Mausoleum of Qing emperor
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in the history of China. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, except the last emperor Puyi, ten emperors built large-scale cemeteries in Zunhua County and Yixian County, Hebei Province. Because these two cemeteries are 0/00 miles away from the east and west of Beijing, they are called "Qing Dongling" and "Qing Xiling".
The regulation of eastern and western tombs in Qing dynasty basically followed that of Ming dynasty, but the difference was that crescent city was added to the tombs. In addition, among the Ming Tombs, only Changling has a "Shengde Shen Gong Monument", while the East and West Tombs in the Qing Dynasty have several passes. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the layout of the cemetery has also developed to a more mature stage. According to the sequence from south to north, they are all made up of stone statues, big stele buildings, large and small stone bridges, dragon and phoenix gates, small stele pavilions, kitchens, east and west rooms, Long 'en gates, east and west halls, Long 'en halls and glazed doors. The gardens of the queen and concubines are usually attached to each mausoleum.
Qing Dongling and Qing Xiling are the largest and best-preserved royal tombs in China. Compared with the emperors' tombs of past dynasties, it has a recent age and great influence, and is in a prominent position in the history of the development of tombs. China's working people have rich architectural art of Qing tombs in the East and the West, which is a precious historical and cultural heritage of the motherland.
Three Tombs in Early Qing Dynasty
Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Fuling in Nuerhachi, Zhaoling in Huang Taiji and Yongling in Qingyuan Zu were collectively called "Three Tombs in the Early Qing Dynasty". The mausoleum building before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs not only carried forward the tradition of ancient architecture in China, but also had a unique local style. Different from the East-West Mausoleum in Qing Dynasty, it combines the natural scenery of the Mausoleum with the feudal castle-like architectural layout, and the Mausoleum is full of simplicity, solemnity and mystery.
Yongling
Yongling is the graveyard of Nurhachi's distant ancestors, great-grandfathers, fathers, uncles and their wives. Nurhachi is in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province. It is backed by Yun Qi Mountain, facing the Perilla River and facing Chimney Mountain. Yongling cemetery is small, but the depth of field is wide and the scenery is beautiful, just like a red leaf dotted in the mountains.
The cemetery is surrounded by red walls, and there are four monuments in the south gate. Stone tablets stand upright, and there are thousands of inscriptions, all of which are praises to ancestors. To the north of the exhibition hall is Yun Qi Hall. Yun Qi Hall is a place for ancestor worship and the main building of the cemetery. It has a yellow glazed tile roof, and the walls of the hall are inlaid with colored glazed dragons. The hall provides a warm pavilion, a treasure bed and a shrine. There is a burning building in front of the hall. To the north of Qiyun Temple is Baocheng, surrounded by tombs, all of which are sealed from the ground. Under the seal is the underground palace, which is mostly deboned and may have clothes. There is an old elm tree in Yongling cemetery. Emperor Qianlong traveled east to Yongling and wrote a poem "Ode to the Tree of God" for him. He also wrote a calligraphy in calligraphy and carved a stone tablet in the annex hall.
Yongling Mausoleum is the smallest of the three mausoleums in the early Qing Dynasty, because none of the tombs were emperors before their death, and they were not weighed. Only ancestors showed them to their sons.
Fuling
Fuling is the mausoleum of Nurhachi and Empress Gao, also known as Dongling. Located in the hilly area in the eastern suburb of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, it faces Hunhe River in front and Tianzhu Mountain in the back. Song Wan is lush and green, and its main hall, Lingyun, mountains and hills are integrated with natural scenery, which has a unique style.
Fuling covers an area of190,000 square meters. On both sides of the cemetery, there are Xiama Monument, Stone Chamber, Huabiao and Stone Chamber. The door is full of pine trees. Entering Lingmen, the terrain gradually rises, with more than 100 stone steps winding between pine forests and climbing the winding mountain road, which has the feeling that "the mountain is steep, the trail is folded, deep and unpredictable". Climb the steps, cross the stone bridge and face the monument. In the monument building stands a "Fuling Tomb Shengde Monument" inscribed by Kangxi himself. Behind the monument is a castle-like Fangcheng, which is a place of worship and the main building of the cemetery.
