According to the website of Vietnam Trade Information Center, in the global competitiveness ranking released by the World Economic Forum on September 26th, Vietnam ranked 77th among 125 countries, down three places from 2005.
According to the statistics of the World Economic Forum on the economic competitiveness of various countries, the advantages of Vietnam are still ordinary labor and resources. Among them, some competitive indicators rank 53rd in macroeconomics, 83rd in infrastructure construction, 90th in university education, 73rd in market efficiency, 85th in scientific and technological potential, 86th in management ability and 75th in pioneering ability.
Among ASEAN countries, Singapore ranks fifth, Malaysia ranks 26th, Thailand ranks 35th, Indonesia ranks 50th, Philippines ranks 7 1, Cambodia ranks11.
According to the statistics of the World Economic Forum on the economic competitiveness of various countries, the advantages of Vietnam are still ordinary labor and resources. Among them, some competitive indicators rank 53rd in macroeconomics, 83rd in infrastructure construction, 90th in university education, 73rd in market efficiency, 85th in scientific and technological potential, 86th in management ability and 75th in pioneering ability.
Switzerland, Finland and Sweden ranked the top three in global economic competitiveness this year, and the United States retreated from the top of last year to sixth place. Among ASEAN countries, Singapore ranks fifth, Malaysia ranks 26th, Thailand ranks 35th, Indonesia ranks 50th, Philippines ranks 7 1, Cambodia ranks11.
265438+Vietnam's Economic Achievements in the Early 20th Century
1. The national economy has developed rapidly. Since February 1 the beginning of the century, Vietnam's national economy has maintained growth for four consecutive years (see table1). Judging from the indicators of Vietnam's economy, first, the export market has expanded, the export volume has surged, and its contribution to GDP has increased; Second, the growth of domestic investment and consumption has become the main driving factor of economic growth. At the same time, the rapid development of non-state-owned economy has provided new vitality for economic development.
2. The economic structure continued to improve. Since the beginning of 2 1 century, Vietnam's industrialization process has been accelerated, and foreign investment and domestic private investment are mainly concentrated in manufacturing and service industries. With the rapid development of manufacturing and service industries, their proportion in the national economy has gradually increased, while the proportion of agriculture has declined, but the absolute value of output is still increasing and the growth is stable (see tables 2 and 3). The stable development of agriculture has laid a solid foundation for the smooth progress of reform and opening up and further promoted the stable development of Vietnam's economy.
3. The national fiscal revenue has increased steadily. Since 200 1, the national financial situation has improved obviously, the fiscal revenue has increased steadily, and the solvency has been continuously improved (see table 4). 200 1 annual fiscal revenue 100 trillion Vietnamese dong, an increase of 13% over the plan. In 2002, the fiscal revenue reached 106.5% of the annual plan, which was about $7.39 billion, a year-on-year increase of 7.8%. In 2003, the fiscal revenue not only fully fulfilled the national plan, but also maintained a steady growth for the sixth consecutive year, with a year-on-year increase of 1 1.3%. The improvement of fiscal revenue has enhanced the government's macro-control ability, increased investment and promoted economic growth. The growth rate of fiscal expenditure increased from 9.2% 5438+0 in 2006 to 14. 1% in 2003. It has increased by nearly 5 percentage points. Vietnam's fiscal revenue and expenditure have continued to improve, which is the result of stable economic development. In the next few years, it will play an important role in ensuring the completion of national key projects, encouraging exports, creating employment opportunities and alleviating hunger and poverty.
4. The enthusiasm for social investment is high. Vietnam's stable economic growth makes investors optimistic about investment profits, and investment enthusiasm is high. Investment is increasing. In 2000, domestic investment in Vietnam accounted for 20.8% of GDP; 200 1, accounting for 2 1.9%. In 2002, the total social investment reached11700 million US dollars, an increase of 10.3% over the previous year. Investment growth is mainly driven by the surge in domestic private investment. In 2002, the investment of non-state-owned enterprises reached US$ 3.246 billion, a year-on-year increase of 30%. Among them, private investment was about 2.468 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 33%. In 2003, the total social investment was 2 17.6 trillion Vietnamese dong (about1395 million US dollars), up 18.3% year-on-year. Among them, domestic capital accounts for 83.2% (state-owned 56.5%, non-state-owned 26.7%) and foreign capital accounts for 16.8%. During the same period, foreign investment also increased significantly. Judging from the correlation between investment and development, Vietnam has formed a virtuous circle of domestic accumulation, investment and development, and got rid of excessive dependence on foreign capital.
