catalogue
Cultural origin
The origin of Hakka
Hakka history
hakka spirit
Hakka Wei Wu
Hakka festival
Hakka sacrifice
Hakka marriage
Hakka agriculture
Hakka clothing
There are four stages in the historical evolution of Hakka dialect. The first stage is the origin stage.
The second stage is the mutation stage.
The third stage is the formation stage.
The fourth stage is the outward migration stage.
Hakka tolerance system
On the Distribution of Hakkas (1) The population distribution of Hakkas in China.
(2) The distribution of overseas Hakkas
Several Natural Environments for Hakkas in China and Overseas.
Economic life
Social and cultural life
Cultural origin
The origin of Hakka
Hakka history
hakka spirit
Hakka Wei Wu
Hakka festival
Hakka sacrifice
Hakka marriage
Hakka Farming, Hakka Costume and Four Stages of Hakka Historical Evolution
The first stage is the origin stage, the second stage is the variation stage, the third stage is the formation stage and the fourth stage is the migration stage. The system contained in Hakka is about the distribution of Hakka.
(1) Distribution of China's domestic population (2) Distribution of overseas Hakkas; Comparison between China Hakkas and overseas Hakkas.
Living in the natural environment, economic life and social and cultural life. Edit the cultural source of this paragraph.
In August 2007, yanshi city, Luoyang, Henan Province was recognized as the birthplace of Hakka culture. The International Symposium on "The Starting Point of the First Migration of Hakka Ancestors to the South" concluded in yanshi city on August 20th determined that the memorial place of the first large-scale migration of Hakka ancestors to the south was in yanshi city, Henan Province. Hakka culture
Hakkas are a branch of the Chinese nation. Over the past 1000 years, they have migrated from the Central Plains, covering more than half of China and overseas. Representatives attending the seminar believed that the first migration of Hakkas took place in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Luoyang, as the capital at that time, was the root of Hakkas. Most of the landmark landscape remains of the memorial site of Hakka ancestors' first southward migration are concentrated in yanshi city, and Luo Yi Plain with yanshi city as the center is the core area of Heluo culture, so it is the source of Hakka culture. At the seminar, the Organizing Committee of Huaxia Cultural Ties Project awarded yanshi city the commemorative title of "the place where Hakka ancestors moved south for the first time", and the Global Hakka Chongzheng Association presented yanshi city with a plaque of "the holy place where Hakka ancestors moved south for the first time". Hakka is an important member of the big family of the Chinese nation, a Han nationality with remarkable characteristics and a geographical group of the Han nationality. Hakka culture is the sum total of all material and spiritual cultures created by this group in the process of its formation and development in order to adapt and transform its living conditions. Once this culture is formed, it becomes the identification symbol of this group and the core force to maintain its survival and development. In other words, without Hakka groups, there would be no Hakka culture; However, without the long-term and stable development of Hakka culture, it is impossible for Hakka ethnic groups to have such a strong vitality that they can still maintain it until now after hundreds of years. Hakkas are widely distributed, among which the border triangle of Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi is the main settlement, and Southeast Asia is the main place overseas. According to academic estimates, there are about 40 million to 50 million Hakkas. Hakka culture is a regional culture represented by immigrants formed under specific historical conditions. Why is it regional culture? Because this kind of culture has a very clear geographical scope, it only occurs in the triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and there is no other place.
Edit the origin of Hakka in this paragraph.
