The excavation of the canal began in the Spring and Autumn Period. In order to develop communication with the outside world, the vassal States dug canals in the areas under their control to connect with the natural water system.
Jianghan Canal, also known as pumping, Chu Zhuangwang Zi Xu Du (6 13 ~ 59 1) stimulated Qushui to be a canal, drawing water into the tributary of ancient Hanshui River for pumping, and flowing northeast to the northwest of Qianjiang River in Hubei Province to inject Hanshui River into Jianghan. During the reign of King Chu Ling (540 ~ 529 BC), Zhanghuatai (now Jianlibei, Hubei Province) opened a canal to pump water to facilitate water transportation. During the reign of King Zhao of Chu (5 15 ~ 489), Wu Zixu led Wu's army to attack Chu and dredge this road into the customs, so it was called "Zi Xudu". This is the earliest known canal in China.
Wofeiqu, after Chu Zhuangwang ascended the throne in 6 13 BC, Sun Shuai, who came from my family, was a hermit. The Han Jing Canal and the Wofei Canal, which were dug for the purpose of Chu Jin's hegemony war and the Northern Alliance's "winning the Central Plains", should be the earliest canals recorded in history books and water classics in China. Jingjiang Canal connects Qushui, which originates from Jingshan Mountain and flows into the Yangtze River, with Yingying. The Nest Fertilizer Canal connects the fertile water of the Huaihe River tributary with the water flowing into Chaohu Lake and the Yangtze River via ruxu.
The ancient Jiangnan River was one of the canals dug by the State of Wu in the period of Helu and Fu Cha (514-473 BC) in Taihu Lake area. The water flows out of Pingdingmen (now the north gate of Suzhou, Jiangsu), to the northwest, through Chaohu Lake (now the southeast of Meicun, Wuxi, Jiangsu), into Yanghu Lake (now between Changzhou and Wuxi, Jiangsu), out of Yupu (now Ligang, Jiangyin, Jiangsu), into the Yangtze River and into Guangling (now Shugang, Yangzhou, Jiangsu). To the south of Wudu, a "100-foot blasphemy" meeting was held in Haining today to transport grain. The ancient Jiangnan River and Baichidu are the predecessors of the Jiangnan Canal.
In the thirty-fourth year of the Zhou Dynasty (486 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built the city of Han (Ancient Guangling), and ditched the river nearby, and led the river northward between (now Shaobo Lake) and Luyang (now Gaoyou South, Jiangsu), betting (now gaoyou lake) and flowing northeast to Sheyang Lake (now Baoying East, Jiangsu). This canal was composed of the lagoon between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River at that time, and it is the predecessor of today's Li Canal.
Heshui, also known as deep ditch. In 484 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, opened a deep ditch in the northeast of Dingtao, Shandong Province, which led Heze water to flow southeast and into Surabaya. Because its water source comes from Heze, it is called Heze water. Its old road is equivalent to Wanfu River in the southwest of Shandong and the north of Jinxiang. With the excavation of Heshui River, the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and Du Ji River, which were originally isolated from each other, have become the main navigation channels between the east and the west in the Central Plains.
In the ninth year (36 1 before), a big ditch was opened from Yuanyang County in Henan Province to the north, leading the Yellow River south to Putianze (between Zhengzhou and Zhongmu in Henan Province), then from Putianze to Guodu Daliang (Kaifeng in Henan Province) to the south, circling the city, passing through Tongxu and Taikang, injecting sand water and then to Chen (now Huaiyang in Henan Province). The excavation of the gap connects several rivers, such as River, Jing, Pu, Si, He, Luo, Ying, Ru and Vortex, and forms a water transport network with artificial canals as the mainstream and natural rivers as the tributaries in Huanghuai Plain. The formation of gorge water system is the summary of the early days of pre-Qin canal.
Most of the canals in the pre-Qin period of Jining Canal relied on the favorable conditions of dense distribution of natural rivers and lakes in the plain area at that time, which was convenient for manual excavation and connection. Although its engineering is not perfect, it has a far-reaching impact on the development of the canal later.
Qin and Han dynasties
In the process of unifying China, the Qin Dynasty reorganized and reconstructed the canals left over from the pre-Qin period, and dug a Lingqu, extending the canal system to Lingnan area.
