Xuande has many blue-and-white styles, most of which are regular script, and a few also have seal script, and there is no fixed pattern of calligraphy. Some are written on the bottom of the equipment, and some are written on the body of the equipment. Although the fonts are different, the overall style is still relatively consistent. Regular script? De? Where are all the words? Heart? There is a horizontal line missing from it, so be careful when identifying it. In addition, are there any titles that use blue and white seal script? Dade auspicious field? Or regular script? Altar? Word, also belongs to the official kiln. Mr. Sun Yingzhou accumulated life experience, summed up the knowledge of Xuande and wrote a song formula:? Xuande's annual style is perfect, the seal script is dark, and there are four pairs of single gardens, especially in Jin and Tang Dynasties. ? Mr. Wang's experience comes from careful observation and careful summary. If you want to learn to identify the key to his strokes, the best way is to read more physical strokes and memorize his calligraphy style, so as to learn from each other's strengths. Later generations imitated Xuande the most. From Chenghua to today, it has never stopped, but they all have the characteristics of this dynasty, which is different from the real thing.
The blue-and-white shapes of Yongle and Xuande mainly include pots, plates, bowls and cups, which are obviously influenced by Western Asia.
Pots include holding pot, three-system bamboo pot, monk's hat pot and so on. The pot is held by a jade pot spring bottle, with first-class handles on both sides, and a flower-shaped sheet is connected between the flow and the neck of the pot to support and fix it, which is designed to avoid deformation during modeling and firing. The other kind of pot has a long neck, the pot is cylindrical, the cloud flow is attached to the upper end of the neck, the spout is gourd-shaped and the handle is wishful crank. There is only one three-series bamboo pot left in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Monk hat pot began in Yuan Dynasty, and Yongxuan continued to produce it. Because its upper end looks like a monk's hat, it is named the monk's hat pot.
There are various shapes of bottles, such as plum bottles, jade pot spring bottles, double flat bottles and fairy bottles. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the bottom of plum bottles was thin, and there were many seats, but not in the Ming Dynasty, so the bottom was widened to maintain the stability of the bottle. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the jade pot spring bottle was thin and pretty, and the round belly gradually became rich in the Ming Dynasty. Double-tied flat bottles are painted with flowers and figures. Tianbao bottle is a popular vessel type in Ming Dynasty, with a straight neck and a spherical abdomen. The decorative patterns are mostly dragon patterns, including blue and white dragon patterns and blue and white dragon patterns.
In addition to common daily appliances, a large plate with a diameter of 30 cm to 40 cm is the most representative. There are two kinds of large plate openings along the edge: round opening and diamond opening. Different from the Yuan Dynasty, its pictures are very concise, such as the blue and white loquat tape in the Palace Museum, which is a typical outstanding work of Xuande. The center of the dish is painted with three layers of patterns, the edges are painted with rolled branches, the lines are painted with a layer of broken branches, and the center is painted with loquat ribbons. The layout is sparse and the picture is simple. It is estimated that the painting should come from the Painting Academy.
Bowl is the most common one, with a big mouth and a thick tire, painted with flowers and plants.
In addition, folding plates, watering flowers, candlesticks, flat bottles, covered porcelain beans and cylindrical container holders are all new shapes directly influenced by West Asian culture.
The blue-and-white ornamentation of Xuande kiln in Yongle in Ming Dynasty mainly includes flowers, animals and figures. Flowers and plants include lotus, peony, chrysanthemum, ganoderma lucidum, melon, grape, pine, bamboo plum, camellia and other patterns. Animals include dragons, phoenixes, lions and marine animals. The figures include baby play, Hu Ren dance and ladies. In addition, Sanskrit and Tibetan often appear on blue and white wares.
