Air transport has six characteristics: commodity, service, international, paramilitary, capital, technology risk-intensive and natural monopoly. According to different standards, air transport can be divided into different types. Air freight originated from 187 1. Due to the international economic depression in the past two years, the air transport industry has encountered bottlenecks, but there is still a broad space for development in the future, which is worth exploring.
Basic introduction Chinese name: air transport mbth: air transport category: transport mode characteristics: goods, services, international and other goods requirements: the sum of the length, width and height of goods shall not be less than 40cm Definition, characteristics, basic elements, transport types and forms, types and forms, freight-related procedures, brief description of development, others, responsibilities and obligations, e-commerce, special provisions, transport market demand survey and definition. Short for "air transport", it is a mode of transport with aircraft as the means of transport under air routes and conditions. In China's transportation industry, air transport accounts for a relatively small proportion of the national transportation volume and mainly undertakes long-distance passenger transport tasks. With the rapid development of logistics, air transport will also play an important role in freight transportation. The weight of air cargo is calculated by gross weight. The unit of calculation is the kilogram. If the weight is less than 1 kg, it shall be calculated as 1 kg, and the mantissa exceeding 1 kg shall be rounded off. The weight of each cargo loaded by a non-wide-body aircraft generally does not exceed 80 kg, and the volume generally does not exceed 40 * 60 * 100 cm. The weight of each cargo loaded by a wide-body aircraft generally does not exceed 250 kg. The volume is generally not more than 250 * 200 * 160 cm. Goods exceeding the above weight and volume shall be determined by Northwest Company according to specific conditions. Goods with a volume exceeding 6000 cubic centimeters per kilogram are counted as light bubble goods. Light foam goods are measured per 6000 cubic centimeters 1 kg. Characteristics Air transport has the following characteristics: (1) Commercial. The product provided by air transport is a special product-"spatial displacement", and its product form is to change the spatial displacement of air transport objects, and the product units are "person kilometers" and "ton kilometers". The commodity attribute of air transport products is finally realized through the purchase behavior of product users in the air transport market. (2) service. Air transport industry belongs to the tertiary industry and is a service industry. It reflects the quantity of service through the amount of "space displacement" provided, and reflects the quality of service through the means and attitude of service. This attribute determines that the carrier must constantly expand its capacity to meet the growing demand of products in society, and follow the principle of "passengers first, users first" to provide safe, convenient, comfortable and punctual quality services for product users. (3) international. Air transportation has become the most important mode of transportation in modern society, and it is the link of international political exchange and economic cooperation. This includes both international friendly cooperation and fierce international competition. In terms of service, freight rate, technical coordination, operation management, formulation and implementation of laws and regulations, it is restricted by international unified standards and influenced by the international air transport market. (4) Paramilitary. Human aviation activities are first put into the military field, and then turned into civilian use. The mastery of air superiority in modern war is an important factor to gain the active position in war. Therefore, many countries stipulate in their laws that the fleet and related personnel owned by air transport enterprises serve the national economic construction in peacetime. Civil aviation, as a military reserve force, can be requisitioned by the state in wartime or emergency to serve military needs in accordance with legal procedures. (5) Capital, technology and risk are intensive. The air transport industry is a high-input industry, and both the means of transport and other transport equipment are very expensive and costly. Therefore, its operating cost is very high, and the air transport industry has high technical requirements, complex equipment operation, high degree of interdependence between departments and high operational risks. * * * And organizations in any country do not have the corresponding financial resources to subsidize their own air transport enterprises like subsidizing urban public transport. Because of this, the air transport industry in all countries in the world is considered not to be a social welfare undertaking, and it must be profitable to maintain its normal operation and development. (6) Natural monopoly. Due to historical reasons such as huge investment, high concentration of capital, technology and risks, long payback period, strict qualification restrictions of air transport subjects and high market access threshold, the air transport industry has formed a natural monopoly in the development process. Basic elements The elements to realize air transportation mainly include air stations, planes, routes, flights and airlines. (1) air station. The air station, commonly known as the airport, is also called the airport, which is the place where planes fly. (2) aircraft. Aircraft in a narrow sense refers to aircraft. Aircraft in a broad sense refers to all machines that can be supported by the reaction of air in the atmosphere. The plane referred to here mainly refers to the plane in a narrow sense. (3) route. An airline is an approved air traffic line connecting two or more places for regular or irregular flight and transportation