Mashan Town is a famous hometown of traditional Chinese medicine. There are more than 65,438,000 kinds of wild Chinese herbal medicines such as Fructus Trichosanthis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Flos Lonicerae. And wild chrysanthemum. Local farmers also have a tradition of planting Chinese herbal medicines. Mashan is also one of the origins of Trichosanthes kirilowii. Trichosanthes kirilowii has been planted in Zhuangke and Jiaozhuang villages for more than 300 years.
Mashan is the authentic origin of Trichosanthes kirilowii, with large planting scale and high quality, which is favored by drug dealers. Trichosanthes kirilowii has become a local characteristic economic industry and an important economic source for local villagers. In order to meet the growing market demand, Mashan Town put forward the idea of vigorously developing the Chinese herbal medicine industry and optimizing the agricultural industrial structure in combination with the local geographical conditions, actively established cooperation channels with Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, gave full play to the advantages of universities, provided technical guidance for drug farmers, and took the Chinese herbal medicine base as the research base of universities. At the same time, relying on the base, the University of Traditional Chinese Medicine transformed research results, which not only improved the transformation rate of university achievements, but also provided quality services for local economic development, achieving a win-win situation between universities and places.
territorial scope
Trichosanthes kirilowii is located in Mashan Town, Changqing District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, 40 kilometers southwest of Jinan, the provincial capital, bordering Feicheng City in the south, 20 kilometers north of Changqing City, and 0/2 kilometers away from Jihe Expressway. It is adjacent to Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Fuzhou Expressway and beijing-shanghai railway in the east, and the provincial highway 104 runs through the north and south of the town, and it is adjacent to the Yellow River in the west. The town has jurisdiction over 53 administrative villages with a population of 33,600 and a geographical area of 8,900 hectares, of which 80 hectares are planted with Trichosanthes kirilowii. Geographical location: located at1169'-161'east longitude and 36 0 1' north latitude. The average elevation is 99. 1 m, which is 80 hectares lower than the designated protected area.
Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors
(1) Soil landform: The soil type is sandy loam, with a pH value of 6.8-7.4, belonging to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the hilly area in the middle of Shandong.
(2) Hydrological situation: the territory is rich in water resources. Precipitation is the main source of surface water, and the annual precipitation is rich and concentrated. Gu Bin River passes through the north and south of Mashan Town, and there is a national medium-sized reservoir at the north end of the town, with a storage capacity of130,000 cubic meters. The seasonal variation of river runoff is large, and the utilization of transit water is small. Groundwater resources are abundant and the water quality is excellent.
(3) Climate: It belongs to semi-humid climate in warm temperate monsoon region. The main characteristics are obvious monsoon and distinct seasons, which have the climate characteristics of the lower reaches of Huaihe River. It is windy in spring, dry and rainy, and dry and cold in winter. The annual average temperature 12.8- 14.3℃, and the monthly average temperature of 65438+ 10 is-2℃. The highest temperature in July is 26.9℃. The annual average sunshine hours are 2598.5 hours, and the maximum is 2897.9 hours.
Hours, the lowest is 2254.2 hours, and the sunshine hours in May are the highest, which is 28 1. 1 hour; The minimum in February is 173.7 hours. The sunshine percentage is the highest in May, accounting for 66%, and the lowest in July, accounting for 5 1%. The annual average precipitation is 628.2 mm, and the average precipitation in spring (March-May) is 86.2 mm, accounting for 1.4% of the annual precipitation. In summer (June-August), the average annual precipitation is 399.3mm, accounting for 64% of the annual precipitation; In autumn (September-65438+1October), the average precipitation is 122.3mm, accounting for 19% of the annual precipitation. In winter (65438+February-February), the average precipitation is 20.4 mm, accounting for 3% of the annual precipitation. The monthly precipitation is unevenly distributed, with the maximum in July and the minimum in 65438+ 10. The monthly average snowfall is 65438+February 7th, the annual average snowfall is1March 7th, and the average number of days between the first snow and the first snow is 10 1 day. The maximum snow thickness is 2 1 cm. The annual average relative temperature is 62%, and the maximum value is 76-79% in July and August. The lowest value is 52-53% in March and April. The annual frost-free period is 2 15 days, the average first freezing day is1010.30, and the average annual day is 31March.
