The earliest creators of civilization in the two river basins were Sumerians in the eastern mountainous areas about 4000 years ago.
There are the earliest words, schools, epics, libraries, codes, mathematics, astronomy, architecture and so on in the world. Mesopotamia, in a broad sense, refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, with Zagros Mountain in the east, Syrian desert in the west, Persian Gulf in the south and Toros Mountain in the north.
cuneiform characters
Sumerian is an isolated language that is not close to any other known language. Attempts to link Sumerian with other languages, especially the Ural-Altaic family, failed. Sumerian is a kind of sticky language, that is, its characters are composed of sticky characters.
Sumerians invented a hieroglyph, which was later developed into cuneiform. This is one of the oldest known human characters. Today, hundreds of thousands of Sumerian objects have been excavated, most of which are carved on clay tablets.
These include personal and business letters, remittances, cookbooks, encyclopedias, laws, hymns, prayers, spells and scientific articles including mathematics, astronomy and medicine. Many large buildings, such as large sculptures, are also engraved with words.
Multiple versions of many articles have been preserved because they are often copied (for example, as writing exercises). Copying was the only way for people to spread articles at that time. After Sumerians became the rulers of Mesopotamia, Sumerian remained the language of religion and law.