5. Foreign trade continued to grow. 200 1, affected by the world economic recession and the 911incident, the growth rate of foreign trade and other indicators declined; In 2003, with the recovery of the world economy, Vietnam's foreign trade increased substantially, breaking through the $40 billion mark for the first time, reaching a total of $44.8 billion. The prices of some major export commodities such as crude oil and textiles have risen sharply, which has accelerated Vietnam's export growth. Generally speaking, Vietnam's export trade is greatly influenced by the world economy and its dependence on foreign countries is too high. On the import side, the trade deficit has greatly increased. Imported goods are mainly machinery and equipment, raw materials, fuels and spare parts, while the restrictions on the import of consumer goods are still very strict.
Existing problems and challenges
First, the competitiveness of Vietnamese enterprises is still very weak. Private enterprises are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, with scattered investment and lack of scale. The mechanism transformation of state-owned enterprises is slow and the management level is low; Lack of high-quality brand-name products, aging equipment, many raw materials need to be imported, and the production cost is high. The quality of Vietnamese products is poor, and its foreign exchange earning capacity and competitiveness are low. According to statistics, the domestic commodity prices in Vietnam are higher than the international prices (contrast: cement 1 15%, printing paper and writing paper 127%, nitrogen fertilizer 13 1%, soda ash 163%, billet. The electricity, sea freight and international telephone charges used by foreign-funded enterprises are higher than those of other countries in the region, with an average of 2-3 times higher. Compared with Thailand, Vietnam's electricity consumption is equivalent to Thailand's 1/5, mobile phone 1/20 and Internet 1/300. Therefore, the competitiveness of Vietnamese enterprises in opening the international market and coping with foreign products to seize the domestic market needs to be improved urgently.
Second, Vietnam is obviously lagging behind in transforming its economic mechanism and integrating into the world economy. While transforming its economic mechanism, Vietnam has also encountered various kinds of pressure from the world market, forcing Vietnam to face various forms of trade barriers while improving its competitiveness. Vietnam's exports are over-dependent on markets such as the United States, Japan and the European Union. Once these markets impose various restrictions on Vietnamese products, Vietnam's entire export will be in trouble. Due to various restrictions in major markets such as the United States and the European Union, and the shortage of important domestic export products, Vietnam's export growth momentum slowed down in the second half of 2003, and the prospects were not optimistic. To this end, the Vietnamese government has launched a series of measures to stimulate production and encourage exports, so as to ensure the completion of the export target of $654.38+09 billion set in that year and lay the foundation for exports in 2004. In the first half of 2003, Vietnam's total exports reached 9.77 billion US dollars, an increase of 32.6% over the same period last year. In this regard, the official put forward the goal of completing the export of 9.5 billion US dollars in the second half of the year. However, since July 2003, Vietnam's overall export momentum has slowed down. Exports in that month decreased by 3.3% compared with last month, and then decreased by 3.5% in August. In the American market, the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries has developed rapidly after the signing of the Vietnam-US trade agreement. However, due to the complicated and harsh market access conditions and artificial trade barriers in the United States, especially the United States imposed anti-dumping duties on Vietnamese catfish despite Vietnam's strong opposition, the export of Vietnamese catfish to the United States fell by 64% in 2003, from $55 million in the previous year to $20 million.
Third, Vietnam still faces many challenges in attracting foreign investment, especially in infrastructure. At present, Vietnam's service industry is still at a low level, mainly manifested in poor hardware and low service quality. Hardware is far from meeting the needs of economic development. According to statistics from relevant parties, at present, gravel roads account for 73.438+0% of the total mileage of Vietnamese highways; The power supply is insufficient. From a national perspective, the peak power is less than 100 ~ 450 MW, which cannot meet the production needs. The water supply system is backward and the price is high. In terms of software, policies and regulations still have some disadvantages, such as low transparency, strong arbitrariness and complicated application procedures, which have caused a lot of negative effects and the investment environment has not been fundamentally improved.
