Tujia and Miao villages in western Hunan are rich in folk culture and art, and Tujia's waving dance, the first autumn festival, the diaojiao building, Xilankapu, Miao's lusheng and wooden drum are all famous for a long time. Tujia embroidery and Miao batik are necessary. Tujia Miao Village is a sea of songs. Everyone can sing, everywhere, singing mountains and singing the sea, feeling everywhere. There are antithetical songs, panqu, folk songs, grass gongs and drums, etc. Vivid image, harmonious sound and rhyme, sincere feelings, beautiful and pleasant. Smells like a product, like spring breeze. Let's take a look at Tujia Miao's unique diaojiao building. Diaojiaolou is a wooden structure, surrounded by a corner building with unique design, which saves labor and materials and is beautiful and generous, making it a scene in western Hunan.
Tujia tour guide words in Xiangxi, Hunan Province
Zhangjiajie is a multi-ethnic community, mainly composed of Tujia, Bai, Miao, Hui and other 19 ethnic minorities, with a total population of118,400, accounting for 72.06% of the city's total population of15.52 million, including 980,000 Tujia and 65,438 Bai. In the long process of reproduction, development and inheritance, in the primitive and sinister living environment, they have formed their own unique national character and customs.
Tujia nationality
Tujia nationality is the main ethnic group in Zhangjiajie. Tujia people in Zhangjiajie belong to a branch of Cubans, one is a descendant of ordinary people in ancient times, and there are also ancient indigenous ancestors who have lived here for generations.
Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", and in history they are called Egg People, Tianmen Egg People, Nanren, Wu Lingren, Jingzhou People, Wuxi People, Native People, Tuding People, Soil Soldiers, Soil Army, etc.
The old ambition said: "The people's feelings are simple and the soil is thick in Kaze Jun." "ChuFeng stiffness, its disadvantages outweigh the anger. Yongding belongs to the Chu side, the customs are still simple, and the legacy of the Middle-earth people still exists. " A Han official once lamented: "Living in seclusion in the deep mountains has a quiet and mellow custom. The so-called life is not for foreign affairs, content with a thousand acres of food and clothing, and cover the past! " This is the basic evaluation of Tujia national character in history.
Tujia people in Zhangjiajie are loyal, emotional, hospitable, hardworking, avoid cheating, credulous, keen on fighting injustice, good at singing and dancing, believing in witches and ghosts, and fighting militarily. They worship the Empress Qin, Xiang, and the God of Grains, the king, the land and the society.
Tujia nationality in Zhangjiajie had a brilliant record in the history of China War. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, he helped Zhou Wuwang to attack the Zhou Dynasty, saying that "singing and dancing led to ling, and Yin soldiers were defeated"; Liu Bang crusaded against Hu Hai, and Qin Ershi and Tujia took the lead in setting an example, which won Liu Bang's appreciation. In order to resist the oppression of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tujiaqu Shuaixiang defeated Fu Bo general Ma Yuan in Hutoushan, Chenzhou, and made him die. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, in order to resist Zhu Yuanzhang's policy of discriminating against ethnic minorities, the king of Qin led local soldiers to defeat five Hou generals in succession. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, chieftains from western Hunan and western Hubei were called to the southeast coast to defeat the enemy in one fell swoop. Ming Shizong personally gave the toast the plaque of "the first meritorious service in Southeast China"; In the Qing Dynasty, Tujia generals Wang Zhengdao and Luo Rongguang defended the country with their lives and defeated foreign invasions. During the Great Revolution, Tujia people persisted in guerrilla warfare with General He Long, Ren and Xiao Ke, and established the revolutionary base areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, which made great contributions to the birth of the Republic. In the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, Tujia soldiers in Xiangxi dared to challenge the Americans and played the prestige of China people. General Cao Lihuai once spoke highly of Tujia soldiers in the volunteer army: "Tujia is the bravest and most combative nation in China."
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When we arrive in Zhangjiajie, everyone wants to see Tujia Diaojiao Building.
Due to the policy of stationing troops to suppress Tujia people in past dynasties, Tujia people were driven into the deep mountains and forests, and their living conditions were very bad. "Old Tang Book" said: "rustic and full of sores, poisonous weeds and poisonous snakes on the mountain. People live together and climb stairs to dry the fence. " Coupled with the small land and large population, Tujia people have to build diaojiao buildings on steep cliffs.
