the parts near the trunk develops earlier, and the movement of the limbs far away from the body develops later. Taking the upper limbs as an example, the shoulders and upper arms mature first, followed by elbows, wrists, hands and fingers.

3. From coarse to fine (from large to small): Starting from big muscles, first develop large-scale coarse movements, and then develop fine movements of small muscles. Newborns will only be filled with "arm dancing and leg dancing". 4, 5-month-old babies often use their arms or even the whole body instead of their hands to get the toys in front of them. With the development of nervous system and muscles, children begin to learn to control the movement of small muscles in various parts of the body.

Development characteristics of different age groups. The first grade of primary school: cultivating interest in learning

I am unfamiliar with primary school life, curious, active and like to imitate, but it is difficult to concentrate on listening, especially trusting teachers, with intuitive, concrete and vivid thinking characteristics.

Suggestion: First, let's see if parents don't have time to take care of their children. We mainly teach children how to arrange time, how to get along with children, and cultivate children's good habits of independence and love of learning. Give priority to adaptation and tell children what learning is. Knowledge is not the most critical, the key is to cultivate interest in learning.

The second grade of primary school: cultivate study habits

Personality is very different. The second grade is a critical period for primary school students to form self-confidence. Praise and affirm children more, and pay attention to the changes of children's mentality at any time. Emotional instability, impulsive, and weak self-control. In learning, we should pay attention to the cultivation of habits and the mastery of basic knowledge.

Suggestion: Children's study habits and attitudes have changed from strong plasticity to gradual stereotypes, and they have adapted to primary school life and formed certain behavior habits. We should correct their bad behavior in time and cultivate their interest in learning. Pay attention to habits and cultivate good study habits, such as writing, reading and doing homework.

The third grade of primary school: solving emotional problems

Eight or nine years old is the turning point of children's emotional changes, from emotional exposure, superficiality and unconsciousness to inner control, profound and conscious development. Emotional control ability is still limited, which requires careful care and patient guidance from parents and teachers. Due to the expansion of communication scope and the continuous improvement of cognitive ability, all kinds of troubles encountered by children also followed and began to feel uneasy. Parents and teachers need to help their children solve problems in time.

Suggestion: Children are generally careless and slow in doing homework. We should pay attention to and correct this bad habit in time, cultivate interest in learning, and lay the foundation for entering senior grades.

The fourth grade of primary school: improving comprehensive ability

Children have changed from passive learning to active learning, and have their own ideas, but their ability to distinguish right from wrong is still limited. They lack social communication experience and often encounter many thorny problems. If you don't pay attention to guidance, children may interfere with their studies because of some minor troubles and gradually lose interest in learning. However, through correct education, this anxiety can be transformed into enthusiasm for exploring nature and society and desire for knowledge, and their comprehensive ability can be improved rapidly.

Suggestion: children's learning knowledge points increase and deepen, and children begin to differentiate for the first time in primary school. Parents and teachers should help their children find problems, solve problems and build confidence in time. Pay attention to children's attention in class, the habit of writing, and cultivate children's habit of calculus and inspection.

The fifth grade of primary school: self-awareness development

When there is a voice change phenomenon, it will be more obvious for boys. During the voice change period, they often make some strange tones that they can't control, causing laughter. This is normal. The goal of mental health education is to strengthen the training of learning skills, cultivate good intellectual quality, stimulate learning interest, thirst for knowledge and the spirit of diligent study, cultivate a correct sense of competition, encourage participation in social practice activities, improve the persistence of doing things, establish an enterprising attitude towards life and promote the development of self-awareness.

Sixth grade: paying attention to psychological changes

Students enter early adolescence, which is the transitional stage from teenagers to adults. Students' sense of autonomy is getting stronger and stronger, they like to look at other things critically, and sometimes they are resistant to teachers' proper interference. Emotional instability. Pay attention to adjust and control your emotions. People's memory is enhanced, their attention is easy to concentrate, their thinking is sharp, especially their abstract thinking and logical thinking abilities are strengthened, and their abilities of self-awareness, evaluation and education are fully developed, thus initially forming their own personality and outlook on life.

Suggestion: Children in the first grade are weak in willpower, and their ability to analyze problems is still developing. They are easily discouraged when encountering difficulties and setbacks. This requires our teachers to pay close attention to students' psychological changes, so that they can learn well and have a healthy psychological development.