As long as we have a good grasp of the characteristics of the shape and blue and white colors of Yongle and Xuande official kilns, it is generally not easy to distinguish their blue and white. Especially the imitation before liberation, although the shape is realistic, the imitation of blue and white has not been successful. It is difficult to distinguish the porcelain of Yongle and Xuande dynasties, but this difficulty was basically solved after the discovery of Yongle and Xuande official kilns in Jingdezhen.
The introduction of blue-and-white porcelain in Xuande period of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1403- 1424, Zhu Di period of Ming Taizu) lasted for 2 1 year, which was a period of strong national strength in Ming Dynasty. With the prosperity of Jingdezhen porcelain industry and the continuous progress of technology, it is famous for its exquisite fetal glaze, rich cyan, diverse shapes and exquisite ornamentation. Together with Xuande Blue and White Porcelain, it is called the golden age of China Blue and White Porcelain.
Great changes have taken place in the quality of porcelain in the early and late Yongle period. The early products of Yongle are basically close to the late Hongwu period, and the later products are connected with the early Xuande period.
The blue and white of Xuande Imperial Kiln occupies a very important position in the development history of China ceramics, which reflects the society, economy, culture, art and ideas at that time. As palace porcelain and exquisite works of art, it has unique artistic charm, which has a lot to do with the perfection of the system and the maturity of technology at that time. His works have always been respected by later generations and are a model of blue and white craftsmanship.
From Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, they were burned in large quantities. The most successful were the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties in the Qing Dynasty. They are carefully fired according to Xuande blue and white collected by the Qing Palace. The shape, size and ornamentation are very similar to the original, and they have the charm of Xuande blue and white, such as Xuande blue and white ladies' patterned bowls, tied branches' patterned bowls, broken branches' flowers and patterned Yu Louzun.
Yongzheng Dynasty imitated Xuande blue-and-white bamboo, stone and banana leaf pattern jade pot spring bottle, flower and fruit pattern plum bottle, flower pattern book pattern lamp, group dragon pattern sunflower washing, sea water dragon pattern globe bottle, ribbon ear gourd bottle and morning glory square corner bottle; By the Qianlong period, the imitation of Xuande blue-and-white brocade jar, phoenix-wearing pattern jar, pine-bamboo-plum pattern plate, lotus-handle plate and flower-and-fruit pattern holding pot had reached a quite high level.
The difference between blue and white porcelain in Yongle Xuande period of Ming Dynasty is the first. From the perspective of money, Yongle Blue and White only saw a four-character seal style that pressed the cup, and I don't know anything else. There are many blue and white styles in Xuande, and the common one is six-character regular script.
Secondly, Yongle's carcass is light, with slender patterns and no orange peel on the glaze; Xuande's carcass is thick, glazed with orange peel lines and extensive decorative patterns. Homomorphism, Yongle is light, and Xuande is important.
Thirdly, Yongle blue-and-white decoration has obvious Yuan Dynasty legacy, while Xuande blue-and-white decoration has completely got rid of the Yuan Dynasty legacy and has its own style. For example, the dragon pattern of Yongle is slender, but slightly fatter than that of the Yuan Dynasty. Common figures have straight hair and vertical hair, and their claws are fatter than those of the Yuan Dynasty. There are several postures for Xuande dragon pattern to get fat, including hanging hair, vertical hair and front hanging hair. There are fewer phoenix patterns in Yongle, and more when proclaiming virtue, or dragon and phoenix are used together, or phoenix patterns are matched with lotus flowers and moire patterns.
Fourthly, Yongle Kiln is exquisite in workmanship, and the three-dimensional shapes such as bottles and cans have been carefully trimmed, which is not as obvious as that in the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, and it is rare to announce morality and peace. The bottom of Yongle's large plate is all sand, and it is also very finely trimmed, with only a small piece of iron erythema. Generally, the objects are based on the glaze bottom, with uniform white glaze, light yellow thin glaze, milky white or bluish white thick glaze, and some of the glaze bottoms have flakes. Xuande is the same, except that the sand bottom is slightly less delicate than Yongle, and the flint erythema is heavier than Yongle.
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