2. S? o Paulo, founded in 1554, is the largest city in South America and the capital of the state of S? o Paulo, located in the southeast of the state. It is 760 meters above sea level, with an area of 1.493 square kilometers and an urban population of 1.74 million. The Holy City is the industrial, commercial and financial center of Brazil, and its output value and industrial output value account for 50% and 70% of the state's total output value and industrial output value respectively. Main industries: machinery, automobiles, electrical parts and light industry. In addition, there are medicine, plastics, tobacco and publishing and printing. There are 225,000 enterprises of all kinds in the city, and 30 of the 50 largest enterprises in China are here. There are 5037 banks and branches, and the bank employees account for 10% of the employed population. There are 750 supermarkets in the city, 1 1 modern shopping centers, 10 and more than 800 markets. The industrial employed population in the Holy City accounts for 20% of the national total. The Holy City is also the largest foreign trade base in South America. 1984, China set up a consulate general in Sao Paulo. 1988, Shi Sheng and Shanghai became sister cities. About 6,543,800+7,000 overseas Chinese live in Sao Paulo, and many China companies have offices here.
3.Foz do Iguazul Iguazu is located at the confluence of the parana river and Iguazu rivers at the junction of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. "Iguazu" means "Dashui" in Guarani language of India. The city covers an area of 630 square kilometers (20% in Iguazu National Park and 30% in Itaipu Lake). The urban area is 85 square kilometers, with an altitude of 183 meters and a population of 250,000. The annual average temperature is 27.7℃, and the highest is 65438+ 10℃ every year, with an average temperature of 28.1℃; ; It is coldest in July, with an average temperature of 14.6℃, annual rainfall of 17 12mm and an average annual humidity of 80%.
Iguazu is the second largest tourist center in Brazil, receiving about 7 million tourists every year. Local residents are mainly engaged in commerce and tourism. At present, Yitaipu Hydropower Station, the largest hydropower station in the world, is 0/2km away from the urban area/kloc-0, and the famous Iguazu Waterfall is 28km away from the urban area. The city is only 6.5 kilometers away from Orientale, Paraguay (about 6 million people go shopping in Orientale every year in Brazil), 29 kilometers away from Puerto Iguazu 10 in Argentina and the Great Falls in Argentina.
There are about 3,000 overseas Chinese in Iguazu, most of whom are doing business in the East on the Paraguayan side and living in Iraq. Iguazu Waterfall Iguazu Waterfall is located on the Iguazu River at the junction of Brazil and Argentina, which was formed 65.438+0.2 billion years ago. 1542 was discovered by the Spanish. The Great Waterfall consists of 275 waterfalls. The maximum waterfall drop is 90 meters, and the flow rate 1500 cubic meters per second is called "the devil's throat". Three-quarters of the waterfalls are in Argentina, but they are more spectacular from Brazil. The tour mileage in Pakistan is 1km (3 km in Afghanistan).
Yitaipu Hydropower Station Yitaipu Hydropower Station is located in parana river, the border river between Brazil and Paraguay (the fifth largest river in the world with an annual runoff of 725 billion cubic meters), north of Iguazu 12 km. It is the largest hydropower station in the world at present, which is jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay, and the generator set and power generation are divided equally between the two countries. At present, there are 0/8 generator sets/kloc-0 (700,000 kilowatts each), with a total installed capacity of12.6 million kilowatts and an annual power generation of 79 billion kwh.
Itaipu means "singing stone" in Hindi. Yitaipu Hydropower Station was started in June 1974, completed in June 17, and completed on May 6 199 17, lasting 17 years. The main dam of the hydropower station is a concrete hollow gravity dam with a height of 196m (225m above sea level) and a length of 1500m. The right side is connected with arc concrete big head dam, which is 770 meters long. The spillway is connected to the left. The spillway gate is 483 meters long and the maximum flood discharge is 62,200 cubic meters per second. There are also rock-fill dams and earth dams on both banks, with a total length of 7853 meters and a water level difference of 1 18.4 meters. The reservoir area is 1350 square kilometers (including 750 square kilometers in Brazil and 600 square kilometers in Paraguay) with a storage capacity of 29 billion cubic meters.
Yitaipu Hydropower Project was consulted by San Francisco International Engineering Company of the United States and Milan Power Consulting Company of Italy. During the period of 197 1- 1974, key designs such as master plan, diversion project and selection of hydro-generator set were completed. The generator sets are all made in Brazil by a joint venture between Germany and Brazil. The governments of Brazil and Paraguay set up Itaipu joint venture company for the development of Itaipu hydropower station, which is responsible for construction and operation management. The relevant agreements signed by the two governments have clarified the major problems of hydropower stations. Brazil and Paraguay have different power frequencies, and the units belonging to Brazil and Paraguay use 60 Hz and 50 Hz frequencies respectively. The high voltage AC transmission line is 750 kV. At present, Paraguay can only consume 2% of the power generation of hydropower stations. Therefore, according to the regulations (the surplus electricity distributed by Paraguay must be sold to Brazil within 50 years, and it can be freely resold after 50 years), the remaining 48% electricity is sold to Brazil. Itaipu hydropower station is operated by the central dispatching room of Fuernas company in Brazil.