Dantu Waterway, in 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang sent 3000 torture officers from Jiangsu Zhenjiang to Danyang. With the hilly terrain, he dug a winding river, which is the ancient Jiangnan River opened by Fu Cha, the king of Wu in the southeast, leading to Huiji County (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). From now on, Zhejiang Chongde dug a new waterway to the southwest to reach Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). The reconstructed artificial waterway laid the basic trend of Jiangnan Canal in Sui Dynasty.
Lingqu, which began in the 26th year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (22 1), was dug in the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River in Xing 'an, Guangxi, dividing Xiangjiang River into a Xixi River, and then flowing into Darongjiang River through Xing 'an Rongjiang River, connecting Xiang and Li, which is now Xing 'an Canal. Lingqu connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. Since then, the four major water systems of the Yellow River, Huai River, Jiang River and Zhu River are connected by canals, and ships in the Yellow River basin can reach Lingnan area directly by waterway, which is a great development in the history of China's water transportation.
Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, is "the great river, Weihe River and Caohe River spread all over the world, and the capital was given to the west", but the Weihe River is shallow and sandy, and the river course is tortuous, making it inconvenient for ships to sail. In the sixth year of Emperor Yuan Guang (BC 129), hundreds of thousands of people died. Weihe River flows eastward from the northwest of Chang 'an City (near Wang Yu Village in the suburb of xi, Shaanxi Province), intercepts water, passes through Xi 'an, Lintong, Weinan and the north of Huaxian County, and flows into Weihe River to the west of the third estuary in the northeast of Huayin County. It has a total length of more than 300 miles and an annual turnover of more than 4 million stones.
Yi Qu and the Western Han Dynasty reorganized the water distribution system. The Yellow River diverted eastward from Xingyang, Henan Province (now northwest of Zhengzhou, Henan Province) and was divided into two branches. The south branch is a jumping canal, which flows into Shui Ying in the southeast and into the Huaihe River. The southeast branch flows from Chenliunan to Yang Xia (now Taikang, Henan Province) and enters the whirlpool water. Discharge water into a tributary. A fan-shaped water transport system is formed between the Yellow River and Huaihe River. Because the water supply also comes from the Yellow River, it has been repeatedly violated by rivers. In the 12th year of Liu Zhuang Yongping, Emperor Hanming of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 69), Wang Jing was sent to harness the river, and then a side canal was built. Starting from Yi Jun (now Kaifeng, Henan), the water flows eastward to Xuzhou and enters Surabaya, which is the so-called Yi Jun Canal. The accumulation of stones is the weir and the stone gate is the mouth of the canal, which makes the Junyi Canal gradually become the backbone waterway to maintain the water transport between Huanghuai and Huanghuai.
Yangqu, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to solve the water supply problem in Luoyang and connect the Yellow River and Luoshui, in the 24th year of Jianwu (AD 48), a canal was dug in the west of Luoyang, and tributaries of Luoshui were drawn around and east of the city, and then the two rivers were collected and discharged into Yanshi, which was called Yangqu. The Shandong Cao boat entered the economy from the Yellow River and reached the capital through Yangqu.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the coast of Wu set sail, digging eastward from today's Zhuyu Bay scenic spot in Yangzhou to Rugao Zanxi, the predecessor of Jintong (Nantong) Yang (Yangzhou) Canal, which was an important salt water transportation road at that time, also known as Hangou.
From the seventh year of Jian 'an in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (202), Cao Cao successively dug six canals in the North China Plain.
① Suiyang Canal. In the first month of seven years, Cao Cao ruled Suiyang Canal. The canal starts from Junyi to Guandu in the west and ends in Suiyang (now Shangqiu, Henan) in the east. Utilize river basin water sources above Guandu and dredge Suishui river bed below Junyi. Only Guandu to Juntun is a newly built canal. Suiyang Canal was built, and food was saved, so Cao Jun defeated Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu.
② Baigou, also known as Su Xudu. In nine years, Cao Cao wanted to attack Lombardi stronghold Ye (now Linzhangye Town, Hebei Province) and put the square wood down into a weir to stop Qishui from entering Baigou eastward and open up the route for providing foodstuff.
(3) Pinglu Canal. In the eleventh year, Cao conquered Wuhuan, opened Pinglu Canal, and solved the water transport connection between Zhanghe River and Hutuo River and Weihe River and Luhe River. From Pinglu City (now the southwest wooden door of Qingxian County, Hebei Province), it is connected with the rushing water in the south and enters the Luhe River in the north.