(4) Human and historical situation: Trichosanthes kirilowii is a famous authentic Chinese herbal medicine in Shandong, which has the functions of clearing away heat and resolving phlegm, moistening the chest, moistening the intestines and relaxing bowels. Clinically, it is used to treat cough due to lung heat, chest obstruction and heartache with excellent effect. The annual output and export of Trichosanthes kirilowii, especially Trichosanthes kirilowii, rank first in China. China Authentic Medicinal Materials edited by Hu Shilin contains: "Evergreen fruit is one of authentic medicinal materials". "Shandong Authentic Medicinal Materials" contains: "Changqing has the largest output and the best quality." According to the records of the old county annals in Changqing, as early as before the Qing Dynasty, planting began in Mashanzhuangke and Jiaozhuang areas, with a history of more than 300 years. Trichosanthes Excellent quality, famous at home and abroad for its large size, thick and elastic skin, shrinking and tendons, orange-red color, sufficient sugar content and strong caramel flavor. Trichosanthes kirilowii in Mashan has a large output. According to the records, the highest annual output of Trichosanthes kirilowii in Shandong is 800,000 Jin, and that of Changqing is 460,000 Jin. The output of Mashan accounts for more than 2/3 of the total output of Changqing County.
There is a municipal forest park in Mashan, where Trichosanthes is located, with superior geographical location, good basic conditions, pleasant climate, natural and cultural landscapes and many historical legends and stories. The park is mountainous, with towering cypresses, dense forests and pleasant scenery. Mashan, the main peak, is 5 12.3 meters above sea level. It was originally called Gemashan. Seen from a distance, this mountain looks like a horse, with a cliff 100 feet high. The mountain is steep, with ten caves, five springs, one cake and five characters. It is a famous mountain in Changqing, and it is also called "Three Mountains" with Mount Tai and Wufeng Mountain. Halfway up the mountain, there are millions of large plants planted by Platycladus orientalis with the slogan "Long live Chairman Mao". In August of 20001year, the Shanghai headquarters of the world's kiness encyclopedia was officially named as "factory slogan" China is the best ".
Production technical requirements
(1) Origin and special content selection: Trichosanthes kirilowii. Choose the place with flat terrain, soil depth of more than 1m, loose and fertile texture, good ventilation and drainage, no danger of sewage and flood, and underground water level below 2.0m
(2) Variety selection and specific requirements: Trichosanthes kirilowii. Including the Trichosanthes. And Trichosanthes kirilowii. Because of the scarcity of Tanggu Trichosanthes. Its economic cultivation value is lost. At present, Trichosanthes. Be chosen as a Trichosanthes.
(3) Management of production process, including regulations on special use of agricultural inputs: The production process of Trichosanthes kirilowii includes several production periods, such as land selection, propagation methods, vine pruning, male plants and pollination, fertilization, water management and integrated pest control. Trichosanthes kirilowii likes warm and humid environment, is cold-resistant and drought-tolerant, and should be cultivated in a place with more rainfall and convenient irrigation. Trichosanthes kirilowii is a deep-rooted plant, so it is better to choose sandy loam with deep soil layer and fertile soil. It can also be planted in front of and behind the house, but it is not suitable for planting in saline-alkali land. Propagation method ① Seed propagation Select mature fruits and take out the seeds. Soak the selected seeds in warm water at 40℃-50℃ for one night before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, take them out and cool them slightly, mix them with wet sand, and put them in an environment at 20℃-30℃ to accelerate germination. When most seeds crack, dig holes with a depth of 5cm-6cm according to the hole spacing of 1.5m-2m, sow 4 -5 seeds in each hole, cover the soil with 3cm-4cm: keep the soil moist, and emerge in about 15 -20 days. (2) Root-splitting propagation In March-April, the root tuber and reed head are all dug out, and the seeds with no pests and diseases, a diameter of 3-6cm and a white and fresh section are selected as seeds. Cut into 7cm- 10cm pieces. Pay attention to choose more roots of female plants and properly match the roots of some male plants to facilitate pollination. Trenching shall be carried out according to the row spacing of 1.6m-2m, with the trench width of 30cm and the depth of 10cm. The seed roots are laid flat in the ditch with a spacing of 30cm, covered with 4cm-5cm soil and compacted, and the seedlings can grow about 1 month. After pruning, each plant leaves 1 -2 strong buds as the main stem, and the redundant buds and lateral buds at the base of the main stem are removed. When the main stem grows to 1.5m-2m, timely remove the core and leave 3 -4 lateral branches. Picking the heart in bud stage, promoting bud development and improving fruit setting rate; When the fruit is expanding, cut off the side branches of fruiting nodes and the long branches of non-fruiting nodes. Male plants and pollinated male plants are planted on the side of the planting wheel, and the growth is controlled by pruning with multiple vines, and the growth height is less than 2 m without fertilization. Artificial pollination can be carried out at 6-8 am, and the flower matching method is adopted, that is, the male flowers are picked and placed on the female flowers. The application of fertilizers, the management and use of fertilizers shall be carried out in accordance with NY/T496. Application of base fertilizer: apply base fertilizer in the opened planting hole half a month before planting. Every 666.7 square meters, 2000 kilograms of decomposed livestock manure and 20 kilograms of decomposed cake fertilizer,