services. The route specifies the clear direction, stopping place, route width and flight altitude of the route. In order to ensure flight safety and maintain air traffic order, civil aviation engaged in transport flights must fly in accordance with the prescribed routes. (4) flights. The plane takes off from the originating station, stops at the terminal station and transports it according to the prescribed route. This is called flying. According to the flight schedule, the flight should use the specified model on the specified route and fly at the specified date and time. That is, it has the characteristics of "fixed route, model, date and time". ⑤ Airlines. An airline refers to a company that owns aircraft and is engaged in air transport services. Airlines have the following characteristics: first, they must have a certain number of aircraft, which is a prerequisite for the establishment of airlines. Secondly, there must be an air transport business that is compatible with its capabilities. Ranzi, the main business of airlines is to transport passengers and goods from one place to another. According to different classification standards, air transport can be divided into different types. (1) According to the nature of air transport, air transport is generally divided into domestic air transport and international air transport. According to the definition in Article 107 of the Civil Aviation Law, the so-called domestic air transport refers to the transport in which the origin, agreed stopover and destination of the transport are all in People's Republic of China (PRC) according to the air transport contract concluded by the parties. The so-called international air transport refers to the transport in which one of the starting point, the agreed stopping place and the destination of the transport is not in People's Republic of China (PRC) according to the air transport contract concluded by the parties, regardless of whether the transport is interrupted or transshipped. (2) From the object of air transport, it can be divided into three categories: air passenger transport, air passenger luggage transport and air cargo transport. What is more special is that air passenger luggage transportation can be attached to air passenger transportation or regarded as an independent transportation process. Air mail transportation is a special kind of air cargo transportation, which gives priority to transportation under the first kind of circumstances and is subject to the adjustment of the Postal Law and relevant administrative regulations and departmental rules, and is not subject to the adjustment of the relevant provisions of the Civil Aviation Law. (3) charter transportation. Charter transportation refers to a mode of transportation in which civil air transport users charter planes of public air transport enterprises for a certain purpose to transport passengers or goods. Its characteristic is that the charter needs to sign a written charter transportation contract with the carrier. During the validity period of the contract, the charter can use the civil aircraft independently according to the charter contract, and the charter does not necessarily directly participate in air transportation activities. Regular air transport enterprises mainly operate in the form of schedule transport, charter transport and special plane transport. Usually, shift transportation is the main way, and the latter two are arranged temporarily according to needs. According to the schedule, the transportation task is carried out by fixed aircraft along a fixed route and at a fixed time. When a large number of passengers and goods need to be transported, overtime flights can also be organized along the scheduled transportation route. The operation quality of air transport is mainly evaluated from three aspects: safety level, economic benefit and service quality. Freight related formalities 1. The shipper shall fill in the cargo transport bill to the carrier, and attach the necessary valid documents according to the provisions of the competent department of the state. The shipper shall be responsible for the authenticity and correctness of the contents of the transport document. A contract of carriage of goods by air is established after the shipper's cargo transport bill is accepted by the carrier, and the carrier fills in and issues the cargo transport bill. Air transport II. When the shipper requests air cargo, he should fill out a charter application form. After the carrier agrees to accept and sign the air charter agreement, the air charter cargo transportation contract is established. The parties to the agreement shall abide by the provisions of the competent civil aviation authorities on air charter transportation. 3. The shipper shall pack and transport the goods according to the packaging standards stipulated by the competent department of the state; If there is no uniform packing standard, the shipper shall pack the goods according to the nature of the goods and the conditions of carrying the aircraft in accordance with the principle of ensuring transportation safety. Where the above packaging requirements are not met, the carrier has the right to refuse to carry the goods that do not meet the specifications. The shipper must indicate the departure, arrival, shipper and consignee on the consignment. Name and address, in accordance with the provisions of the state, indicate the packaging, storage and transportation indicators. 5, the provisions of the state must be insured goods, the shipper should be insured at the time of consignment cargo transportation insurance. 6. When consigning goods, the shipper shall pay the freight and other expenses according to the rates stipulated by the competent civil aviation authority. Unless otherwise agreed by the shipper and the carrier, the freight and other expenses shall be paid in one lump sum when the carrier issues the cargo waybill. 