(4) Quanzhou Canal. In the same year, Cao Cao opened the Quanzhou Canal to solve the water transport connection between the Luhe River and the Northeast River. From today, the lower reaches of Haihe River to the east of Tianjin, crossing Waze in the north, is connected with Chanhe River and Baoqiuqiu Water. It was named because the canal was near Gu Quan House (now Shangcun, Wuqing, Tianjin).
⑤ New River. In the same year, Cao Cao opened a new river to solve the water transport connection between Quanzhou Canal and Luanhe River in the east. From Yanguan (today's Lintingkou, Baodi, Tianjin) on the east side of Baoqiushui in the north of Qu Hui, Quanzhou, water will be diverted to the east of Gengshui (now Zhouhe), Juliangshui (now Huihe), Fengshui (now Douhe), Xuxushui (now Shahe), Suhe (now Upstream) and Qingshuihe (now Qinghe), and then to Suishui (now Qinghe). This canal spans several natural rivers, and it needs to build a weir to pass. Excavation engineering is more complicated.
⑥ Cao Li Canal, in the eighteenth year, in order to solve the food and traffic problems of Yedu, Cao Cao led Zhangshui into Baigou, from Quzhou County in Hebei Province to the southwest of Guantao County. With the opening of this canal, the amount of water in Baigou increases, and the tanker can reach Yecheng directly.
The six canals dug by Cao Cao are conducive to the unification of the north and the development of social economy, which has contributed to the formation of Haihe River system in Hebei Plain and laid the foundation for future generations to dig Yongji Canal and Tongji Canal.
Cao Wei took the place of Han and moved the capital to Luoyang, with Xuchang, Qiaocheng, Yeh and Chang 'an as its capitals. In order to facilitate traffic, old waterways were rebuilt and new canals were dug. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty, dug a Lu-seeking canal connecting Ruhe River and Yinghe River in the early years of Huang Dynasty, and a canal connecting Pi River (a tributary of Yinghe River today) and Ruhe River system. In the second year of Jingchu (238), Lukou and Baima Canal were opened to connect Zhangshui, Hutuo and Lushui (now Dasha River). In the fourth year (243), the second canal between Guanghuaiyang and Bai Chi was opened to connect Shui Ying and Rushui.
In addition, in the fourth year of Taihe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (369), Huan Wen led the water army back to Surabaya to Jinxiang, which was a great drought. As a result, the Dutch water supply was cut off, and the canal was opened for more than 300 miles. There was water supply in the south (near Yutai in Shandong) and Juye River in the north, which led the water from Brunei to the canal, connecting Si, Wen and Ji. With the help of Huangonggou, ships in the Jianghuai basin can feed water (also called clear water) into the river by themselves and go west to Shaanxi and Luoyang. So, in the twelfth year (4 16), Emperor Wu of Song made a northern expedition to Yao Qin, and in the seventh year of Yuanjia (430), General Song arrived and led the water army to attack Wei. During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, some canals were dug and repaired in Huainan and Jiangnan.
Pogangdu, Sun Wu moved the capital to Jianye in the Three Kingdoms (renamed Jiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty). In order to avoid the risk of the Yangtze River and strengthen the connection between the capital and the Taihu Lake basin, in the eighth year of Chiwu (245), 30,000 soldiers were sent to settle the field, and a bridge was dug to connect the ships of Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) and Hui (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and the No. This canal starts from Xiaoqi in Jurong (now southwest of Jurong, Jiangsu Province), passes through Gaofu, and connects with the original Dantu Waterway in the east of Yunyang Xicheng (now Yanling, Danyang, Jiangsu Province). Huaishui (now Qinhuai River) is connected to the west, reaching the foot of Jianye City, and fourteen dams are built along the way to store water. In Nanliang, because it is inconvenient to sail at Pogang in winter and spring, the "upper capacity blasphemy" was opened in the south, and "top diversion" was adopted, and 2 1 dikes were built along the way to improve navigation conditions. In the Chen dynasty, the upper-level ability of blasphemy was also flogged and turned to the broken cylinder governor. After the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, both blasphemies were abolished. The excavation of the broken hillock and the transportation capacity of the upper part make it impossible for ships from Taihu Lake to enter the Yangtze River through Jingkou until Jianye.