Diaojiaolou is mostly made of wood. Earlier, the toast king forbade the natives to cover tiles, only allowed to cover fir bark and thatch, which was called "only allowed to buy horses, but not to cover tiles". It was not until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty that tile construction began. Generally, there are four fans, three rooms and one row, three pillars and six riding or five pillars and six riding, with ancestral temples in the middle, which is the core of family sacrifice. Buildings are divided into semi-trailer, semi-trailer, two-handed cart trailer, key trailer, bending ruler trailer, water trailer and crossing river trailer. The rich carve beams and paint buildings, and the eaves are high and the stone steps are coiled, which has the artistic conception of poetry and painting in the air. The famous Tujia poet Wang Chengdong wrote:
Wonderful mountains and beautiful waters are all over the world, and the wine village is beautiful.
Sleeping on the diaojiao building for one night, dreaming for ten years is also romantic
Repair the house and praise the beam
Tujia people regard building a new house as the foundation of reproduction, so they regard it as sacred. Before repairing the house, please ask Mr. Feng Shui to choose a place near the mountain, along the river and in the lee of the sun as the sound of the house. No matter who has a new house, distant relatives and neighbors come to help, and they only eat and don't get paid, which is the so-called "white work". On holidays, relatives and friends come to give gifts and congratulations, calling it "Daoliang wine".
The so-called beam refers to the beam on the roof of the hall. There is an odd rule in the selection of beam trees: the owner must secretly find a straight tree with two branches in the mountains, no matter who the owner of the tree is, even though he secretly cuts it down, saws it in two and rolls down the mountain at the same time. Whoever has the head in front and the tail in the back, without injury or scar, choose which one. This custom is called "stealing beams". There is a custom in Tujia village that stealing beams is not "stealing". Once Liang Mu steals the land, he will set off firecrackers and put up red cloth, and then excitedly invite eight young people to take it home, as if he had "stolen" the whole city all the way. The tree owner not only did not pursue it, but also congratulated him, because it was a symbol of auspicious friendship, just like making great contributions to the inheritance of others' descendants.
Liang Mu is painted in the painting, which influences the book "Beautiful, Happy from now on" or "Prosperous Imperial Road, Rich Grains" and so on.
When climbing the beam, please ask two singers or ink masters to praise the beam. Zanliang has a certain tone and is monotonous. In fact, it is a form of rhyme and white expression. After the beam was set up on the ridge of the mountain, the beam watchers climbed the ladder, one carrying a hip flask and the other carrying a tea tray with chopsticks, wine glasses, bacon and glutinous rice. Mention hip flask shout:
The portable hip flask is shining with golden light, and the wine in it smells delicious.
Go home with joy and praise the main beam with the Lord.
Tea tray and then shout:
The hand-held tea tray is square, and Zhang Lang designed Luban's clothes.
Dragon and phoenix tenons are built at the four corners, and gold lacquer plates are placed in the middle. ...
Praise, two people began to climb the ladder, each step will sing five words of praise, its content is to praise the ancients compliment master:
The last three steps, Sanyuan, Liu Bei and Zhang Guan visited Daxian;
There is a Zhuge Liang in Nanyang who visited Gorkon three times. ...
Ten steps, perfect, Zhang Lang Luban descended to earth;
Build tall buildings, build buildings, and the East will be rich for thousands of years!
When Liang Zanzhe climbed onto the roof beam, they sat at one end of the beam, drinking, asking and answering each other, and praised the house images of the main east as fairyland, Qionglou and Wanglong Palace, with a long birthday. After praising Liang, throw down "Liang Ba". First, take two big babas symbolizing wealth in your hand and ask the host below: "Rich or expensive?" The host replied: "rich and rich!" When two Baba were thrown down, the host family held them in their arms. (the most taboo can't pick up), and then throw away the little Baba and sing while throwing it:
Laugh, laugh, pick up Liang Baba with both hands,
Spread it in all directions together, and the more you grab it, the more developed it will be! ...
At this time, people on the house field are scrambling for Baba, which is very lively. After throwing Baba, relatives and friends put pieces of colorful cloth on the beam, which is called "tying the beam". At this time, the firecrackers were deafening, and Ryazan stepped down from the ground step by step, and the new houses were neutral in the warm atmosphere of jubilation.
