cultivation techniques
Carry out soil preparation
During the construction of Yangmeiyuan, soil preparation should be carried out. Land preparation generally adopts the method of building contour terraces, contour ditches and fish scale pits.
Terraced fields with the same height (1) are suitable for building terraces on the slope of10-25. On the slope, according to the equal height difference or row spacing, the contour line is measured in advance with a slope of 0.2%-0.3%. Generally, contour alignment should be carried out from bottom to top, and foundation cleaning should be carried out along the lowest contour first. The depth of foundation cleaning should depend on the thickness of soil layer. Shibi terraces are generally 0.5- 1.0m deep. The width of foundation cleaning should be increased with the heightening of the ladder wall, which is generally 0.3-1.5m. When building the terrace wall, the soil should be turned over and cultivated at the same time, and the uphill soil should be turned downhill, so that the terrace will be tilted inward by about 3-5 degrees, and then turned deeply to loosen the soil of the whole terrace.
(2) Contour ditch is a soil and water conservation measure to change the long slope of sloping orchard into short slope, which is suitable for sloping land with 6- 10 and deep soil layer. Trenches are dug on the hillside according to contour lines, and the excavated soil is piled up beside the hillside ditch to build ditches (ridges). Plant 1 row Myrica rubra along the contour line of the slope outside the ditch. Generally, the width of the ditch is 50-70cm and the depth of the ditch is 30cm. A dam is built every 5- 10m in the trench, forming a bamboo-like shape. The height and depth of the groove are almost the same, the outer slope of the groove is slightly longer than the inner slope of the groove, and the width of the groove is slightly larger than the width of the groove.
(3) If the terrain is complex and it is not suitable for building horizontal terraces and ditches, fish scale pits can be built to maintain water and soil. The specific method is to determine the planting point on the contour line, dig up from the upper part with the planting point as the center, and build a small half-moon terrace with high outside and low inside. The outer edge of the terrace is piled with stones or soil. The plant spacing of Myrica rubra is usually 4m×5m, 6m×4m and 5m×4m3. The fish scale pit is 2m in diameter, in which the planting hole diameter is 1m and the depth is 80cm.
The specific method is as follows: after the planting hole is determined, the excavation layer exposes the rock, and then a hole with a depth of 1.0- 1.2m is drilled at a distance of 30-40cm from the planting point at an angle of 65-75 degrees with the ground, and then the explosive 1-2 cylinder is loaded and the detonator is loaded.
Field planting
(1) the planting hole should be set at 1/3 from the outer edge of terrace or fish scale pit. According to the requirements of plant spacing, measure the position of planting holes, and then dig planting holes with planting points as the center. The specification of planting hole is 1m long and 0.8m deep. Generally speaking, planting holes are dug in autumn and winter. When digging a planting hole, the surface soil should be put aside and the deep soil should be put aside. Topsoil should be mixed with decomposed farmyard manure and calcium superphosphate. When planting in spring, first put a certain amount of topsoil, then put a mixture of fertilizer and soil, and finally put deep soil, and then plant seedlings. There are four mixing methods of planting base fertilizer and calcium superphosphate: ① 50kg of garbage or compost, 0.5-1kg of calcium superphosphate; ② Poultry manure 25-30kg, calcium superphosphate 0.5-1kg; ③ 5 kg of rapeseed cake or bean cake and 0.5- 1 kg of calcium superphosphate; ④ 25-30kg mountain weeds or mud-burning turf.
(2) The planting density should be determined according to the climatic conditions, soil fertility, variety characteristics and crown management techniques of the orchard. Generally, if the climate is hot, the soil is fertile, the soil layer is deep, and there are many fertilizers, planting can be sparse; If the soil is barren, shallow and steep, it can be planted more densely. Generally, plant 15-40 bayberry plants every 667 square meters. There are several specifications of plant spacing, such as 5m×7m, 4m×6m and 5m×4m.
(3) The planting time is in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places with freezing injury in winter, and it is suitable to plant in spring, that is, from late February to mid-March. In warm areas without severe cold in winter, autumn sowing or spring sowing can be used, that is, from early October of 10/0 to early February of 12, or from mid-February to mid-March of the following year. Planting should be carried out on cloudy or rainy days. Pay special attention not to plant in the weather with northwest wind.
(4) The planting method is general, and strong seedlings with pure varieties, good healing of rootstocks and scions, developed roots, fresh and strong seedlings and no pests and diseases should be selected for planting.
Large seedlings must be transplanted or planted close to the soil. Long-distance transportation of seedlings must be carefully packed. After being transported to the orchard, soak the roots thoroughly before planting, and then plant them in loose bags.
Before planting, cut off the branches that are too long and too dense, cut the long fibrous roots short, and then dip them in yellow mud. It is best to choose warm and cloudy weather when planting, and avoid the northwest wind weather. When planting, first apply base fertilizer in the planting hole, then put the seedlings into the hole, correct the distance, horizontally and vertically, and straighten the seedlings so that the fibrous roots extend around to avoid bending. The rootstock interface should be placed in the leeward direction to prevent it from being blown off, which is beneficial to the interface healing. When planting, be sure to straighten the seedlings to make the fine roots stretch, gradually fill the fine soil into the roots, tamp them with sticks and tamp them with fillers. When the fill is half filled, the marl shall be burned and then the fill shall be compacted. The thickness of the top layer of soil should be about 20cm higher than the ground, and the interface of seedlings should be exposed. After the seedlings are planted, they should be watered with enough root water. After watering, cover with a layer of loose soil and plastic film to reduce water evaporation. Immediately after planting, the stem is fixed, that is, the top tip is cut off 30cm above the seedling joint to promote the growth of new shoots at the lower part, and then 3-4 strong new shoots are selected as the main branches.