Dantu Waterway, a canal between Zhenjiang and Danyang in Jiangsu Province. At the beginning of Qin dynasty, there were no dam-building facilities, and the terrain was high, and the river was easy to drain and navigation was inconvenient. At the end of Sun Wu's reign, the waterway from Dantu to Yunyang was repaired because Du Ye (now Zhenjiang East, Jiangsu Province) and Xiao Xin (now Danyang North, Jiangsu Province) "both broke the mausoleum attack, and it was difficult to do so". When Huidi was in the Western Jin Dynasty, Chen Min stopped Marin Creek, and the water of Changshan Eighty-four Creek was saved as Lotus Lake; During the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, a new abundant water lake was built in Zhang Kai to regulate the water volume of the canal. Guangling Town, Si Mazhao, the son of Si Marui, the Jin Emperor, built the Dingmao Dynasty in the southeast of Zhenjiang today to transport grain from the east of the Yangtze River, which improved the navigation conditions of Dantu Waterway and laid the foundation for the Sui Dynasty to repair the northern section of the Jiangnan Canal.
East Zhejiang Canal, the floorboard of several canals between Qiantang River and Yaojiang River in ancient times. There are many rivers in Shaoxing area. When Gou Jian, the King of Yue, took the boat as a car and the horse as a horse. In the Western Jin Dynasty, He Xun went to Huiji County (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) to dig a waterway, dredging the old river to connect it, connecting Cao 'e River in the east and Qiantang River in Xiaoshan County in the west. During the Southern Dynasties, Niu Dai was built in Xiling (now Xixing Town, Xiaoshan, Zhejiang), and the boat crossed the weir and entered the river. The East Zhejiang Canal has begun to take shape.
Yangkou Canal, located in Xiangyang, Duyu Town in the early Western Jin Dynasty, opened Yangkou (now Qianjiang, Hubei Province) on the basis of the pre-Qin Canal, passed through the canal to Jingzhou (now Jiangling, Hubei Province) in the west, and connected the two rivers, thus avoiding the circuitous journey and risk of transporting goods from Lingling and Guangxi (now Hunan and Guangxi) to the north.
Jiangdu Xinhe, the main channel of the Yangtze River, moved south in the Yonghe period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (345 ~ 356), and Jiangdu (now southwest of Yangzhou) was cut off. Ouyang Dai was set to divert the river 60 miles west to the foot of Guangling City, which was connected with Zhongdu Water. This canal is the predecessor of the present Yizheng Yang (Yangzhou) Canal.
The canals in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were mostly the products of the split period, which promoted exchanges, prevented the separatist regime from becoming a closed local system, and created conditions for reunification.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, canals were called Caoqu or Caohe and Qu Yun. Including Guangtong Canal, Tongji Canal, Shanyangdu, Hangou, Jiangnan River and Yongji Canal, it was only called the Canal in the Song Dynasty.
Daxing City (now Xi City, Shaanxi Province) was the capital of the Sui Dynasty. Although Guanzhong is known as fertile land, it has a narrow land and a large population, and its output is not enough for the use of the capital. It depends entirely on the taxes of the eastern States (counties). Sui Wendi Sui Wendi often blocked water transportation because of the impermanence of the Weihe River and the shallow sand. So, in the fourth year of Emperor Kai (584), he ordered Yuwen Kai to lead a water conservancy engineer to open another waterway. The Weihe River leads from the arrogant northwest of Xingcheng, slightly follows the old path of Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, and joins the Yellow River in Tongguan, with a total length of more than 300 miles, which is called Guangtong Canal. Since then, water transportation has been favorable, and Guanzhong relies on it, so it is also called Fumin Canal. Renshou four years (604), renamed Yongtong Canal.
In the seventh year of Sui Dynasty, in order to make preparations, it started from the north (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province) and connected with Hangou via Sheyang Lake in the southeast. Thus, the traffic arteries from Huaihe River to Yangtze River between Yang Shan and Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) were communicated.
In the first year of Daye (605), Yang Di Yangguang built Tokyo (now Luoyang, Henan), and recruited more than one million men and women from Henan and Huaibei counties to dig Tongji Canal. The western section of Tongji Canal draws valley water and Luoshui from Xiyuan, Tokyo, flows eastward along Yangqu ancient river in the Eastern Han Dynasty, enters Luohe in the southeast of Yanshi, and enters the river from Luohe. The eastern section of the Yellow River starts from Banzhu (near Niukouyu, northeast of Suishui Town, Xingyang, Henan Province) to the east, follows the old Bianshui Road to the east of Junyi (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), turns to the southeast, and passes through Chenliu, Qiu Yong (now Qixian, Henan Province), Xiangyi (now Suixian, Henan Province) and Ningling (now southeast of Ningling, Henan Province) to Song Cheng (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province). In the same year, more than 100,000 Huainan migrant workers were recruited for dredging, and the Han ditch dug by Fu Cha, the King of Wu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which communicated with Jianghuai, was rebuilt to replace Yang Shan. Tongji Canal and Hangou are the two most important canals excavated in Sui Dynasty. The canal is 40 steps wide. Yang Di took the tall dragon boat for many times and led a huge fleet between Luoyang, the eastern capital, and Jiangdu Palace in Yangzhou.