The ancestors of Hakkas were originally Han Chinese in the Central Plains. Due to war, famine and government rewards and punishments, they moved south and spread to Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Taiwan Province and other provinces and regions and more than 70 countries and regions in the world. At present, there are more than 1 billion Hakkas in the world. Hakka ancestors moved south from the Central Plains for five times. Between Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhao Tuo became the king of South Vietnam. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops south to pacify South Vietnam, and then on the basis of the three counties in southern Xinjiang in the Qin Dynasty, nine counties were set up, including Minzhong County. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Scarf Uprising led to frequent wars. A large number of Han people living in the Yellow River valley moved south one after another. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei adopted the policy of inviting border people to move inward and extended it to the Western Jin Dynasty. During the Jianwu period, Emperor Jinyuan led his subjects to cross the south, that is, "Yongjia rebellion, taking the crown to cross the south." From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved south to the Yangtze River valley, which was the first great migration. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Yangtze River basin was in flames of war, and the Han people moved southward constantly. Professor Luo Xianglin's textual research on the origin of Hakka said: "Up to now, Emperor Wu of Jin unified China to see the origin of the three kingdoms' separatist regime, and the state and county's military power were exhausted, and the border States were empty. With the continuous occurrence of the Eight Kings Rebellion, the national strength was weakened, and the tribes migrating from the frontier had to take the opportunity to establish a separatist regime in part of Chinese mainland. The central government of the Jin Dynasty had no choice but to move the capital to Jiankang, which is now Nanjing. People from the mainland who have the power to migrate or have the opportunity to migrate all move south, which was called' floating population' at that time. "At that time, Fujian was located on the southeast coast and the situation was relatively stable. As a result, the Central Plains people who moved south arrived in batches, along Wuyishan or south from Gannan, and arrived at Shibizhai (now Shibizhun) in Tingzhou and Ninghua, and then continued to migrate to Tingzhou County. Some of them are scattered from northern Jiangxi to southern Jiangxi. The Central Plains people who entered Tingzhou gradually merged with the local Fujian, Guangdong and She ethnic groups and became the early Hakkas in Tingzhou. In the second year of the Tang dynasty, there were ethnic minorities between Fujian and Guangdong who were dissatisfied with the government's oppression and rallied to resist. The imperial court ordered Zuo Lang to make Zheng Chen the chief executive of Lingnan, and ordered an army to enter Fujian to guard it. During the reign of Tang Xiantong, the defenders rebelled for some reason, led by Pang Xun, and led the army to attack the Central Plains. After the Huang Chao Uprising, more than ten years of turmoil led to the migration of people from all over China. Later, Huang Chao's subordinate, Zhu Wen, was killed and renamed Liang, which started the separatist situation of the five dynasties' disputes. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Han people moved south from the Yangtze River valley, which was the second great migration. There were thousands of clans in the Central Plains at that time. Song Gaozong crossed south, Jin people went south, Yuan people entered the house, and some Hakkas moved from Fujian and Jiangxi to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. This is every three great migrations. During this period, more and more clans in the Central Plains were exiled. It is said that Chen Shuming, the grandson of the Chen royal family, has nine sons and has become a huge family. He was ordered to break away from the giants and spread all over Kyushu. "Nine sons divided Kyushu, many sons sealed Tingzhou" (actually six sons), whose real name was Shen Wan, sealed doctor, moved to Tingzhou with 97 families, and was the ancestor of Tingzhou Chen. Ninghua Shibi Village in Tingzhou was an important passage from Jiangxi to Fujian and the north and south of Fujian at that time. It has become a transit point for Zhongyuan people to Fujian, and it is also the residence of many ancestors of Hakka surnames. At this time, "Hakkas scattered in Tingzhou and Shaowu belong to different families and then moved to Meizhou". Most Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains to the south of China, sailed to Nanyang Islands and even around the world, and passed through the stone walls of Ninghua in Tingzhou. Political corruption in the late Ming Dynasty was also worth years of famine, and the people lived in poverty. Coupled with the greed of civil servants and the stabbing of innocent military officers, the officials forced the people to rebel and the peasants rebelled everywhere. The Qing army entered the customs, advanced on the capital, and then went south. Shi Kefa was martyred, Du Nan fell, and the axe king went through customs, and the whole country was bloody. When Qing soldiers entered Fujian, a large number of people in Tingzhou and Ganzhou fled in panic and moved to central Guangdong and coastal areas, even to Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan and Taiwan Province provinces, and a few moved to southern Guizhou and Xikanghui. This is the fourth migration of Hakkas. After the failure of Zhang Peasant Uprising in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Sichuan was devastated, the countryside was barren, and the land was vast and sparsely populated. During the reign of Kangxi, farmers were ordered to move and reclaim land for farming, which was a famous great migration in Qing Dynasty. The so-called "moving lakes to fill rivers." . During the Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty, influenced by the Guangdong West Road incident and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, some Hakkas moved to Guangdong South Road, Hainan Island, Taiwan Province Province, Hong Kong, Macau, Nanyang Islands, and even as far away as Europe and America. This is the fifth great migration and a worldwide migration after the failure of Taiping Army. Before the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the ancestors of Hakkas lived in Bingzhou Supreme Party in the north, Hongnong in Sizhou in the west, Huainan in Yangzhou in the east and Xincai and Anfeng in Yuzhou in the middle. Shangdang is in Changzhi County, Shanxi Province, Hongnong is 20 kilometers south of Lingbao County, Henan Province, Huainan is in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, Xincai is Xincai County, Henan Province, and Anfeng is near Gushi County, Weichuan County, Henan Province. This may not be the reason of Hakka ancestors, but it is actually their basic place of residence. If you want to study the origin of Hakka, you must pay attention to this.