Tujia clothes
Comparatively speaking, Tujia costumes are not wearing gold and silver like Miao people, and are closer to life and practical. Since the Republic of China, Tujia men and women have worn headscarves all year round. Men are mainly made of blue, blue, white or striped cloth, which is two or three meters long and turns around their heads. Women usually wear green handkerchiefs or white printed headscarves. Silk handkerchief is as thin as cicada's wings and as long as seven or eight meters. It is a woman's lifelong companion and will be wrapped in a handkerchief after death. The clothes are mainly blue, white and printed cloth. Men wear a pair of corsets, with seven to eleven buttons in two rows, commonly known as centipede buttons, and lace at the cuffs, neckline and ends of trouser legs. Women have right lapels, large short sleeves, lace ornaments and silver bronze ornaments, commonly known as "full lapels", which have Manchu heritage; Unmarried girls wear fancy clothes and pay attention to red and green; Children like to wear bodhisattva hats and tiger hats; Men's shoes are mostly blue cloth, and women's shoes wear embroidered shoes; When a girl gets married, she must wear a "dew coat", a bright pink embroidered coat and a eight-skirt skirt, which is similar to that of Tu Laosi. According to the textual research of Shen Congwen, a great writer, the eight-Luo skirt is an authentic home decoration. Tujia men and women used to wear leggings without socks. In particular, men wrap their trousers in Chinese characters and match them with cloth shoes or sandals, which is very clever. Ethnic experts say that this is the combat uniform of Tujia soldiers, with traces of the traditional "integration of soldiers and farmers" toast system. Folk craftsmen have different professional clothes, such as blacksmiths wearing long and wide cowhide Chinese-style chest covers to prevent burns; Orion hanging embroidered bullet belly pocket is a practical need; It is necessary for farmers to wear hemp fiber in rainy days. For those children with poor "fate", they should wear "100 locks" and 100 clothes according to the instructions of Figure 4, that is, they should ask 100 rags from 100 households to make clothes, otherwise it will be difficult to train people and so on. Therefore, outsiders say that Tujia people are "particular" in wearing suits.
Tujia diet
"Two skins on your mouth means you want to eat well", and all the guests who come to Zhangjiajie want to taste Tujia folk food.
Zhangjiajie is rich in rice, corn, sorghum, sweet potato, buckwheat, millet and all kinds of beans. Pingba Tujia people take rice as their staple food, while Dashan Tujia people take rice and corn as their staple food.
Tujia cuisine pays attention to hot and sour. As the saying goes, "if you don't eat hot and sour for three days, your heart is like a cat's paw and your feet are soft." So you pay special attention to spices such as pepper, pepper, pepper, garlic, shallots, leeks and Chinese toon. According to old books, because the natives live in "ravines, cold ice springs and steaming hills, the non-pungent taste is not enough to warm the stomach and strengthen the spleen."
Tujia women are mostly experts in making hot and sour food. For example, fresh vegetables, wild vegetables or the meat of five birds and six animals from four seasons are dried, pickled and baked to make dried vegetables, pickles and pickles, which makes life full of interest.
Tujia famous local dishes are:
Stewed chicken and duck with stone ears. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the stone ear in Zhangjiajie was a toast to the emperor. It is said that this dish is served at the emperor's banquet every year. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is also a must. Let the loach starve for three days, then let him eat lard, then put it in the tofu, simmer slowly, and let the loach drill into the tofu until the tofu is cooked. It tastes great. There are also fresh fish stewed with bitter gourd and beef stewed with tender melon, which are all' delicacies' that ordinary people dare not be compatible with; Such as blood tofu, lotus root residue, Yuan Guping bacon, stick meat, braised fish, crock vegetables, fish peppers, roasted eggplant, roasted peppers (mashed), wild vegetables and so on. One dish 18 of the Toast King's Banquet, which is circulated by the Toast King, has 8 dishes and 24 series, which is enough to sit on a bench with several famous China dishes and talk about classics. In particular, Tujia's "three-mouth pot" has a unique flavor. According to legend, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Hunan and Hubei Tusi soldiers were recruited to fight against the Japanese aggressors, just in time for the end of the year. In order not to miss the military plane, the toast king ordered the Chinese New Year one day in advance, so bacon, tofu and radish were cooked in one pot, which was called "combined dish" and later evolved into "three pots". Ladies and gentlemen, when you arrive in Zhangjiajie, I suggest you go to a small restaurant to taste the "three pots", which will never be forgotten.