For four years, he recruited more than one million men and women from all counties in Hebei Province, opened Yongji Canal, led it to the Yellow River in Nantong, Qinshui, and then dug a canal on the east bank of the lower Qinshui River to connect with Qingqi and Qishui, followed Baigou and Qinghe Old Road to the northeast of Dezhou (from the yellow river to Wucheng, and the canal was in the west of Weihe River; Wucheng to Dezhou, the canal is in the east of Weihe River), and it reaches Tianjin today along the present South Canal, and then connects Sangganshui (that is, Baihe River from Tianjin to Wuqing and Yongding River from Wuqing to the southwest suburb of Beijing) to Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) with a total length of more than 2,000 miles. In the seventh year of the great cause, Yang-ti prepared to make a personal expedition to North Korea, and took a boat from Jiangdu via Hangou and Tongji Canal, crossed the Yellow River into Yongji Canal, and reached Zhuo Jun. And "the civilian worker south of Jiang Fa and Huaihe River, and the warehouse in Liyang and Luokou were transported to Zhuo Jun County, more than 1,000 miles away".
In the sixth year of its great cause, Yang Di wanted to March eastward to Jiangdu, dig the Jiangnan River from Jingkou to Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and communicate the shipping between the Yangtze River and Zhejiang. It is roughly guided by the ancient canal since the Six Dynasties, which is slightly the same as the Jiangnan section of the Grand Canal today, except that the south section of Chongde is south of the Grand Canal today. It is more than 800 miles long and 10 feet wide, and can be used by dragon boats. However, the plan of the "East Tour Club" has not been implemented.
On both sides of the canal, there are broad imperial roads with rows of willows. From Chang 'an to Jiangdu, more than forty detached palaces have been built. In addition, many granaries have been built along the canal as places to transport or store food. Among them are the famous Liyang Liyang Cang (now at the foot of Dalai Mountain in the southeast of Xunxian County, Henan Province), Luoxingcang in Luoyang (later renamed Luokou Cang, now in the northeast of Gongxian County, Henan Province, more than 20 miles in Fiona Fang, with 3,000 pits, each pit can hold 8,000 stones of grain), Luohuicang (once seven miles north of Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties, with 300 pits around it) and Heyang Cang. North bank of the Yellow River), Changcang warehouse in Shan County (southwest of Sanmenxia, Henan Province), Guangtong warehouse in Huayin (later renamed Yongfengcang, now Weihe River enters the Yellow River), Taicang in Daxing City, the capital of the capital, and Yangshancang in Yang Shan (east of Northwest Canal in Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province, now stores more than one million mangoku). At the end of the Sui Dynasty, there was famine everywhere, and countless people starved to death, but these warehouses were full of food.
This series of canals dug in the Sui Dynasty started from Daxing City in the west, reached Zhuo Jun County in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of four or five thousand miles. It connects Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, and connects Shi Jing, Du Dong, Zhuo Jun (Youzhou), Junyi (Bianzhou), Liang Jun (Shengzhou), Yang Shan (Chuzhou), Jiangdu (Yangzhou), Wu Jun (Suzhou) and Yuhang (Hangzhou) with each other. At that time, there were "an endless stream of business trips and ships" on the canal, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and safeguarded national unity and centralization.
Jin Song
Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, changed the long-standing pattern of taking Shaanxi and Luoyang as the national political center. With the increasing economic status of the Yangtze River basin, the confrontation between Song, Liao, Song and Xia, and the implementation of the policy of "inner space and outer space" of the Northern Song regime, the north-south water transport is of great significance. Kaifeng, the capital of Wanli, has formed an artificial water transport system radiating around on the basis of rebuilding and dredging the original waterway of the previous generation.