Edit this Hakka history
Why is there such a strong Hakka culture with regional characteristics here? On the one hand, it is a hilly and mountainous area surrounded by mountains, with Luo Xiao Mountains in the west, Wuyishan and Jiulian Mountains in the east and Nanling Mountains in the south. There is also a Lushan Mountain in the middle of Luo Xiao Mountain, which is connected with Wuyishan Mountain, thus separating southern Jiangxi from central Jiangxi and forming a relatively closed natural environment. The aborigines here are Baiyue people belonging to the same ethnic group as Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Zhejiang. They "have their own castes and are not subordinate to each other." After the Qin and Han Dynasties, hundreds of Vietnamese were sinicized in batches due to the continuous entry of northern men into the area, some were forced to move to Jianghuai area, and some left the plain to enter the deep mountains and forests, becoming a once famous "mountain-crossing" nation in history. So, on the whole, it has long been a sparsely populated place. During the Jin Dynasty, especially during the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the constant war in the north and the depression of rural economy, a large number of refugees crossed the river south to find another way to survive. After continuous migration, some immigrants came to this triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, which was shielded by mountains, lived with the local aborigines and merged with them under the condition of relatively closed society and nature, thus creating a regional culture dominated by Chinese culture and different from the surrounding cultures, which is Hakka culture. Therefore, the original foundation of this culture is the indigenous culture with strong local flavor and the Han culture in the Central Plains with the charm of Han and Tang Dynasties, and the great driving force for the emergence and development of this culture is a large number of northern immigrants who have entered the triangle area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration for some scholars to call it the immigrant culture formed under specific historical conditions. It is precisely because Hakka culture is an immigrant culture with the Han culture in the Central Plains as the main body that it not only has the profound connotation of the Central Plains culture, but also has the cultural outlook as a special group of immigrants. For example, the very strong root-seeking consciousness and local consciousness in Hakka culture is precisely the attachment of immigrants to the native culture after leaving their ancestral home. At the same time, it is precisely because of the Hakka people's long-term wandering and displacement experience and the difficulties they face after arriving at their settlement that they have honed their indomitable will, pioneering spirit, industrious and simple character and collectivism spirit, and they are good at establishing cooperative relations between the same clan, fellow villagers and the same culture under various conditions such as blood relationship and geography. These are all to ensure their own survival and development, and to realize the need to change from an immigrant society to a settled society. It is precisely because of their constant migration that they have found new opportunities for development. From their own life experiences, Hakkas have gained the values of "people don't retreat, tigers don't retreat from the mountains", "life is long and they are not afraid of the distance" and "trees move and die, and people move and live". Hakka clans have a long history. Hakkas originally belonged to the Han nationality in the Central Plains. After many migrations due to wars in history, they gradually settled in Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan Province, Hongkong and overseas. Hakka culture is the product of the integration of Chinese culture in the Central Plains and local culture in the South. The main body of Hakka culture is Han culture, because it retains the basic characteristics of Han culture more, but it is also influenced by indigenous culture in many ways, which makes Hakka a Han nationality that is different from the indigenous people and not completely equal to the Han people in the Central Plains. Hakka dialect is one of the eight major dialects in Chinese, which is widely distributed. Although there are some differences in Hakka dialects spoken in different places, there will be no communication difficulties between them, because there are many different variants or Japanese dialects in Hakka dialects, but the basic characteristics are basically the same. Hakka has a long history and has cultivated a large number of outstanding romantic figures who have made important contributions to the progress of Chinese civilization, such as Hong Xiuquan, Huang Zunxian, Sun Yat-sen, Zhu De and Ye Jianying.