Emperors in Qing Dynasty attached great importance to offering sacrifices to their ancestors, and offered sacrifices as many as 30 times a year. There are four kinds of sacrifices: big sacrifices, side sacrifices, small sacrifices and special sacrifices. The festival is held at the beginning of Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, winter solstice and spring every year. The side sacrifice was held on the anniversary of the death of Nurhachi and Empress Gao. Small sacrifices are held on the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar every month. Special offerings are temporary offerings of national gifts. Sacrificial objects have certain specifications and quantities. During the reign of Shunzhi, it was stipulated that one cow, one sheep and one pig were used for the big sacrifice, and fruit wine was offered, incense candles were lit, # was burned, congratulations were given and gifts were given. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, refugees rebelled constantly. In order to seek the help of the ancestors "heavenly spirits" and protect the stability of the Qing dynasty, the rulers of the Qing dynasty further expanded the scale of sacrifice. The sacrifice was increased to two cows and four sheep, with 800 Jin of flour and 400 Jin of oil. Every year, it costs 52 thousand silver to sacrifice Fuling alone.
Surrounded by the Fuling River, the mountains are like arches, quiet and solemn. The cemetery buildings with red walls and yellow tiles are hidden in the lush pines, blue sky and white clouds, and the mountains and cemetery buildings are skillfully integrated into the mountains and rivers, which is extremely beautiful and harmonious. After liberation, Fuling has been renovated and taken on a new look, becoming a popular place for people to visit ancient times.
Zhaoling
Zhaoling is the largest and best preserved mausoleum among the Three Mausoleums in the early Qing Dynasty, and it is the mausoleum of Huang Taiji in the Qing Dynasty. Zhaoling Lingshan is artificially built, known as Long Ye, covering an area of180,000 square meters.
The whole mausoleum can be divided into two parts, from Ma Xia Monument to Dahongmen, which is one part. There is a Ma Xia tablet in front of the mausoleum, and the inscription reads "Officials below the Prince dismount here" in Manchu, Han, Mongolian, Tibetan and Hui languages to show the sacredness and solemnity of the mausoleum.
The second part of the mausoleum is from Dahongmen to Fangcheng. Dahongmen is inlaid with colorful glazed dragons. There are stone carvings, China watches and six pairs of stone beasts in the door. The sculpture is very exquisite and has high artistic value. Among them, the stone horses "Dabai" and "Xiaobai" are said to be carved from two horses that Huang Taiji loved before his death. They are full of heroic spirit and can be compared with the six horses in Zhaoling of Emperor Taizong.
The third part of the cemetery is the huge square city and the treasure city behind it, which is the main body of all the buildings in the cemetery. The Long 'en Hall in Fangcheng is a solemn place for offering sacred cards and sacrifices. There is a stone tablet of "Emperor Taizong's Mausoleum" on the upper floor of the Ming Dynasty. There are turrets in the four corners of Fangcheng, which integrates the castle-like architectural art in the early Qing Dynasty with the architectural style of traditional cemetery in China, bringing out the best in each other. There is a half-moon-shaped treasure dome in the middle of the treasure city, which is the underground palace where Huang Taiji and the queen are buried together, and Long Ye Mountain is in the north, which is very spectacular.
Royal Mausoleum in Eastern Qing Dynasty
Qing Dongling is located at the foot of Changrui Mountain in Zunhua County, Hebei Province. It is the largest mausoleum built after the Qing dynasty entered the customs. The whole mausoleum is divided into front circle and back dragon. The front circle is the cemetery building area, and the back dragon is the north corner of the mountain mausoleum building, which covers a wide range.
Dongling is backed by Changrui Mountain. According to historical records, this place was chosen by the emperor shunzhi himself. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the emperor shunzhi once went hunting and happened to come to the foot of Changrui Mountain. He stopped to look around and exclaimed, "This mountain is full of magnificent king breath, which can prolong my life in the palace." After that, he took Pei a long way and said to his courtiers, "The place where he landed is a cave." This opened up the first mausoleum area after the Qing dynasty entered the customs. The layout of the mausoleum in the East of Qing Dynasty is centered on Xiaoling Mausoleum, with Emperor Kangxi's Jingling and Emperor Tongzhi's Hui Ling in the east, Emperor Qianlong's Yuling and Emperor Xianfeng's Dingling in the west. More than 150 people were buried in the cemetery, including five emperors and fifteen queens, and many imperial concubines, nobles, Chang Chang, Wuji, Gege and brothers.
xiaoling
Xiaoling Mausoleum is the emperor shunzhi Mausoleum under the main peak of Changrui Mountain.
Xiaoling Mausoleum is the main building of Dongling in Qing Dynasty. In front of the cemetery stands a stone arch, all made of white marble. It is embossed with "Yunlong Playing Beads", "Double Lion Bowling" and various gold lacquer decorative patterns with large spirals. Exquisite knife work and magnificent momentum have become the most representative works of stone carving art in Qing Dynasty. Next to the stone archway is Dahongmen. Dahongmen is the gateway to Xiaoling Mausoleum and the whole Qing Dongling Mausoleum. The red wall is elegant and solemn. There is a stone tablet in front of the door, which reads "Officials are waiting to dismount here".