Fourth, Vietnam also has the disadvantage of sacrificing environmental resources for development. This is a phenomenon that has occurred in the process of industrialization in many developing countries, and it has also paid a high price for it. Vietnam is one of the countries with the richest biological species in the world and enjoys the reputation of "World Museum of Animal and Plant Research". However, the World Bank's 2002 Vietnam Ecological Environment Monitoring Report sounded the alarm for Vietnam's ecological protection work. This report says that in the past 10 years, the living environment of many species in Vietnam has been catastrophically destroyed. According to statistics, at present, 28% of mammals, 10% of birds, 2 1% of reptiles and amphibians in Vietnam are on the verge of extinction. In addition, mangroves, which play a unique role in maintaining biodiversity, have been cut down in pieces, and the area has decreased by about 80% compared with that of 10 years ago. The report also said that 10 years ago, Vietnamese farmers often saw precious animals such as white-cheeked apes in the mountains, but now it is difficult to find any traces of these animals. The report analyzes the main reasons for the deterioration of the ecological environment in Vietnam. It is pointed out that in recent years, Viet Nam has adopted the development model of extensive economic, and many places have vigorously developed industrial projects such as small dyes, small electroplating, small pesticides, coking, etc. However, most factories engaged in these industrial projects only pay attention to economic benefits and neglect environmental protection, and have carried out destructive development of natural resources. The report also said that some places in Vietnam began to clear forests for land reclamation, which led to great destruction of vegetation, resulting in soil erosion, land desertification and water shortage. Therefore, instead of increasing high-quality cultivated land, Vietnam has made the local ecological environment worse and worse, and people's lives have become poorer and poorer, forming a vicious circle.
Fifth, official corruption in the process of economic restructuring has worsened the investment environment in Vietnam. For example, in the process of handling investment procedures, in addition to the fees that should be paid according to the regulations, various departments increase their own improper expenses, and staff members also accept bribes. If official corruption is not stopped, it will definitely affect the overall situation of reform and opening up. As Nong Demeng, general secretary of the Communist Party of Viet Nam, said, "Some cadres lead unrestrained lives, are corrupt and degenerate, and cannot maintain their political beliefs and moral standards. We have to pay a heavy price for this. "
Sixth, the lack of a strong population policy. By the end of 2002, the population of Vietnam had reached nearly 80 million. According to the current growth rate, the population of Vietnam will reach 90 million in 10. During the period of 100 in the 20th century, the population of Vietnam increased more than five times. At present, the population density of Vietnam has increased to 235 people per square kilometer, ranking 15 in the world. The rapid growth of population has brought serious denominator effect to Vietnam's economy and increased the pressure of labor employment. Rapid population growth is also an important cause of environmental damage. At present, there is no family planning in Vietnam, so how to reduce the population growth rate has become an urgent problem for Vietnam's economic development.
At present, Vietnam's market economy system has been basically established and gradually improved, providing institutional guarantee for sustained and stable economic growth. Judging from the correlation between investment and development in recent years, Vietnam's economy has appeared an obvious virtuous circle of investment-accumulation-development-investment, and basically got out of the predicament of weak foundation and less accumulation, which laid a material foundation for a new round of economic growth and greatly improved the economic structure and quality of economic growth. As can be seen from the domestic environment, Vietnam's economy has the conditions to enter sustained high growth.
Vietnam has been seeking to integrate into the world economic system as soon as possible to support its long-term goal of developing an export-oriented economy. The international community has also been strongly supporting Vietnam's integration into the world trade system, especially its accession to the WTO. Joining the ASEAN Free Trade Area has also brought greater economic benefits to Vietnam. In 2002, the trade volume between Vietnam and other ASEAN member countries reached US$ 6.8 billion, accounting for 2 1% of Vietnam's total foreign trade, much higher than US$ 3.5 billion when Vietnam joined ASEAN in 1995. The construction of ASEAN Free Trade Area provides a huge potential market for Vietnamese products and will also create more favorable conditions for Vietnam to attract foreign investment. Vietnam is considered to be a relatively stable and safe country in the ASEAN region, with abundant cheap labor and improving infrastructure and related investment laws and regulations, which also makes Vietnam more and more attractive to foreign investment.