Edit this paragraph of Hakka spirit
The connotation of Hakka spirit is very rich, and its core lies in unity and forge ahead. This is very prominent and concrete in the history of Hakka immigration and Hakka culture. First of all, the spirit of self-unity of Hakka ancestors formed a strong centripetal force. It is this centripetal force that enabled them to bring the splendid civilization of the Central Plains to the south during the long migration process without being assimilated by the indigenous people in the migration areas. Typical Hakka buildings, such as multi-storey enclosed houses in Gannan, Jiangxi and Meizhou, Guangdong, earth buildings in Yongding and nine halls and eighteen wells in Changting, are not only "a wonderful work in the history of world architecture", but also a symbol of Hakka unity and forge ahead. In some large earth buildings in Yongding, there are stone pillars, stone drums, carved beams and painted buildings; There are patios, gardens, rockeries, bonsai and fish ponds, which are beautiful. There is even an earthen building attached to a small school, with a building name and carved columns, such as "Zhencheng Building" and "Zhengang Building, Lide Shuren", which teaches people to abide by the law, pay attention to honesty and strive for progress. These cultural imprints all shine with the spiritual light of the Central Plains civilization, which respects literature and martial arts, and studies family heirlooms. Secondly, this spirit of unity and forge ahead is also manifested in the absorption and assimilation of foreign cultures. The migration of Hakka ancestors to the south is a long-term struggle and unification process between the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the indigenous people who moved in, and finally formed a * * * identity. Today's Hakkas have never relied solely on the reproduction of the Han nationality who moved into the Central Plains, but have developed and grown up through the integration with local ethnic groups, and some other ethnic groups have moved into Hakka homes and been assimilated into Hakkas. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, with Hakkas as the main body, put forward that "harmony is precious and everyone enjoys peace" and "there are many people in the world, and all are brothers; The slogan "Many women in the world are sisters" shows the simple democratic thought that Hakkas should respect each other, live in harmony and treat the aborigines equally. In Hakka areas, people's religious beliefs are also very tolerant and friendly, and Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity can live together in a temple like a family. Even Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, enemies, can share a shrine to accept people's sacrifices. Mazu was originally the patron saint of people sailing along the coast, and Hakka invited her to Shanxiang as the patron saint of Shanxiang. Hakka culture inherits and develops the essence of China culture. Long-term migration has developed an eclectic, pioneering and non-conservative folk custom, which has made Hakka people have strong cohesion and vitality. Hakka Wei Wu
Before Hakka ancestors entered Gannan, most of the aborigines here lived in houses in Ganlan (overhead buildings). Tuweizi was built in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when pirates were rampant on the Jiangxi-Guangdong border and society was in turmoil. In order to effectively save their own lives and accumulated property, the Hakka family spared no expense to build it. Its structural form is developed from the standard format of Hakka in eastern Guangdong-enclosed house. This indestructible huge building has turrets at the four corners, which are connected and echoed, and the firepower is like a net; Fire attack, surrounding multiple fire water injection ports; In order to prevent siege, there are many granaries in the enclosure ... If we subdivide the shell, we can also see two basic modes: solid hollow type and solid type. The main building in the enclosure adopts "hall style", but the horizontal houses on both sides are raised to form a fully enclosed square enclosure plane, such as Kansai New Enclosure, with an area of 10000 square meters and three internal rooms (one main room and two auxiliary rooms). Hollow, such as Yi Yan round house in Yangcun, covering an area of 2,500 square meters. There is no main building in the paddock, only houses are built around the paddock, and there is a big peace in the middle except the well. Today, Gannan is one of the main settlements of Hakkas, with more than 7 million Hakkas living there. When the distant years have passed, this enclosed house soaked with Hakka blood and tears has become a typical Hakka home structure in the eyes of the world and a symbol of Hakka emotional world. It embodies the whole spiritual feelings of Hakkas, embraces the vicissitudes of the years experienced by Hakkas, retains people's hearts, and constitutes the call of Hakkas to wander abroad.
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The folk activities of the Lunar New Year season originated very early, such as the Spring Festival, which originated in the ancient society of "La Worship", and the tradition of "Chinese New Year" also originated in ancient times. Besides the Spring Festival holiday in China, there are four seasons and other popular letters to commemorate it. These activities express people's kind hearts, especially with the progress of the times, people constantly abandon bad habits, inherit good customs and add new customs in the process of inheriting old customs, which makes traditional folk activities more beautiful and shows the traditional cultural features of China Hakkas.
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Hakka people have great ideas about funeral customs, even too much red tape. Hakka people have a strong sense of ancestor worship and attach great importance to the pursuit of the future. "General funeral etiquette can be divided into three parts, namely, before burial, during burial, after burial, or three stages.