Go through Dahongmen, and you will see the monument building. There are two tall "Shengde Shen Gong Monuments" in the middle of the monument building, on which the emperor shunzhi's life achievements are engraved in Manchu and Chinese respectively. It is a political and military aspect in the early Qing dynasty, which reflects the ruling policy and smooth management strategy of Manchu rulers after entering the customs from different angles.
Longfeng Gate is located in the middle of Shinto, with three floors, three doors and six columns, covered with colored glazed tiles and decorated with auspicious patterns of dragons and phoenixes. It shows the remoteness of Shinto and the beauty of the scenery. Crossing Longfengmen is a seven-hole bridge. It is the largest and most interesting stone bridge in Dongling. The bridge body is all white marble, and the materials chosen are various. If you knock along the railing, you will hear the sound of five scales, which is called the "five-tone bridge".
At the northern end of Shinto is the majestic Long 'en Hall, which is the main place for holding sacrificial activities and the main building of the cemetery. In order to admire the imperial power, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty spared no expense to decorate the Long 'en Hall, surrounded by golden dragons.
Yuling
The situation of Dongling underground palace in Qing Dynasty is most representative of Qianlong Imperial Palace.
Yuling underground palace is an arch structure, all made of carved or processed stones, covered with various Buddhist scriptures and pictures, just like an underground Buddhist art stone carving hall. Although the underground palace is illustrated, it is not messy. On the contrary, it gives people a feeling of mutual foil and integration, which fully embodies the high development of stone carving technology in Qing Dynasty.
Putuoyu Ding Dong Mausoleum
Ding Dong Mausoleum of Cixi is a group of empress mausoleums with luxurious specifications and relatively complete system in China.
Ding Dong Mausoleum has been built for ten years. However, Cixi was always dissatisfied and spared no expense to demolish and rebuild. The rebuilt Long 'en Hall is resplendent and magnificent, which makes people seem to have entered the golden world. There are 64 golden dragons and jade pillars in the temple, which are made of extremely precious yellow flowers and plows. The golden dragon is controlled by a spring, and the leading dragon must be able to sway with the wind and fly and soar in the air like a real dragon. There are colored stone dragons and phoenixes in front of the Long 'en Temple. Cixi used the technique of sudden carving to make the phoenix on top and the dragon on the bottom, which constituted a scene of golden phoenix playing dragons, which fully reflected the unique intention of this political careerist.
The underground palace of Ding Dong Mausoleum of Cixi is more luxurious than Qianlong. There are countless treasures in the underground palace. Among them, a night pearl contained in Cixi's mouth can be closed alone, showing a transparent and dull shape. When you close it, there is green cold light, and you can see your hair within a hundred steps at night. Until the night before the underground palace was closed, there were all kinds of rare treasures in it, which were extremely luxurious and shocking.
Qingxiling
Qing Xiling is located at the foot of Yongning Mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province, more than 20 kilometers east of Beijing/kloc-0. It is another large cemetery area built after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and it is also a relatively well-preserved royal cemetery. Yu Ling starts from Qifengling in the north, Dayan Bridge in the south, Lianggezhuang in the east and Zijingguan in the west, covering an area of 800 square kilometers in Fiona Fang.
There are four mausoleums in the mausoleum: Yong Zhengdi Tailing Mausoleum, Jiaqing Emperor Changling Mausoleum, Daoguang Emperor Muling Mausoleum and Guangxu Emperor chongling. There are also many tombs of Hou Ling, Ling Fei and Princess. The opening of the Qing Xiling Mausoleum began in Yong Zhengdi.
There is also an unfinished tomb in the late Qing Dynasty, which is the tomb of Fu Yi, the last emperor of China. After Fu Yi's death, the ashes were buried in Babaoshan Cemetery. According to the newspaper, Fu Yi's ashes were buried in Qing Xiling on 1994.
residue
According to the system of "the son was buried with his father, and the ancestors inherited it", Yongzheng should have been buried with his father, but Yongzheng took a different approach and built Tailing in yi county, hundreds of miles away from Dongling. The reason is that it is said that he tampered with Kangxi's testament, and the throne was wrong. He felt guilty and didn't want to be buried next to his father.
