Hakka is a Han nationality group that gathered in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi from the end of Tang Dynasty to the middle of Ming Dynasty, and merged with the local She nationality, Yao nationality and other aborigines. It has a unique dialect, culture and characteristics different from other Han nationality groups. It is dominated by the Han nationality, and at the same time includes the She nationality and other ethnic minorities who have been integrated and customized. Hakka people are mainly Han people, and the main characteristics of their culture show that they have inherited the Han culture in the Central Plains, so they should definitely be a branch of Han people. However, this ethnic group is not pure Han descent, and its culture is not pure Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include members of different nationalities who are integrated with each other and have common cultural characteristics. Therefore, the term "Hakka" is a Han appellation, not a racial concept, but a cultural concept.

The Distribution of Hakka in China

Hakka areas are divided into pure Hakka counties and non-pure Hakka counties. There is no standard to define pure Hakka counties and non-pure Hakka counties, such as pure Hakka counties, how much Hakka population should account for the total population, and non-pure Hakka counties are considered as non-pure Hakka counties. Therefore, it can only be arranged according to the survey data of scholars in the past and recent years. The following counties and cities are China Hakka distribution counties and cities. Because it is a phased study, it can only be used as a current reference.

Jiangxi:

There are 18 pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganxian, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Du Yu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng and Tonggu. There are 20 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hengfeng and Wuyuan.

Fujian:

The pure Hakka counties and cities are: Changting, Ninghua, Liu Qing, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding. Jianning, Jiangle, Taining, Chong 'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong 'an, Sanming, Zhangping, Longyan, Nanjing, Pinghe and Zhaoan 12 non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

Guangdong:

The pure Hakka counties and cities include Meijiang, Meixian, Tai Po, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning, Wuhua, Zijin, Longchuan, Heping, Li Anping, Liuhe, Xinfeng, Shixing and Nanxiong.

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include Shenzhen, Ruyuan, Lechang, Fengshun, Boluo, Liannan, Dongchang, Huiyang, Huidong, Jiexi, Huilai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng and Lianshan.

Guangxi:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Hepu, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Bobai, Pubei, Luchuan, Lingshan, Ningming, Chongzuo, Fusui, Yongning, Yulin, Hengxian, Beiliu, Rongxian, Wuming, Guigang, Binyang, tengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Wuxuan, Mashan and Cangwu.

Sichuan (including Chongqing):

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang 'an, Baxian, Peiling, Chongqing, Hejiang, Hechuan, Huxian, Huzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang, Chengdu, Xinjin, Shuangliu, Xindu, Wenjiang and Jintang.

Guizhou:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Zunyi and Rongjiang.

Hunan:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Chaling, Yanling, Youxian, Anren, Changning, Laiyang, Lingxian, Yongxing, Guidong, Rucheng, Jiangyong, Jianghua, Chenxian and Yizhang. 18.

Hainan:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: 8 counties including Danxian, Chengmai, Ding 'an, Lingao, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning and Sanya.

Taiwan Province Province:

Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung and Taipei.

Hong Kong and Macau:

Hakkas from Hong Kong and Macao live in different places, accounting for a considerable proportion of local residents.

Shaanxi:

In southern Shaanxi, there are many Hakkas returning from Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and there are many Hakka settlements with a population of 200,000. It is not yet possible to determine non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

Henan:

Many Hakkas in southern Henan returned from Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, but they have not been identified as non-pure Hakka counties.

The distribution of Hakkas in the world

Asia:

There are 70 million people in China, 6.5438+0.2 million in Indonesia, 6.5438+0.25 million in Malaysia, 600,000 in Thailand, 600,000 in Singapore, 6.5438+0.5 million in the Philippines, 55,000 in Myanmar, 6.5438+0.0 million in Cambodia, 25,000 in India, 5,000 in Laos.

United States:

284,000 people in the United States, 65,438+10,000 people in Jamaica, 6,000 people in Trinidad and Tobago, 5,000 people in Panama, 0.0 1.0000 people in Colombia, 0.0 1.02 million people in Guatemala, 0.01.08 million people in Dominica, 0.0 1.000 people in Canada and 0.060 people in Bolivia.

Europe:

30,000 people in France 0.2 1.00 million people in the Netherlands 0.1.200 million people in Russia 0. 1.02 million people in Denmark 0. 1.02 million people in Norway 0.03 million people in Britain 0.5 million people in Italy 0. 1.08 million people. There are 2,400 people in the Czech Republic, 0 1 10,000 in Austria, 0 1 10,000 in Iceland, 0,200 in Spain and 0,200 in Luxembourg.

Africa:

Madagascar 00200, Mozambique 00300, Zznja 00200, Sierra Leone 00600, Zambia 00600, Ghana 00200, Reunion 18000, Mauritius 35000, Kenya 00 1000, South Africa 25000, Democratic Republic of Congo 00200.

Oceania:

Papua New Guinea 0. 1 20,000 Nauru 0. 1 20,000 Russell 0.120,000 Solomon Islands 0.120,000 Australia 43,000 New Zealand 0.110,000 Tahiti110,000 Fiji 05 Marshall Islands 05 West.

The 82 countries listed above are 85 countries and regions if China, Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong and Macau are listed separately. This is an accepted figure. But in recent years, it is said that there are more than 90 countries and regions, even more than 100. The total population is more than 80 million, 1 100 million, 654.38+200 million and other different data. According to the above figures, it should be about 80 million. But each has its own basis, and the specific figures are still difficult to determine.