Cognition is the process of acquiring new knowledge, including attention, perception, learning, thinking and memory. Metacognition is knowledge about cognition, that is, knowledge about how people acquire knowledge.
Forgetting curve is about metacognition of memory. Simply put, there are rules to follow in memory forgetting. According to the law of forgetting curve, timely review and reinforcement can achieve a long-term memory effect with twice the result with half the effort. Parents of top students know this rule and cultivate their daughters' memory habits. Top students' good memories are not born, but are trained.
Psychological research has proved that the more metacognition a person has, the earlier, easier and more efficient it is to acquire new knowledge.
Everyone will accumulate some simple metacognition in the process of learning. For example, most people, including myself, even if they don't know the forgetting curve, they can immediately master a metacognition when they go to school: they can't remember without reviewing. Only compared with the top students who knew and used the forgetting curve earlier, this metacognition is too rough. If memory is a battle, the top student is the soldier who armed himself with a submachine gun for the first time, and I started with how to polish stones and build stone tools. I barely made myself a bow and arrow in middle school.
Reading is an important way for human beings to acquire knowledge, and cultivating an excellent reader is very important for children's happiness and achievements. If parents master and practice reading metacognition as soon as possible, it will be more likely to help children develop good reading habits and enjoy the fun and dividends brought by reading.
This paper is divided into two parts and introduces ten important reading metacognition. Mom and Dad, please equip our children with submachine guns for reading and let them enter the sea of books happily!
When it comes to reading, some people think that it will be after children can read, or at least after children can distinguish between good and bad books.
In fact, the newborn baby can already enjoy the nursery rhymes hummed by his parents. 12-month-old babies can already enjoy half an hour of story time with their parents.
We have all seen little dolls holding books upside down in their hands, babbling through them. MengMeng's is very funny. In fact, the process of "pretending to read" is very important for cultivating children's reading habits. Before starting real reading, children must master several skills: recognize the up and down of a book, know that the reading order of words on the same page is from left to right and then from top to bottom, while the page-turning order of a book is from front to back (excluding vertical traditional Chinese characters), and the fine movements of fingers can reach the level of turning only one page at a time. All these should be practiced and mastered by pretending to read.
There are many motivations for children to read, which can be divided into internal motivation and external motivation. The most common are the following four, the first two are external motives, and the latter two are internal motives:
With the above four motivations, children's positive reading emotions increase in turn, while their negative emotions decrease. The higher the positive emotion, the better the reading experience, and the more likely it is to trigger subsequent lasting reading behavior.
Parents naturally want their children to have intrinsic reading motivation, but intrinsic motivation is often cultivated and internalized by external motivation. Before the motivation is internalized and stabilized, parents should constantly provide external sources of motivation, urge their children to read, and give verbal, spiritual or even small material rewards.
Many people oppose utilitarian reading and preach that reading itself is entertainment, and reading can cultivate temperament and bring children a lifetime of prosperity. But in fact, nothing is more utilitarian than asking for "rich life".
Since the ultimate goal of reading is so "utilitarian", then every reading should also have a clear purpose and problems in order to give full play to the role of reading. But how to determine the purpose and questions of each reading greatly tests the wisdom of parents.
The author made such a mistake when the child was young: when he picked up a picture book and started reading it with his parents, he wanted the child to know a few words, cultivate his artistic cells and train his attention. As a result, the child cried and shouted, and the reading experience was terrible. In the end, for the long-term goal of "cultivating reading pleasure", the purpose of reading every time is "as long as you are happy, read whatever you want", and finally the world will be peaceful.
The author's children especially liked the German children's popular science writer Monica when they were young. Langer's set of popular science paintings has been seen dozens of times. In this set of books, every book has eggs. For example, in a book about animals hiding in disguise, there is a little ant on every page. At the beginning of reading, our question was "Let's see how many eggs we can find hidden in the book this time". Every time we find one more than last time, it is a moment of joy. When all the eggs are found and the contents of each book are basically familiar, the question becomes "which animals will become as white as snow in winter?" Or "mom forgot the name of the bird that will hide in the reeds and sway in the wind." Do you remember? "
On the one hand, these questions can stimulate children's reading enthusiasm, on the other hand, they can also make children develop the habit of reading with questions.
When children can read independently, let them ask themselves three questions before each reading:
You can watch whatever you want if you want to entertain yourself. If you need to get a general idea of the main points, just skim them. If you find specific information from the text, just scan the keywords. ...
Most children learn intensive reading strategies in Chinese class. For children who lack reading training since childhood, it is easy to form a cognitive misunderstanding that all reading should be carefully read word by word. However, in real life, intensive reading is only a small part. More often, we use extensive reading, speed reading, skimming, skipping, and even just directory reading.
For example, cooking according to recipes is a common way of reading in life, but no one will read recipes carefully. A typical recipe reading is: read it quickly for the first time, and check in your mind what materials are needed, whether these materials are available at home, and if not, whether they can be replaced. Then, repeat the reading during the cooking process to confirm the part with vague memory.
Reading novels is extensive reading, and when you read boring places, you will skim and skip the whole paragraph. If you read novels by reading Chinese texts, even interesting novels are like chewing wax.
In addition, the purpose of reading will also affect reading strategies. Also reading novels. If it's for fun, extensive reading is similar. But if you want to write a summary, you should read some chapters after extensive reading. If you are writing a graduation thesis, you should read it intensively several times.
More and more research data show that when boys and girls get the same educational opportunities, girls encounter fewer reading problems than boys, and their academic performance is better than boys. In countries with a good degree of equality between men and women, in recent years, female graduates have surpassed men.
Compared with girls, boys are less interested in reading, less convinced of the significance of reading, and more willing to call themselves "not fond of reading". As a result, boys' reading quantity, reading time and reading ability are lower than girls'.
Of course, this is the result of big data research, and the difference between each child is very big, from a boy who can't put it down to a girl who refuses to study. Therefore, parents of girls should not think that they have nothing to do, and parents of boys should not be discouraged. Here are some suggestions to help you.
It is very important to cultivate children's intrinsic reading motivation and maintain their interest in reading. On the way to excellent readers, children will also encounter a powerful obstacle: understanding. We will introduce metacognition related to reading comprehension in the next chapter.
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