In addition, on holidays, Tujia people make glutinous rice, bamboo leaves, fried rice and jiaozi; Making wheat cakes with tung leaves in spring and tartary buckwheat cakes in autumn is mouth watering.
Tujia people celebrate the New Year.
Tujia people in Zhangjiajie have their own unique custom of reunion in the New Year: if the twelfth lunar month is big, it will be the 29 th New Year; I was 28 when I was young. Tujia people call it "catching up with the New Year", celebrating the New Year one day in advance. There is a folklore about "catching up with the Chinese New Year":
According to legend, in the thirty-third year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1555), due to the corruption of the government, the Japanese aggressors constantly harassed the southeast coastal areas of China, and the imperial court sent troops to fight against the Japanese aggressors many times, all of which ended in fiasco. Zhang Jing, the minister of history, went to the imperial court and asked the soldiers of Hunan and Hubei to fight against the Japanese invaders. Ming Shizong allowed him to play and sent Hu Zongxian to supervise. Qin Yaozhi, the toast of Yongding Uncle Maogang, knew that it was difficult to return, and decided to spend the last year with his relatives, so he ordered: "Steamed rice, cut meat, poured a big bowl of wine, and went out for the New Year one day in advance."
Because time is tight, many dishes don't have time to cook, so we cook bacon, tofu and radish in one pot, which is called "combined dishes" I'll go on my way after eating. This dish later evolved into a "three-mouth pot". After the soldiers went to the front line, they quickly defeated the enemy and recovered their lost ground. Sejong gave a plaque, saying, "The southeast won the first place." The chronicler wrote this history like this: "On December 29th, soldiers were killed, and on New Year's Eve, the Japanese army was unprepared, so it won a great victory. Later generations followed and became a family style. "
The custom of "catching up with the New Year" embodies the broad mind of Tujia people who are aware of the overall situation and are willing to die for their country, which is the pride of Tujia people.
On June 6, Tan Hou Sun Pi
There are many Tujia festivals in Zhangjiajie, almost every month, sometimes several in January, but the most influential national festival is "Tanning after Qin Dynasty" on June 6th.
According to legend, after Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he betrayed the purpose of peasant uprising, sealed Hou, built palaces indiscriminately, and forced Maogang locals to contribute big trees in southern Hunan. As a result, Yao's service was very heavy, and there was a drought in Huguang, and the victims ate each other, making the people miserable. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), when Qin Hou, the leader of Tujia nationality who was then a peace envoy of Cili and a judge of Huguang, joined forces with Sang Zhi, Yongshun and Hefeng to expose and criticize the uprising angrily, the ruling and opposition parties shook. Zhu Yuanzhang personally sat in Jingzhou and sent five Hou-level generals to war. After Qin's defeat, he persisted in the war of resistance and was betrayed by traitors. On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month in the fifth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the queen of Qin to be skinned. At that time, it was already dark, and Beijing didn't know the sun and moon for seven days and seven nights, regardless of day and night. Zhu Yuanzhang realized that he had killed the only thrill by mistake, and heaven and earth could not tolerate it. He quickly knelt on the ground and made a wish to heaven and earth. On the 6th, 16th and 26th of June every year, the Empress Qin sits on the throne for three days, and he personally worships three times and knocks nine times. May the clouds clear and the sun and the moon see the light again. In order to get the true image of Qin Bei, Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered the Qin Bei skin to be blown into drums for use in the temple. In order to prevent moth and mildew, Tan's back skin is turned once every year on the sixth day of June, so this day is also called "Sun-dried Dragon Robe" and "Sun-dried Skin". "Yongshun County Records" records: "On June 6th, the book clothes were dried. According to legend, Maogang Tusi was punished by the day after Qin Dynasty, and blood spilled on the clothes, and the nearby residents violently hanged them, which was called" drying dragon robes ".
Love of konoha
Miao men and women in Xiangxi are looking for partners and falling in love, eager to "catch up with the sidelines", while Tujia men and women use wooden leaves to express their feelings.