The Itaipu joint venture company registered US$ 6,543.8+billion, and the power companies of the two countries each contributed half and each owned half of the property rights of the hydropower station. 99% of the construction funds depend on loans and are raised by Brazil. The total investment of hydropower station construction is USD 23.4 billion, including engineering investment110.24 billion and interest expense10.210.60 billion. According to the agreement between the two governments, the electricity price of the hydropower station is determined by paying off the principal and interest in 50 years (1974-2023) (still calculated in US dollars). In the meantime, you can borrow new debts to pay off old ones. The cost of repayment of loan principal and interest accounts for 70% of the operation and management fee of hydropower station. Since 199 1, the annual power generation income of Yitaipu Hydropower Station is about 2.3 billion US dollars.
4. Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Rio de Janeiro, is located in Guanabara Bay in the south of the state, with an altitude of 2.3 meters, an area of 1.250 square kilometers and a population of about 5.5 million. It is the second largest city in Brazil. The annual average minimum temperature is 17℃ and the maximum temperature is 36℃. Rio was founded in 1565, and 1834- 1960 is the capital of Brazil. It is one of the most economically developed cities in Brazil and an important transportation hub and cultural center in Brazil.
Rio de Janeiro means "the river in January" in Portuguese. 150 1 Portuguese navigator 10 When we arrived here in October, we mistakenly thought that Guanabara Bay was the mouth of a big river, hence the name. Rio is a famous tourist destination in Brazil and even the world, with its beautiful scenery and mountains. The main places of interest are Mount Jesus, Bread Mountain and Nitroy Bridge. Rio's beaches are world-famous, with the largest number and range in the world. There are 72 beaches in the city, two of which are the most famous beaches: Copa cabannes Beach and Ibanema Beach. Rio is known as the "Carnival Capital", and Brazil holds the most distinctive carnival here every year.
1986 Rio de Janeiro and Beijing are sister cities. 1992 China establishes consulate general in Rio. About 5,000 overseas Chinese live in Rio, and many China companies have offices here.
Corcaud Bashan (Corcovado) Corcaud Bashan (also known as Mount Jesus) is 765,438+00 meters above sea level, located in Rio's Tijuka National Park. On the top of the mountain, there is a statue of Jesus, whose arms are open and shaped like a cross, so it is also called Mount Jesus. This huge statue of Jesus can be seen in every corner of the city and is one of the symbols of Rio. The statue was built in 193 1 year, with a height of 30m (equivalent to 13 floor) and a weight of1145t. Its head alone is 3.75 meters high and weighs 30 tons; The fingertip distance between the left and right hands is 28 meters; The two arms cover an area of about 38 square meters and weigh 1 14 tons; The base area of the statue is 100 square meter.
Bread mountain (p? Oh, Ade? Ucar) This mountain is named for its shape like French bread. Located at the entrance of Guanabara Bay, it is one of the symbols of Rio. The mountain is 394 meters high. Climbing to the top of the mountain can give you a panoramic view of Rio. Adjacent to Bread Mountain are two slightly lower peaks-Goumian Mountain and Urka Mountain, both of which are 215m high. 1565, the city of Rio was established between these two mountains, and now you can see the castle of San Joao defending the city of Rio at the foot of the mountain.
5. Manaus, the capital of Amazon, is located at the intersection of Heihe River and Solimans River (a tributary of Amazon River), with an area of14,337 square kilometers and a population of10.5 million. The city is located in the Amazon plain, 3 degrees south latitude, and it is wet and rainy all the year round. The annual average temperature is 26℃, the highest is 35.6℃, the lowest is 18.5℃, and the annual average rainfall is 2500mm. The industries in this city are mainly metallurgy, electronics and machinery. The city has the largest floating wharf in the world, with a total length of 13 13m. Agricultural products mainly include citrus, papaya and other fruits. There are 4 institutions of higher learning, 370 middle schools, 72 primary schools and 24 hospitals with beds 1570. Manaus is a famous tourist city. The main attractions are the Customs Building (bricks and tiles are imported from Britain), Manaus Grand Theatre, Indian Museum and so on. 80 kilometers away from the city is a wild tropical rain forest. The Amazon River originates from the Cordillera Mountains in central Peru, with a total length of 67,565,438+0 km and a territory of 365,438+065 km in Brazil. The river is wide, with many tributaries, and the river basin and flow rate rank first in the world, and the water volume accounts for 20% of the total fresh water in the world. The Amazon Plain, which was hit by the Amazon River, covers an area of 7.05 million square kilometers, most of which is in Brazil. Amazon basin is suitable for plant growth, with vast virgin forests, more than 20,000 kinds of plants and high-quality wood, and is known as "the lung of the earth". The upper reaches of the Amazon River consist of Heihe River and Solimans River. The river of Suohe River is yellow, and the river of Heihe River is dark brown. Because of the different specific gravity and velocity, the two rivers are black and yellow on the river surface which is tens of kilometers long at the intersection, and they do not interfere with each other, becoming a big landscape.