The construction of Tailing Mountain lasted for eight years. Tailing Mausoleum is the largest mausoleum in Qing Dynasty and the core of Xiling. There are three tall and exquisite stone archways and a Shinto with a width of more than ten meters and a length of five kilometers, which runs through the north and south of the mausoleum. There are three pairs of stone beasts, a pair of civil servants and a pair of military attache on each side of Shinto. Tailing stone students use freehand brushwork to outline the images of people and animals with thick lines, and then use lines as thin as embroidery to express details and patterns. It embodies the unique carving techniques of stone carving art in Qing Dynasty.
Shinto extends to the north and is the tombstone pavilion of Tailing. There is a stone tablet of Yong Zhengdi posthumous title in the pavilion, which is engraved in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian. To the north of the exhibition hall are two rooms, East and West, which are restaurants for making and storing vegetables, fruits and snacks. East-west faces north, and the main building of Tailing-Long 'en Hall is opposite Long 'en Gate. Long 'en Hall consists of the East-West Accessory Hall and the Main Hall. The East Hall is the place where prayer flags are placed, and the West Hall is the place where lamas recite the scriptures. The main hall is towering in the middle of the platform. The bright pillars in the hall are wrapped in gold with colorful paintings on the top. The crossbeam square is decorated with gold thread and larger gold, resplendent and magnificent.
Muling
Muling is the tomb of Daoguang, the westernmost tomb of the Qing Dynasty, with a unique shape.
According to the regulations of the Qing dynasty, the name of the emperor's mausoleum was generally decided by the later emperors, but it is said that the name of Muling's mausoleum was drawn up by Daoguang himself. On his deathbed, he said, "I yearn for the northeast, and I will always admire it. There are clouds of clouds. Whoo-hoo! Its desire is also ",and then the decree is stored in the East Warm Pavilion of the main hall. After Daoguang's death, Xianfeng ascended the throne, reread the testamentary edict, and got the message that "he longs for it, longs for it", so he was named Muling.
In the tombs of the Qing Dynasty, the regulation of Muling is the simplest, and there are no Fangcheng, Minglou, Underground Palace, Shende Shen Gong Monument, Huabiao, Stone Statue Students, etc., but the engineering quality is firm and fine. The Long 'en Temple is made of nanmu, with no painting, and the pond is painted with wax, which is exquisite and unusual. On the whole ceiling, fragrant nanmu is carved into a faucet overlooking with high relief. Breathing clouds, it is lifelike, which makes people walk into the temple, as if they were in the artistic realm of "where dragons gather and Longkou smells incense".
The wall of Muling is not hung with ash, painted red, bricked and grouted. Yellow glazed tiles are also attached to the top of the wall, and gray and yellow reflect each other. With the ups and downs of the mountain, the halls and halls around the tomb walls are clear and solemn. In particular, two welcoming pines with lush foliage and unique shapes in front of the dragon and phoenix gate add poetry and painting to Mu Ling. The trunk of a tree is slightly tilted, the branches and leaves are rounded upwards, and the edges are rolled up, which looks like a colorful plate, just like a plate that a maid worships, while another tree bends down and nods politely, as if to greet visitors humbly.
Chongling
Chongling was built after Guangxu's death, but it was not until the demise of the Qing Dynasty that construction began. After that, Minister Liang Dingfen donated money to the elderly in Xun Qing to continue the construction, which has been completed.
Although the renovation of chongling underground palace is not grand, the quality of materials and the consumption of silver are also considerable. There are four stone gates in the tomb, each of which consists of two carved flawless jade. There is a bodhisattva statue on it. Bodhisattva wears a crown of Buddha, a cassock and a lotus seat. He stood kindly on the stone gate, guarding the door and chanting.
The bed in the underground palace is a sumeru carved with blue stone, on which the coffins of Emperor Guangxu and Queen Yulong are parked side by side. There are Tibetan and Sanskrit mantras carved around the coffin. There is a beautiful stone carving line on the coffin cover of Emperor Yulong. The whole picture has a compact layout, vivid modeling, fine knife work and gold-plated lines.
The underground palace in chongling was stolen, and the remains left by the grave robbery are still there. The quadruple stone gate was opened, and the coffin of Emperor Guangxu was cut into a big hole with a knife and axe. The coffin lid of the Jade Dragon Queen was also pried open, the jewels in the mouth of the Jade Dragon Queen were taken away by thieves, and the funerary objects in the underground palace were looted. Thieves found the "golden well" under the coffin of Emperor Guangxu, and archaeologists in China dug up more than 200 precious cultural relics, such as pearls, jade articles, jade articles and iron balls.
After renovation and decoration, chongling Underground Palace has been officially opened to domestic and foreign tourists.