Tujia people spend every day in the mountains with birds and cicadas. When they are lonely, happy and worried, or have any secret worries, they take off a piece of wood leaf and play songs without words. These songs of Konoha are melodious, weeping, joyful and sad. From a distance, birds chirped, like a mountain spring, full of poetry. It's not easy to blow leaves. It takes a long time to practice to play well. Some young men and women love each other, but it's inconvenient to say it, and they don't like the matchmaker to gossip, so they courted with konoha and wrote full love on it. Mountain people sing like this:
There are piles of leaves all over the mountain. Can Lang fight?
One day, I learned to use only wood leaves instead of culture medium.
It's hard to buy a-mei's heart for 1200 silver.
The matchmaker's mouth is bleeding, which is not worth a love song.
Singing the eternal "crying wedding song"
Tujia girls stopped going out to work ten and a half months before receiving the notice from the man to get married. First, a square table and ten bowls of tea were placed in the boudoir of the diaojiao building. Women from nine neighboring countries were invited to sit around in turn, and they began to cry for wedding songs. The bride is in the middle, called "banquet", the woman on the right is "banquet" and the woman on the left is "banquet". The bride began to talk, answer questions and take turns crying day and night. There are rules for crying: mother and daughter cry, aunts and nephews cry, sisters cry, uncles and nephews cry, aunts and nephews cry and scold the matchmaker ... three to five days, some ten days and a half months. The main contents include recalling the deep affection between mother and daughter, telling the pain of parting, thanking for the kindness of raising, asking brothers and sisters-in-law to take care of their elderly parents and teaching women to be human.
Weeping wedding songs are usually improvised. When you see your mother crying, you will see your aunt crying. There are different crying characters and fixed crying characters, such as "compared with the ancients", "crying in the same room", "ten paintings", "ten embroideries" and "December". It is a difficult art to combine singing with crying, because crying has a tune to suppress frustration. The bride must ask the teacher to practice before (of course, it is confidential). It is touching to cry with modal particles such as "om", "man" and "alas" when crying. Such as "Crying Sister":
Take a sip of well water and step on a rocky road;
Eighteen years in the same village, playing together and growing up together.
Sit on the bench every day and spend the night with the oil lamp;
Weaving hemp is the same as basket, and grinding is the same. ...
Another example is the crying grandfather (sound "ya") mother:
Mom, mom, I'm leaving. And help mom comb her hair.
I once remembered that the wild flowers on my temples were gorgeous. When did I get bitter gourd wrinkles on my forehead?
The cradle is still ringing in my ears, and my mother has cooked her daughter's head.
Swallows leave their nests, my mother, alas, when will they come back? ...
Niang cry female:
Gong sedan chair urges the girl to go, and a lot of words are not enough;
There is a leap every three years in the world. Why not leap to the fifth table?
Hey, my son is gone, and it's hard for my mother to stay. You can start all over again in the future.
Honor parents, be thrifty and keep the house, and husband and wife love spring and autumn. ...
The custom of Tujia women crying for marriage has a long history. Peng Tanqiu, a Tujia poet in the Qing Dynasty, recorded: "The song of ten sisters, loving kindness, parting after injury, full of sorrow and tears, is also a legacy of' bamboo branches'. "There is a crying wedding poem in ancient Zhi Zhu's ci:
Peach blossom season is a good time, and it is infinitely sad to say goodbye.
Crying mother crying sister-in-law crying sister, affectionate cotton wrapped in tears.
It seems incredible to celebrate a happy marriage by crying and sacrifice the dead relatives by singing and dancing, but it fully embodies the unique temperament and cultural consciousness of Tujia people.
Give birth to a child, raise a child
Sprinkle chopsticks: "Ten Sisters" cried and sprayed gongs and drums to urge the sedan chair. At this time, the bride will be carried on the sedan chair by her brother or cousin, and the mother will sprinkle "five grains" around the sedan chair, praying that after her daughter gets married, the five grains will be abundant and developed year after year; Sprinkle a pair of chopsticks before and after the sedan chair, praying for the daughter to have children as soon as possible (the homophonic sound of chopsticks), and the population will flourish.
Maternity taboo: On the wedding day of the bride, the woman who makes the bed for the new house must have children, and the woman who has a certain reputation in the local area cannot be a woman who has no children. Widows cannot enter the bridal chamber. The woman who receives the hukou should also have children.