The Bianhe River, one of the "Four Rivers of Water Transport", namely the Tongji Canal, remains basically unchanged. To the west of Kaifeng, the Yellow River flows eastward from Biankou, Yin He County (now the Yellow River Beach in Liugou Village, Xingyang, Henan Province), enters the Watergate on the riverside outside Kaifeng (now the north of Zhengmenkou Village, Kaifeng, Henan Province), passes through the inner city, and leaves the city from the Watergate in Bianhe Village, Waiguo (now the north of Yangmen Village). The river to the east of Kaifeng generally follows the general trend of Huiji River today, to the south of Sizhou to Huaihe River (now northeast of Xuyi, Jiangsu, has sunk in Hongze Lake). Cao Cao was introduced into the Jianghu in the Northern Song Dynasty, benefiting from making a fortune for a long time and working as a department store in Shanze. He learned that Bianhe was the foundation of the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, because the Bianhe River is connected with the Yellow River, it needs to be maintained from time to time because of its fluctuation and sediment. The Bianhe River construction in the Northern Song Dynasty 170 years includes:
The annual traffic volume of Bianhe River in the Northern Song Dynasty increased with the extravagance and waste of the imperial court. From several hundred thousand stones in the early Song Dynasty to seven million stones in the early years of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), it remained at six million stones. In the Song Dynasty, every ten to thirty waterwheels were used as the key link, and transportation was organized by the method of "key link transportation". Every year, thousands of public and private ships return to the Bianhe River and sail like a forest, which not only connects the political center and economic center of the country, but also promotes the material exchange and social and economic development along the coast, and plays an important role in expanding economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the shallow elevation of Bianhe River became more and more serious. From Dongshuimen in Kaifeng to Xiangyi, the bottom of the river is more than ten feet higher than the flat land outside the dike. Seen from the bottom of the river, the residents are in a deep valley. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River lost its value of grain transportation and was allowed to deposit. Water can still travel to the east of Lingbi, and the riverbed above Suzhou has become a land avenue, and the Central Plains waterway artery that has been maintained for more than 500 years has finally disappeared.
Huimin River is the collective name of Min River and Cai River Canal in the southwest of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. One of the "Four Rivers of Water Transport". In the early Song Dynasty, when Fang Yufu and Shi Jing were fighting in the southeast, they needed money from the counties in the west of Beijing. In the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1), the Minjiang River was cut. It started in Xinzheng County, Henan Province, led (now Shuanghe) to the northeast, passed through Songlou (now south of Weichuan Town, Henan Province) and Zhuqu Town (now Zhuqu Township, Weishi City), reached Pipagou (the head of Caihe River) ten miles west of Kaifeng City, entered the city from Puji Watergate, the outer wall of Kaifeng House in Tokyo, and then left the city from Guangli Watergate. Caihe River is used in the following sections, namely the ancient canal and the gap. Cai Henan flows through the customs and fees, reaches Caikou Town (now the area from Doumenji in Huaiyang to Xiangcheng), and enters. In the second year of Gande (964), water was diverted from the north canal of Changshe (now Xuchang, Henan) to Fujian, so as to broaden the water sources. The excavation of Minshui not only increased the water source of Caihe River, but also transported materials from Xu and Ruzhou to Beijing. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Minshui was changed to Huimin River, later called Minshui and Caishui.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Fangcheng Canal was dug twice, and the southwest and Hancao roads were opened, in an attempt to tie the Baihe River back to Sha and Ying and join the Huimin River, but the terrain was high and complicated, and all failed. On the contrary, the canal connecting Rushui, Shui Ying and the middle reaches of Chaihe River was built three times. Shangshui, a tributary of Rushui River, was introduced into Shui Ying from Huihe Town (now Xiaoyao Town, Xihua, Henan Province) to the north, and then flowed eastward through Zhucaihe River, Changping Town, Xihua County, so that the water transportation between southwest Henan and Kaifeng no longer bypassed Caikou, saving 500 miles. This canal also belongs to Huimin river system.
Huimin River is an important canal connecting the capital and southwest China during the Northern Song Dynasty. It loses 600,000 grains in countries such as Chen, Ying, Xu, Cai, Guang and Shou every year, in addition to a lot of money, silk, salt and tea, especially in the capital. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River was blocked, but the Huimin River continued to serve as an important waterway for the Jin Dynasty to reach the Huaihe River. From Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, Cai gradually disappeared under the influence of the Yellow River.