7. The carrier shall send a notice of arrival to the consignee within 24 hours after the goods arrive at the destination. The consignee shall pick up the goods at the designated place in time with the delivery certificate, and the goods shall be kept free of charge for three days from the day after the arrival notice is issued. If the consignee takes delivery of the goods within the time limit, it shall pay the storage fee according to the transportation rules. 8. When the consignee takes delivery of the goods, he has no objection to the goods or weight abandoned midway, and signs the freight transport bill, and the carrier is relieved of the transport responsibility. 9. If losses are caused to the shipper or consignee due to the fault or intention of the carrier, the shipper or consignee shall claim compensation and submit it to the carrier in writing within 180 days from the day after filling in the cargo transportation accident record, with relevant supporting documents attached. Development Overview Global economic integration, sustained economic and trade growth, industrial restructuring and deepening reform of China's civil aviation economy and management system have created a good environment for the development of aviation logistics in China. However, since 20 1 1, the macroeconomic situation at home and abroad is not good, which makes the demand weak, the freight supply and demand imbalance, and the freight price level continues to be low, and the overall freight weakness may continue in the future. Facing the increasingly competitive market environment, domestic aviation logistics enterprises must seek reform methods. Under the general trend that the market power structure is gradually tilting towards consumers (customers), the terminal network that grasps customer resources and directly faces customer needs is the most valuable and difficult to be replaced. With the development of economy and society, the traditional aviation logistics service with simple transportation as its main function can no longer meet the needs of customers. To develop China's aviation logistics, we must vigorously develop integrated aviation logistics. The air transportation starts at 187 1. At that time, the French in the Franco-Prussian War used balloons to transport officials, materials and mail out of Paris, which was besieged by Pu Jun.. 1965438+On May 5, 2008, air transportation appeared for the first time, and the route was new york-Washington-Chicago. On June 8 of the same year, regular postal flights started between London and Paris. With the appearance of civil transport aircraft in 1930s, various technical performances have been continuously improved, and the development of aviation industry has promoted the development of air transport. After the end of World War II, airline networks have been gradually established all over the world, and the world airline networks with major cities in various countries as the starting point and the end point are spread all over the continents. From 65438 to 0990, the total turnover of global scheduled flights reached 235.67 billion tons kilometers. In the past two years, due to the international economic downturn, the growth rate of global import and export trade slowed down, and the global air cargo volume of 201/kloc-0 decreased by 0.7%. As the world's largest international air cargo market and global manufacturing activity center, the air cargo volume in the Asia-Pacific region has the largest decline, reaching 4.8%, and the cargo volume in the international market has dropped by 4.6%. According to the latest data released by the International Air Transport Association, the global air cargo volume decreased in July 20 12. After a slight increase of 0. 1% in June, the global air cargo volume decreased by 3.2% year-on-year, among which the global international air cargo volume decreased by 3.3% year-on-year. In July 20 12, the global air cargo capacity decreased by 0.6% from the previous month, which led to a slight increase of 0.2% in July. Domestically, the survey data shows that the macroeconomic situation at home and abroad has been poor since 20 1 1, which has seriously affected the profitability of air freight. It is expected that the overall weakness of air cargo will continue for some time to come. 20 1 1 The whole industry completed 5.575 million tons of cargo and mail transportation, down 1.0% from the previous year. Domestic routes completed 3.794 million tons of cargo and mail traffic, up 2.4% over the previous year, of which Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan routes completed 2 1 10,000 tons, down 3.0% over the previous year; The cargo and mail transportation volume of international routes was 6.5438+0.78 million tons, down by 7.6% over the previous year. From June to July, the whole industry completed cargo and mail transportation of 20 12 1 10,000 tons, down 4.8% from the previous year. The cargo and mail transport volume of domestic routes was 2,085,600 tons, up by 0.2% over the previous year, of which1/kloc-0,270 tons were completed for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan routes, down by11.0% over the previous year; The cargo and mail volume of international routes was 876,200 tons, down 14.7% from the previous year. Although China's aviation logistics industry is facing some difficulties at present, on the whole, these difficulties are only temporary. Aviation logistics, as the most time-saving and fastest logistics freight mode in business activities, conforms to the development trend of the times, so it has strong vitality and huge development space. In 2007, China's civil aviation transportation industry continued to maintain rapid growth. The whole industry transported about 654.38+084 billion passengers, up about 654.38+05.0% year-on-year, and the national airport passenger throughput was about 384 million passengers, up about 654.38+05.6% year-on-year. Looking forward to 2007-20 10, it is believed that China's civil aviation industry will continue to maintain a high-speed growth trend and the civil airport industry will develop simultaneously. The infrastructure bottlenecks faced by many airports are