50 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 5 kg -8 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of boron fertilizer are suitable. After fertilization, soil is used to separate the fertilizer from the seed roots. Topdressing application: skillfully apply flower-promoting fertilizer in bud stage, and apply 4 kg compound fertilizer every 666.7m2; After flowering and fruit setting, combined with the overall technology, it is appropriate to apply 5kg- 10kg of compound fertilizer and 5kg- 10kg of urea every 666.7m2, and the pastoral soil will always be moist during the water management growth period, especially after fruit setting; In case of drought, water can be replenished in the form of racing water, and topping is prohibited. After the rainstorm, we should do a good job in flood control and drain the accumulated water in time. The main pests are anthracnose, Fusarium wilt, stem blight, virus disease and root-knot nematode disease, and the main pests are aphids, yellow gourd, melon silk moth and Trichosanthes kirilowii. Agricultural control methods mainly include: cleaning the Trichosanthes kirilowii Garden frequently, burning the residual branches, pests, weeds and fallen leaves outside the garden to eliminate the source of pests and diseases. Deep ploughing of frozen soil in winter garden, shallow ploughing of soil in early spring, continuous intertillage weeding, pit digging or furrowing fertilization, closed irrigation, killing pumpkin and Trichosanthes kirilowii larvae and eclosion, and reducing population density. See the table below for chemical control methods.
Main pests and diseases and their control methods
Method for using pesticide for selecting pests and diseases
Anthracnose, zinc, chlorothalonil, etc.
Fusarium wilt carbendazim, dixone, etc. Irrigated to the roots and applied to the affected areas.
Spraying carbendazim and Tracy on the diseased part of Fusarium wilt.
Root-knot nematode fenamidophos, Yi Ming Fengshou Granules and other soil treatments and seed soaking.
Viral disease virus A, bacterial toxin, etc.
Aphids, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, etc.
Root irrigation and spraying of cucumber and phoxim.
Abamectin, Regent and other sprays.
Abamectin, chlorhexidine, Regent and other sprays. For the Trichosanthes.
(4) Provisions on product harvesting and post-harvest treatment: the fruit will be produced 2 -3 years after the Trichosanthes kirilowii is planted. Because the flowering period is long and the fruit maturity is inconsistent, it needs to be picked in batches in time. Then hang the fruit in a ventilated place to dry, which is the whole Trichosanthes kirilowii. Avoid direct sunlight, or dig out the roots of perennial Trichosanthes kirilowii and cut them into small pieces to dry, which is Trichosanthes kirilowii.
Typical product quality characteristics and product safety regulations
(1) External sensory characteristics: Trichosanthes kirilowii is a perennial herb, with tendrils on its stems, heart-shaped leaves, white dioecious flowers, oval or nearly round fruits, dark green at harvest, yellow skin after drying, fresh fruits weighing 300-400g, and a few about 500g; The air-dried fruit is about 150g, the seeds are oblong and brown, and the dried fruits are sweet and slightly bitter. Trichosanthes kirilowii root (Trichosanthes root), fruit (Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit), peel (Trichosanthes kirilowii bark) and seed (Trichosanthes kirilowii kernel) are all used as medicines, which have the functions of relieving fever, quenching thirst, diuresis, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. Trichosanthes kirilowii preparation has certain curative effect on coronary heart disease and heartache.
(2) Internal quality index: Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit contains triterpenoid saponins, organic acids, fatty oils, resins, sugars and pigments; Seeds contain fatty oil; The root contains protein, saponin, acid, etc.
Packaging identification and other relevant regulations.
Packaging mark: in line with the provisions and requirements of the Manual for the Design and Use of Public Signs of Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products, the user of the mark should uniformly mark the combined pattern of geographical indications and public representations of Trichosanthes kirilowii agricultural products on his products or packaging.
The sign is obvious, and the product, product name, grade and weight (gross weight and net weight) should be clearly marked, and the name or code of the inspector should be indicated.
Pay attention to rain protection during transportation. It is forbidden to use warehouses and carriages polluted by residual poison, and it is not allowed to be mixed with toxic substances and stored in ventilated and dry rooms.