When a woman is pregnant, she is called "Youxi". She is not allowed to sit on the threshold of a room and say that she has blasphemed the family god. You can't sit on a pole or hoe and say that your child will be lazy in the future; Nails can't be nailed in the house for fear of "nailing" the fetus; You can't hit a snake. You have to stick out your tongue when you hit a snake. Not allowed to enter the bridal chamber, afraid of "four eyes wind"; Don't step on the buffalo rope, because the buffalo will be pregnant for twelve months, afraid of surpassing the moon. ...
Birth of a baby: When the baby lands, the man must give good news to his mother-in-law. He will hug a rooster when he gives birth to a boy and a hen when he gives birth to a girl. Mother-in-law knows whether it is a man or a woman at a glance.
Three days later, grandma went to her daughter's house to see her grandson, which was called "washing three". Then people agreed to give you a gift to celebrate an auspicious day, which was called "pouring rice wine." Grandma will send cloth, baby sweaters, shoes and hats, diapers, chickens, eggs, meat, rice and cradles. I also have to send clothes to the mother and son, saying that "children run for a living, and mothers run for death" is a comfort to the mother and son.
When carrying a child at night, you should put a diaper on your child's head, saying it is to ward off evil spirits; Children/kloc-more than 0/00 days, licking pig's tail, saying no drooling; Girls lick chicken wings and say that they should comb their hair when they grow up; Let the children drink goose's mouth soup and say that they will talk when they grow up; Some put their children's umbilical cord on the top of a high mountain, saying that when they grow up, they are courageous and can do great things; When a child reaches the age of one, it is necessary to "pick the week", that is, celebrate his first birthday; When children are frightened, they will spill rice at the crossroads in front of the door or find the local boss to "eat scared"; When a baby commits "crying at night" (commonly known as "crying for a hundred days"), he writes four poems on a piece of paper on the roadside or on the bridge column, so that passers-by can read: "Emperor, there is a crying lang in my family, and passers-by can read a sentence until dawn!" It is said that after reading a hundred people, the child stopped crying.
Xiangxi in the basket
Zhangjiajie is divided into three levels and seven mountains. Tujia people have been with mountains for generations, and also have an indissoluble bond with baskets.
When a girl gets married, she should make up a "laundry basket" as a dowry. The laundry basket is small and exquisite, and its design is exquisite and unique. It is a sign of her family situation and a "brand" of the bride's skillful and hardworking hands. When a daughter gives birth to a child, her mother's family will give her a "mother's basket" (also called "children's basket"). The basket grows into a cylinder, and the workmanship is very fine. It is specially used for holding children. The Little Basket sung by Song Zu Ying is such a basket; Pick corn and millet with a "high-back basket". The high-back basket has a large diameter (more than 2 feet in diameter), a thin waist, and the bottom is higher than the top of the head; Chopping firewood and pulling pig grass with a "firewood basket", which is thick and big and can withstand beating; There is also a "basket" specially designed for men to pick corn cobs. String together two glutinous rice balls with a height of 3 feet and a diameter of 65,438+0 feet and 2 inches with a pole. Corn balls are strong and firm, so it is convenient to carry them on the shoulders and down the steep slopes. Another kind of wooden basket, several sticks, is strung into an empty frame where things can be placed, and tied tightly with silk, which is used to transport logs, stones and send fat pigs; The most special is the "water reed", which has a long waist and a small mouth. Woven with leather, brushed with tung oil inside and outside. The mountains are short of water, and the natives take water from the canyon and carry the wooden buildings deep in the white clouds.
Baskets, in the eyes of mountain people, are like camels in the desert and boats in the river. Foreigners call it "Xiangxi on the basket".
Weeding, beating gongs and drums
Every spring, summer and autumn, the mountains are busy days for digging, planting grass and growing tea. Invite dozens of people from friends, relatives and neighbors to form a group. One day in the East and one day in the West, they are "white workers". In order to adjust fatigue and speed up the progress, two singers were invited to stand on the high mountain, one drumming and the other gong, with their fingers in their throats, and sing in a falsetto of eight degrees. Tujia people call it "cutting grass, gongs and drums"
There is a fixed procedure for mowing grass and beating gongs and drums: singing "graduation ceremony song", also called "song head", and then singing "please God song". It is said that a long time ago, there was a farmer named Zhang in Tujia nationality who raised five sons. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and all five sons were recruited as soldiers and died in battle. The emperor was moved by compassion and named his eldest son Tianmendi, his second son Hell, his third son Neighborhood, his fourth son Bridge and his fifth son Mountain God. These land gods work honestly for the people. The singer sang to the mountain god:
You should protect the seedlings and the crops.
