British Marshal Earle, a powerful figure in the British military. He used to be an officer in the Royal Corps of Engineers. 1883 delivered in the middle east. 1892 became the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian army. 1998 suppressed the Mahdi Sudanese army in Omdurman and became the governor of that country, which prevented France from expanding in Sudan. During the second Boer War, guerrillas were suppressed by cruel means such as burning and killing. 1902 to 1909 During his tenure in India, the Governor resigned because of disagreement with the Indian Governor Sir Cousin. 19 14 as secretary of the army. Acting without the approval of the cabinet, recruiting a large number of volunteers and rapidly expanding the British army. Later, a cruiser was attacked by a German submarine on its way to Russia and sank.

biography

Horatio Herbert Kitchen was nicknamed "The Leader and Wang Zhongwang". Field marshal. Count of Khartoum. Management genius, one of the most influential celebrities in British history. He is famous for his coldness, arrogance and conceit. He suppressed the uprising in Sudan, ended the Boer War and established 3 million troops before World War I. ..

Engineer officer

Born into a British officer's family in Leicester, Carey, Ireland, he studied in Switzerland in his early years and was admitted to woolwich Military Academy. After graduation, he became an officer of the Royal Corps of Engineers and joined the French army as a volunteer during the Franco-Prussian War. From 1874, he was assigned by the British army to draw maps in Palestine, Egypt and Cyprus, during which he mastered Arabic. /kloc-0 was sent to cairo at the end of 982 as the deputy commander of the Egyptian cavalry regiment. From 65438 to 0884, kitchener took part in Garnett Joseph wolseley's military action to rescue Charles George Gordon as an intelligence assistant. Although the performance was good, Gordon was already dead when the expeditionary force arrived. Later, after serving in Zanzibar for a period of time, he returned to Sudan. 1886 became the Governor of the British Red Sea Territory. He is cold and meticulous in organizing and planning. 1888 65438+1October 17 His troops were defeated in the battle of Dingjiamao in Osman, the subordinate of General Mahdi, and Kitchen was injured in the face. Soon, he served as an adjutant in Cairo for a short time. 1892 was appointed as the commander of the Egyptian army, that is, the "leader". But at this time, his rank in the British army was only colonel. Through hard organization, he turned the Egyptian army into a fighting force, and he encouraged London to recapture Sudan once occupied by anti-British Mahdi forces every day. His request was finally approved at 1896.

Battle of Sudan

"If victory is a gorgeous flower, traffic is the stem of the flower, and a flower without a stem can't bloom. The war with Mahdiya is mainly about transportation. " Kitchener's understanding of modern warfare is profound. Since ancient times, the main route for Egypt to enter Sudan has been the Nile waterway. The Nile River in northern Sudan twists and turns, winding 1000 km, blocked by three waterfalls, making it impassable when the water level is low. Kitchener presided over the construction of a 350-kilometer-long railway, which crossed a vast desert and reached Abu Hamad at the southern end of the winding Nile. The railway was completed in 1897. Then kitchener built a 200-kilometer railway along the Nile to the city of Berber, which is only 400 kilometers away from Odeman. Until now, this railway is still the main transportation line in Sudan. Although the counterattack against Sudan was entirely a military action of the British Empire, it was carried out in the name of the Egyptian government, and all military expenses were borne by the Egyptian government. 1896, he led 25,000 British and Egyptian troops up the Nile, which was supplied by an inland gunboat. Make progress while building roads. 1occupied Tangora on September 2, 8961day,1arrived in Abu Hamid on August 7, 897,1defeated the Mahdi armed forces of Ottoman Dinka on April 7, 898. And then defeated Abdullah Khalifa in atbara river. 1On September 2, 899, at the Battle of Stuman, 52,000 Sudanese Mahdi troops were defeated, 10000 more Mahdi armed men were killed, with 500 casualties and slight losses. He used machine guns, a powerful infantry weapons, for the first time in history, and finally entered Khartoum, destroying Sultan Mehdi's body. Even in Britain, this is not considered a gentleman. However, Queen Victoria thought that he had avenged Gordon and named him "Baron Khartoum" in recognition of his military achievements in the process of conquering Sudan. In the counterattack of the rebels, Hank Thor MacDonald skillfully commanded the troops to change the direction of action in the fierce war, thus avoiding a disaster. They continued to advance to the upper reaches of the river and reached Fashoda in southern Sudan in September. They met a small French army led by Jean B. marchand. 165438+1October 3, he threatened war and forced the French army to retreat. This incident greatly enhanced his reputation in Britain.

Rebuilding Sudan

He rebuilt Khartoum and made it the center of the British-Egyptian government in Sudan. During the Sultan's reign, kitchener devoted himself to educational reform and founded Gordon Memorial College to recruit students from all walks of life. From 65438 to 0924, Gordon Memorial College merged with several other institutions to form Khartoum University. A large number of local elites have been trained here, and several prime ministers after Sudan's independence have graduated here. Kitchener implemented the principle of freedom of belief, rebuilt the Grand Mosque in Khartoum, and made Friday a legal holiday according to Muslim customs. Kitchener even strictly prohibits Christian churches from developing Muslim proselytism.