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Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains, so their marriage customs were deeply influenced by ancient customs. Hakkas stereotype that men and women must get married "legally" so as not to be laughed at by the villagers. Hakkas' marriage styles are all in accordance with the ancient "Six Rites". The so-called six gifts are "offering marriage, setting a date, announcing the date and giving a bride price, setting a dowry, picking up the bride, visiting the bride, and eating noodles and bowls of chicken".
Edit this section of Hakka culture
Most Hakkas live in mountainous areas, and their economy is mainly agriculture. The main agricultural product is rice. Paddy fields in Hakka areas use streams near mountains and rivers near rivers. A waterwheel is used to irrigate fields. Farmhouse manure, using "retting manure" or "retting furnace ash" as manure seeds, and adding lime to fertilize the field. When the rice is ripe, no employees are hired when harvesting; As for the women nearby, they will take their sickles to the fields to help cut rice. This is called "helper". When their family harvests rice, women who have been "helped" by others will "help" others' work. It fully embodies the fine tradition of Hakka people's unity, mutual assistance and equal treatment.
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Hakka costumes are simple and practical, spacious and simple. Generally like to wear plain colors, especially blue, black and white. An apron commonly worn by rural women "covers the abdomen" can actually cover the chest. The hem is wide to both sides, and the upper end is embroidered with flowers, plus "neck chain", "waist chain", "tooth tag" and "bracelet". Girls wear braids and young women wear buns. Workers often wear short shirts, commonly known as jackets, to make up for it. Most men who read books have changed their suits and pants. In terms of shoes and socks, more cloth shoes are made by housewives.
Edit the four stages of Hakka historical evolution in this paragraph.
The so-called Hakkas are people who are guests in other places. Experts and scholars have had many interpretations of this, such as "subject-object theory", "giving guest theory", "time division theory" and "claiming to say". But no matter what kind of interpretation, the real essence is the same, that is, Hakka people are not aborigines, but moved in from other places. So far, the history of Hakkas can be said to have experienced four stages of development and change.
The first stage is the origin stage.
Lingnan area is the place where Hakkas originated and formed. At present, the ancestors of Hakka people at home and abroad are related to Lingnan area. Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains, so the study of Hakka culture and clan origin should be linked with the communication between Lingnan area and the Central Plains. In ancient times, Lingnan area was inhabited, but before the Qin Dynasty, the level of civilization in Lingnan area was quite backward compared with the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. After Qin Shihuang sent troops to pacify Lingnan, the Central Plains culture entered Lingnan area, and the civilization in Lingnan area developed. It can be seen that before the Qin Dynasty, there was no problem that people from the Central Plains moved to Lingnan. Only after Qin Shihuang unified Lingnan, Lingnan merged with the Central Plains, and the door of communication between the North and the South was officially opened, did the northerners have the conditions to move to Lingnan. "Zhao Tuo was the first cadre to go south", and the soldiers, officials and their families who died when Qin Shihuang pacified and governed Lingnan were the first immigrants from the north. Shortly after these people came to Lingnan, an uprising took place in Guangwu of the Central Plains. At that time, Longchuan County ordered Zhao Tuo to fight against the unrest in Lingnan, closed the north-south passage, established Nanyue State, and proclaimed himself the King of Nanyue. South Vietnam has existed for nearly a hundred years, and Qin Jun soldiers and their families from the Central Plains can only live and work in Lingnan area. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, South Vietnam was merged into the Han Dynasty, and it was impossible for the descendants left behind by these people to return to the north and truly become foreign guests. Therefore, the Qin Dynasty was the origin of Hakka culture and Hakka people, and the soldiers, officials and their families left behind at that time were the earliest Hakka people in Lingnan area.
The second stage is the mutation stage.
Qin soldiers and officials and their families stayed in Lingnan. Although he lived in other places at that time, he was not a Hakka in the present sense. As an independent ethnic group with a certain population size and unique cultural characteristics, the emergence and formation will inevitably go through a long process of alienation and evolution. Only in this way can we assimilate the aborigines in an area without all the characteristics of immigrants. The Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties is an important stage for northerners living in Lingnan area to alienate Hakkas. This evolution is mainly based on the soldiers and their families who stayed in Lingnan during the Qin Dynasty. They take the military camp as their living circle and have the group conditions to continue to maintain the voice and living customs of northerners. However, because they have lived in Lingnan for a long time, it is impossible for them not to be influenced by the voices and living customs of local aborigines, especially as some aborigines are enriched into the army, which is no longer composed of pure northerners. The voice and living habits of local aborigines have penetrated into the military camp more. Over time, the pronunciation and living habits of this camp life group dominated by northerners have changed, becoming a unique group with both the characteristics of northerners' pronunciation and life, as well as degeneration and changes, which are not exactly the same as those of northerners. The formation of this group laid an important foundation for the final formation of Hakkas in the future.