Walk three times a day and nine times a day. ...
Yangko is a song sung at work after breakfast. It is the main part of grass, gongs and drums. It has fixed lyrics, such as "Drumming Back to the Official", "Love Sister Song" and "Single". You can also improvise and sing historical stories, ancient legends and folk anecdotes. Sometimes, when migrant workers are tired, they sing a few "cowhide songs" to tune their tastes;
Ask me to sing, sing a cowhide song;
Sing a chicken and a duck egg, sing a bird's head and horn;
Sing a river that flows backwards, and sing a stone head that rolls uphill;
Sing a mosquito yawn and sing a chaff shell twisted into a rope. ...
Sing "Song of the Gods" at the end of the party;
See the sun at the foot of the mountain, beating gongs and drums to send the gods;
Some gods walk across cranes, and some gods ride lions;
Only the land has nowhere to go and settle down under the rock slab. ...
"Yongding County Records" records: "There are people who sing gold, beat drums and sing and entertain in the grass planting room, which is also a legacy of Gutian songs." "Sangzhi County Records" also contains: "In summer, mowing grass, on the ridge of the field, two people intercropped, and gongs and drums corresponded, which is called playing gongs and drums. This farmhouse is also used to save labor. "
taboo
As the saying goes: "Go abroad to ask the forbidden, go to the countryside to ask the vulgar." When tourists visit a foreign land, if they violate the taboos of the local people, they will get into trouble and add some unpleasant things.
Tujia people have many taboos, and different regions, different families and different occupations have different taboo contents, which not only reflects a cultural mentality full of idealism and superstition, but also has certain scientific connotation, because it is a summary of Tujia people's long-term life and practical experience.
Tujia people in Zhangjiajie call snakes "worms" or "petals" in the morning, tigers "big cats", monkeys "claws" and ghosts "short mules". Many taboos have become proverbs. For example, when you go out, you should choose a good day: "On the fourteenth and twenty-third day of the first month, the old gentleman will not go down to the temple"; "seven don't go out and eight don't go back, and go out empty-handed every nine days"; "Don't pick up eagles and birds in spring, and don't pick up sweat towels in winter"; "Don't pick up muntjac when going up the mountain and carp when going down the river" (referring to muntjac and carp who died inexplicably); During the New Year's Eve, there are many taboos. You can't quarrel, hit children or turn off the lights. On New Year's Day, don't talk about "memorizing time", "My parents have endless mouths"; "Thirty-six, stumbling"; "When people are over thirty-six, there are joys and sorrows." Because the proportion of people who die at the age of 36 is the highest and the number of disasters is the largest, people always avoid 36, just as foreigners avoid the number thirteen. People over the age of 36, both men and women, will have a birthday party; Whenever human beings describe weddings, funerals and happy events, it is a harbinger of adversity to encounter serial number 36 by chance, so many people should first write auspicious words on serial number 36; Children are not allowed to play with birds, saying that they can't write well when they grow up (protecting birds in this way); Children are not allowed to pick immature tung trees, saying that they will be "consumed" (protecting tung trees); Carpenter's yard board can't sit, blacksmith's anvil can't knock, castrated craftsman's horn can't blow, actor's suitcase can't rely on, farmer's brace can't step on (bully the Lord); Don't say "red" in front of the tile kiln, and don't be afraid of red tiles and call it "Chen" because Chen is homophonic with "Shen"; The troupe called "umbrella" as "prop" and avoided using the word "scattered"; At the beginning of the year, it will be unlucky to hear the lark (cuckoo), if you sleep in bed or go down the mountain, livestock will enter the house on the first day of the New Year's Day, which indicates that "pigs come to be poor, dogs come to be rich, and cats come to wear mourning clothes"; Wild raccoons enter the house, chickens climb trees, and dogs enter the house. Without disaster, there will be disaster. Dream of clear water tears, dream of white cloth to Dai Xiao, dream of red flowers, dream of children preventing thieves; The dream chicken, the dream bird and the dream fish have quarrels (quarrels), the dream buffalo has wealth, the dream crosses the mountains with illness, the dream soars to health, the dream brings good things up the mountain, the dream goes down the mountain and laughs and cries, and the dream is blessed ... and so on.
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