Guangji River is a river in Zhang Wu, and it is one of the "four major water transport rivers" in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, in order to strengthen the material transportation between Kaifeng, the capital of Shandong Province, and the northern coastal areas of Shandong Province, Chai Rong, Zhou Shizong, drained Bianshui to Baigou (the old water supply road in the south) in the north, and then flowed into Jishui in the east, thus connecting the waterways of Qilu. The riverbed is spread five feet, commonly known as the "Five-foot River". The Northern Song Dynasty was founded, and the southeast was uneven. Qilu Waterway continues to be regulated, and it enters Gyeonggi in the west, cuts off the Bianhe River, and then flows into the river in the east of Kaifeng to increase the water volume. At the age of 20, her husband was transferred to dredge the river and build a dam along the river to help transport. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), it was renamed Guangjihe.
The Guangji River starts from Xiantongmen in the northeast of Bianjing Waiguo, flows eastward to Jeju and Cai Zhen (now southwest of Shandong Yuncheng), enters the water margin and receives water. At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the water transport of Guangji River played an important role, and the annual water transport capacity increased from100000 stone to 670000 stone. The millet and silks in seventeen states of Tokyo were transported to the capital by Guangji River, and it was established in the southeast that Guangji River was only transported to Taikang, Xianping and Weishi counties. After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River invaded south many times, and the waterway of Guangji River was shallow and astringent, which greatly reduced the transportation capacity and was abandoned in the Jin Dynasty.
Jinshui River, an artificial diversion canal in the west of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the second year of Jianlong (96 1), a canal was dug to bring Huangdui Mountain in Xingyang into Beijing and Suoer East to cross Zhongmou. Every 100 miles, we arrived in Jingxi, crossed the tributary with a trough, and merged into Zhangwu River in the east, named Jinshui River. This canal is clear, and when you enter the palace, you drink water for the capital; Secondly, it is of little significance to supplement the water flow of five feet. History says: Bian, Huimin, Jinshui and Guangji River are the four major waterways, or Bian, Huimin, Guangji River and Yellow River are collectively called the four major waterways, thus forming a canal system centered on Kaifeng, the capital city.
In addition to the "Four Waterways" centered on the capital, the Canal in the Northern Song Dynasty also has the Royal River north of the Yellow River.
Yu He, another name of Yongji Canal in the Northern Song Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties. The flow direction of this river remains basically the same. Due to the confrontation between Song and Liao Dynasties, the northern section entered Tang Bo and He Jie by Gan Ningjun (now Qingxian County, Hebei Province). Yuhe River in Song Dynasty mainly undertook the transportation of frontier grain in Hebei. Jiangnan grain was transported to Liyang (now Xunxian County, Henan Province) for transshipment to Yu He, and then unloaded, stored, transported and sold at Daming House East and Xiji Shengcang. Then from Daming Yushun River to Hulu River, Hutuo River and the newly dug Shenzhou New River, Dingzhou Jiashan New Canal and Baozhou Caohe Canal, they were sent to the state troops along the border. Nearly a million hooves are the lifeblood of the border every year. Eight years after Li Qing (1048), the northward flow of the Yellow River invaded Yu He many times, resulting in siltation of the riverbed and unbearable traffic.
In the northern song dynasty, "the country is the foundation, but also the south of the Yangtze River". In order to collect and transport food in the south of the Yangtze River, the joint between the south of the Yangtze River and natural rivers is mainly regulated to supplement the water source of the canal.
① At the northern end of Huainan Canal (namely Hangou and Shanyangdu), during Yongzheng period (984 ~ 987), between the end of Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province) and Mopankou (now Ganluo, southwest of Huaiyin, Jiangsu Province), Sili Shahe was dug; From Huaiyin West to Hongze Town, another 49-mile Hongze Canal was opened. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1083), a 50-mile canal from Hongze Town to Guishan Town was opened in the southwest (now northeast of Xuyi, Jiangsu Province), which was called Guishan Canal. These three canals make the connection between the Bianhe River and Huainan Canal free from the risk of wind and waves in Chuzhou Yang Shan Bay and Changhuai. It is known that the concessions of Jiangnan, Huainan, Zhejiang and Jinghu Road were accepted by Zhen (now Yizheng, Jiangsu), Yang (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Chu and Si (now northeast of Xuyi, Jiangsu) along the Huainan Canal and arrived in Bianjing by boat.