phased. In the long run, the development space of airport listed companies is far from reaching the extreme state, and the development prospects are broad. At the same time, airlines are promoting the construction of hub route network, which will also bring more passenger flow and cargo flow to listed airports. Air transport The air transport industry has a strong periodicity and is greatly influenced by economic fluctuations and emergencies. However, even if the air transport industry fluctuates, the civil airport industry, as the infrastructure in the air transport industry chain, has relatively flat periodic fluctuations and stable and long-term income growth. At the same time, as an infrastructure industry in the national economy, the civil airport industry has always been attached importance by the state and society, supported by funds and policies, and given priority to development. China's civil airport industry will continue to receive state support, benefit from the rapid growth of air transport industry and fixed assets investment, and enable investors to gain medium and long-term benefits. Other responsibilities and obligations The Warsaw Convention clearly stipulates three forms of liability that the carrier should bear: (1) personal injury or death of passengers; (2) Loss of or damage to luggage and goods; (3) delay. The carrier shall be liable for personal injury or death of passengers caused by accidents that occurred on board a civil aircraft or during the process of passengers getting on or off the civil aircraft; However, the passenger's personal injury or death is entirely caused by the passenger's own health, and the carrier shall not bear the responsibility. The carrier shall be responsible for the loss or damage of the luggage, personal belongings or goods checked by passengers during air transportation. The carrier shall be liable for the losses caused by the delay. "Justifiable cause" does not constitute the liability for delay, and the burden of proof is borne by the carrier. Personal injury or death of passengers, damage, loss and loss of luggage or goods, as well as losses caused to passengers, luggage or goods by the carrier's delay, are not only violations of air transport contracts by the carrier, but also violations of personal rights and property rights of passengers by the carrier, and there are competing liabilities. As for the concurrence of tort liability and breach of contract liability, no matter who brings a lawsuit against the loss in air transport, whether it is based on air transport contract, tort law, civil aviation law or relevant international conventions, it can only bring a lawsuit according to the conditions and limitation of liability stipulated in civil aviation law. The limitation of action for air transport is two years, counting from the date when the civil aircraft arrives at the destination, should arrive at the destination or terminates the transport. E-commerce The application of e-commerce in the field of air transportation focuses on e-ticket, which is the expression form of air transportation electronic contract. Electronic contract is a kind of written contract in the form of data message. The promisor transmits the offer in the form of data information and adopts the principle of arrival and effectiveness. Once the acceptance reaches the offeror, the contract is established immediately and takes effect after being confirmed by the promisor. However, e-ticket is not a "ticket" under the current aviation legal framework in China, and its conclusion procedure conflicts with the current legal provisions, which needs to be solved by the Tort Liability Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which was promulgated and implemented on July 10. According to the view that "the new law is superior to the old law" in the judicial interpretation of the Supreme People's Court, we believe that with the protection of the law, the e-commerce in the aviation field in China will develop better. Special provisions 1. Without the special approval of the Civil Aviation Administration, it is not allowed to transport microbial products such as strains and bacteria-carrying culture media harmful to human body, animals and plants. 2 vaccines, vaccines, antibiotics, serum and other biological products. Those that have been artificially manufactured, refined and disinfected can be transported as ordinary goods if the shipper issues a certificate of sterility and non-toxicity. 3. The storage and transportation of microorganism and harmful biological products should be far away from food. 4. Transportation of plants and plant products shall be based on a valid Plant Quarantine Certificate issued by the plant quarantine department at or above the county level where the shipper is located. 5. With the consent of the carrier, the shipper can handle the express transportation of goods that are in urgent need of transportation, and charge the express freight according to the regulations. 6. The ashes should be packed in sealed plastic bags or other sealed containers, plus wooden cases, and the outermost layer should be wrapped with cloth. Transportation market demand survey 1, total transportation turnover: overall demand maintained rapid growth. According to the data of China Industry Insight Network, the total turnover (RTK) of civil aviation transportation in China in March of 20 13 was 560.0, 385.6, 174.5 and 168 respectively. From June 2065438 to March 2003, the total accumulated transport turnover (RTK) of China civil aviation was15510.6, 1098.5438+0, 464.4 and 3.37 billion tons respectively. 2. Passenger volume: Year-on-year growth, the chain was flat at 2065438+in March 2003, the comprehensive, domestic (including regional), international and regional passenger volume in China was 2878.3,2669.2,209.2 and 739,000 respectively, with year-on-year growth of 15% and 15.2%. From 20 13 to 1-3, the cumulative passenger volume of China civil aviation was 8232.7, 7694.4, 604.9 and 2170,000 respectively, with year-on-year growth of1%and 65438+.