The third stage is the formation stage.
There have been several large-scale northerners moving south in the history of China. According to historical records, one is that during the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, especially during the "five wild flowers" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many people in the Central Plains moved south to escape the war; The other time was in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Due to the invasion of Xiongnu in the north and the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of northerners left their homes to escape the chaos in the south. Thirdly, during the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty moved south, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, Kublai Khan sent troops to drive south, and the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court retreated to Guangdong from the Yangtze River. Many Zhongyuan people and a large number of royal officials, businessmen and scholars came to the south with the court. Another time was at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. Due to the change of regime, many Zhongyuan people moved south again to escape the war. These large-scale northerners moved south. It can be said that before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, northerners were mostly civilians, but they lacked cultural background. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, northerners moved south in different ways. In addition to ordinary people, there are many bureaucrats, literati and people with lofty ideals, especially in the Song Dynasty, where the culture of the Central Plains was very prosperous. Northerners moved south with the government, and they not only came to the south. Therefore, before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Central Plains people went south, which played an important role in increasing the number of Hakkas. However, due to the lack of cultural factors, it is difficult to form its own distinctive folk culture. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the arrival of some nobles and literati in the south, Hakka people not only expanded in scale, but also improved their social status and cultural taste, which promoted the final formation of Hakka people and culture. According to historical research, Hakka dialect was officially named in the Song Dynasty. In the household registration of the Song Dynasty, people of Guangfu dialect and Chaozhou dialect are listed in the main book, and those from the north are listed as "Hakkas". This shows that Hakka and Hakka culture finally formed in the Song Dynasty.
The fourth stage is the outward migration stage.
Now, Hakkas are all over the country and all over the world. Tracing back to the source, these Hakkas all migrated from Lingnan area. Among them, the Ming and Qing dynasties are an important period for Hakkas to move out. There are five reasons for Hakkas to move out: First, they are forced by life to seek new living space. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Hakkas in Lingnan were full, but they could not expand in Chaozhou Plain and Pearl River Delta, so they had to move to other provinces or cross the ocean to make a living overseas. The second is to move out and take refuge. This factor is particularly serious in the period after the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising. There are many Hakkas in the Taiping Rebellion. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, many Hakkas fled their homeland and took refuge in some remote areas in other provinces. The third is to join the army in politics and live in different places. For example, the Hakkas in Taiwan Province Province, some of their ancestors went to Taiwan Province Province when Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province, and some stayed in Taiwan Province Province when Li Weiguang, the martial arts champion, suppressed pirates during the Qianlong period. Fourth, the government organizes immigrants. For example, most of the ancestors of Hakkas in Sichuan moved to Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty. Fifth, they left the business. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some Hakkas went to some places to do business and formed business gangs in some places. Hakka tolerance system
Hakka dialect includes Dongjiang Hakka dialect and Hanjiang Hakka dialect. In Guangdong, the Hakka area starts from Hanjiang River in the east (except Chaozhou Plain) and reaches Beijiang River in the west, including most areas in eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong and central Guangdong. In this vast area, Hakka is divided into two identical but not identical systems, namely, the Hakka system in Dongjiang River Basin represented by Longchuan and the Hakka system in Hanjiang River Basin represented by Meizhou. These two systems complement each other and form the whole of Hakka and culture. Dongjiang river basin is the central axis of Hakka area, which goes back to the south of Jiangxi and down to Dongguan and Zengcheng in the Pearl River Delta, and extends up and down hundreds of kilometers with Longchuan as the axis, forming a Hakka belt of nearly a thousand kilometers. Hakka people and culture in this area have a long history, starting from the Qin and Han Dynasties and continuing to the present, which is the foundation of Hakka people and culture. Hanjiang River Basin is the hinterland of Hakka, with Meizhou as the core, Fujian in the east, Jiangxi in the north and Dongjiang in the west, hundreds of kilometers away from Fiona Fang. This area is a secondary and symbolic place for Hakka people and culture. It inherits and optimizes the Hakka culture in Dongjiang Valley and promotes the final formation of unique Hakka people and culture.