(2) The original dams of Huainan Canal and Zhexi Canal (i.e., Jiangnan River in Sui and Tang Dynasties) were all rafters; Change the earth embankment into a stone fiber road and cut it straight. In Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), a new river, a seafood river and Ganlu Port were dug east of Jingkoumen. To the west, a new Garlic Mountain Canal was dug as an auxiliary canal to introduce water into the river for economic transportation. Repair Danyang Lake and replenish canal water. Dredge the rivers of Maoshan and Yanqiao in Hangzhou, and carry them by rivers, tides and lakes. The Huainan Canal and the West Zhejiang Canal were always stable before the Song Dynasty.
After the southern crossing, the Southern Song Dynasty was in a peaceful corner and was supported by the 17th Route Army. However, the canal continues to play an important role, because Lin 'an has a left river and a right lake, which is the most convenient by boat. In the Southern Song Dynasty, while maintaining and utilizing the Huaihe and Zhexi canals, they made every effort to renovate the Dong Zhe Canal.
The East Zhejiang Canal starts from Xixing Town of Xiaoshan County in the west, reaches Xiaoshan and Yuezhou in the east, reaches Tongmingba in Shangyu County, and connects Qiantang River, puyang river River, Caoejiang River, Yuyao River and Ningshaoping Yongjiang River with the sea. In the Song Dynasty, on the basis of the original fiber road and Doumen in the Tang Dynasty, the old road was dredged, the new river was excavated, and sluice weirs (Xixing, Qianqingbei, Qianqingnan, Dusi, Cao E, Lianghu and Tongming Seven Weirs) were added, so that the salt rice in eastern Zhejiang, Zigong Palace after the emperor, envoys of Korea and Japan and the fragrant medicinal pearl rhinoceros in the South China Sea were not from Qiantang River, but from Yu Yaoxiaojiang. The East Zhejiang Canal became the lifeline to support the Southern Song regime.
The China Canal developed to a higher level in Song Dynasty. No matter the route selection, layout or water transport engineering technology, it is obviously superior to the previous generation. Canal has played a very high economic and social benefits, which directly affects the rise and fall of state power when the national political center is separated from the economic center. At the same time, restricted by natural conditions, the contradiction between canal navigation and agricultural irrigation in Song Dynasty and the adverse effects of the canal on the environment and ecology along the route also gradually formed.
The capital is in Yan, and the capital is in Su, Hebei, Shandong. At that time, the Yellow River flowed south to seize the Huaihe River, and the Bianhe River and Guangji River were silted up and abandoned one after another. The grain transportation was only based on benefiting the people and the royal river. The Royal River has been flooded by the Yellow River for many times, and its riverbed is shallow and unsmooth. Sejong and Zhang Zong ordered the counties along the river to manage the Caohe River. When Shandong, Hebei and Daming were years old, it became a custom for officers and men from all walks of life to deepen rivers and protect dikes. Yongji Canal has a long history. In the 11th year of Dading (1 17 1), Jinkou was opened, which led Lugou River to the north of Beijing, east to the north of Tongzhou and into Lushui, and was called Zhahe River. Release the floodgates to save Gaoliang River and Bailiantan (now Beijing Jishuitan), and want to borrow Lugou water to turn it into a water tank. However, due to the high terrain, the Jinkou River is muddy and cannot win the boat. It is still pulled by land. In the 4th year of Taihe (1204), Han Yu suggested opening the Zhoulu Waterway Canal, building sluices to save water and slow down the slope, so that the Yu He Waterway could finally reach the capital. In the fourth year of Zhen You (12 16), you Cheng Hou Zhi once again opened Qinshui River for transportation. The Jin Dynasty set up river banks and sampans in coastal counties, which set sail twice in spring (when the ice melted and the rain passed in summer) and autumn (when they visited in August), and stored them in Tongzhou and Zhongducheng, such as Tongji, Fengbei, Fengshan and Guangji, with an annual shipment of nearly one million stones.
In the Jin Dynasty, a canal was opened in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu, which was connected with Wenyu River (now Bahe River in the eastern suburb of Beijing). Open a long straight ditch in Wan 'an Lake, Lingbi County, Anhui Province, connecting Bian and Si, all of which must pass through Cao Su. The canals in the Jin Dynasty were not used for a long time, but after the management of the Jin Dynasty, some canals that were about to be silted up were revived. The construction of Tonghui River-Grand Canal system in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties drew special lessons from the planning and design of water transport lines in the Jin Dynasty.
Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)
In the Yuan Dynasty, the Grand Canal was completed, starting from Dadu in the north and reaching Hangzhou in the south, connecting the five major river basins of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.