The author of "Water Margin" praises Liangshan Rebel Army, but opposes Fang La Uprising, which actually shows that he sympathizes with and praises an incomplete peasant uprising, that is, an uprising that does not overthrow the feudal dynasty and "claim the king". Therefore, the slogan of "doing good for heaven" appeared in Water Margin. "Doing justice for heaven" has its rebellious significance, but it can't break through the concept of monarch just because it obeys destiny, because in feudal society, it is the ruling class who deceives the people by destiny, and the so-called "relying on the emperor to make princes" has always ruled the people by destiny. "Doing justice for heaven" in the Water Margin means that these heroes will do justice for heaven when the imperial court has no choice, and the reason for the darkness of the imperial court is that "I blinded the saints", so their rebellion was only aimed at corrupt officials, not at the emperor, so they finally had to surrender to the emperor's feet, and the banner of "Doing justice for heaven" was finally changed to ". This is also one of the reasons for the tragic end of the heroes of the Water Margin.
Brief Introduction of Water Margin
Water Margin describes the oppression of the people by the feudal ruling class from top to bottom. There are upright elites among the oppressed, such as Chai Jin and Yang Zhi. Where there is oppression, there is resistance. It is of typical significance to write "Water Margin" in which Lin Chong is caught up with Liangshan, which shows the truth of "top-down insurrection". The ill-gotten wealth left by Chao Gai and others who robbed Beijing in Liang Shijie in Water Margin shows the people's resistance and attack on the exploitation of corrupt officials, which is also of typical significance. Relying on this kind of resistance, Classical and others also embarked on the road of rebellion. Bai Sheng sang a folk song in "The Plan of Intellectual Life": "The sun is like fire, the wild Tian He rice is half burnt, the farmer's heart is like soup, and the son Wang Sun shakes the fan." It also sang the injustice of the oppressed people in past dynasties and reflected the sharp contradiction between classes.
Heroes in the Water Margin took to the road of resistance, each with its own reasons and circumstances, but many people are * * * at this point. For example, Ruan Sanxia rebelled because he could not live. They were dissatisfied with the government's exploitation and actively participated in the action of robbing the "family planning", thus going to Liangshan. Jie Zhen and Jebel rebelled because they were plundered and persecuted by landlords. Lu is an officer. He hated evil and liked to fight against injustice, so he clashed with the government and was forced to go up the mountain and become an outlaw. Song Wu was born in a poor city. In order to avenge his brother, he was repeatedly framed, and finally rose up and bravely attacked the ruling class. He woke up from the lesson of blood. Lin Chongyuan was the head coach of the 800,000 imperial army in Tokyo. He is a man of status, family background and official life. He is law-abiding. However, he was forced to rebel after all. This shows that in the case of sharp and complicated class contradictions and extremely dark politics, the ruling class will inevitably split. Some of them fought back because they were excluded by the establishment, and they will also join the torrent of peasant uprisings. Angry killing Ximen Qing is selected from the illustrations in Yuan edition of Water Margin in Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty. Wu Yongzhi took the illustrated edition of Hero Map in Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty and Birth Outline.
The Water Margin reflects the law of the occurrence and development of peasant uprising, which is gradual, step by step, and finally launched in an all-round way. Heroic uprisings are from small to large, from individual resistance to collective action, from unorganized to organized, from small hills to big hills, and finally merged into a mighty uprising. Struggle activities of Shandong, Japan and other countries. At first, most of them were forced, or fought against injustice, or out of personal retaliatory resistance. Later, they became an outlaw in Erlong Mountain, and then took part in Liangshan Uprising. At first, the "outwit the birth program" was an organized rebellion, but after Chao Gai and others came to Liangshan, they rebelled against the government on a larger scale. The armed forces of the uprising also developed from small stocks to large stocks, and finally they all gathered on the huge water margin.
Shi Naian, the author of Water Margin, fully affirmed and enthusiastically eulogized these heroes, praising their rebellious spirit and just action, as well as their superb martial arts and noble character. Some heroes from the lower classes, such as Li Kui jy, San Ruan, Song Wu, Shi Xiu, etc. , the exploitation and oppression of the ruling class have the deepest feelings, so once they rebel, they have the strongest resistance, and the laws and regulations of the ruling class have no constraints on them, like Li Kui jy, even the emperor does not care. They went through fire and water for the just cause of the uprising, and the author's praise for these heroes is completely heartfelt love. The work eulogizes such a group of court robbers and traitors who are regarded by the ruling class as "killing and setting fire" and some so-called "unforgivable" sinners. It is so incisive and affectionate that the author's courage and righteous feelings can be seen. On the contrary, the author describes the figures of the ruling class as ugly, in sharp contrast with Liangshan heroes. Thereby inspiring people's love and hate. Jin Shengtan commented that "Water Margin" "No beauty does not return to the green forest, and no evil does not return to the court." Regardless of Jin Shengtan's subjective motivation, this sentence really illustrates Shi Naian's ideological tendency and the profound social significance of Water Margin.
Countless peasant uprisings have taken place in the history of China, and farmers in China have rich traditions and experiences in armed struggle. The only one that eulogizes the peasant war in the form of literature and makes a full-scale artistic reproduction truly and vividly is Water Margin. The Water Margin pays more attention to the summary of war experience when describing and praising the armed struggle of the rebels. The insurgents defeated the enemy not only by courage, but also by wisdom. There are many examples in Water Margin, among which "Three Zhujiazhuang Villages" is a prominent example. Mao Zedong once praised "Sanda Zhujiazhuang" as the best case in line with dialectics. In this campaign, Liangshan Rebel Army was able to pay attention to investigation and study, divide and disintegrate the enemy, and adopt the method of internal and external wars, and finally won the war. The description of war in Water Margin is comparable to that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Liu Luan's "Five Stones" in the Qing Dynasty said: Zhang of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty "made people say every day that any ambush or attack was effective."
Although the political views of the insurgents described in Water Margin are not very clear, we can see that they all have the ideal of "four directions, one family with different surnames", and no matter how they come from, they are called "brothers and sisters, regardless of seniority". Linked with their action of "killing the rich and helping the poor", it shows that the people oppose the disparity between the rich and the poor in feudal economy and the polarization between the rich and the poor in politics, and oppose class exploitation and political oppression in feudal society. This is a declaration of war against the ruling ideology of the feudal landlord class and reflects the will of the oppressed people.
The ideological basis of organizing and uniting the masses in Water Margin is "loyalty". The righteousness mentioned here has injected the thoughts, feelings and moral concepts of the oppressed class to a certain extent, which is realized by some intellectuals of the landlord class. Lang Ying, an Amin, once said: "I didn't expect that there was an indecent gift at that time. Ginger must have a sense of injustice." This actually means that the meaning in the Water Margin is not exactly the same as that of the ruling class. In the feudal society of China, the lower classes often gave lectures. In order to protect their own interests and avoid being bullied by violence, they naturally have the desire to unite against aggression. This desire is particularly evident in some vagrants who are forced by life to live in different places. They are very loyal to their friends. Seeing the bumpy road, drawing a sword to help each other, and then "helping the poor" and "killing the rich to help the poor" are all manifestations of "righteousness." Therefore, the meaning written in Water Margin is anti-feudalism and anti-oppression under certain circumstances, which is different from the "righteousness" in Confucian ethics. But "the thought of the ruling class is the dominant thought of every era." Therefore, the "righteousness" in Water Margin can't replace the position and function of the old ethics. The "loyalty" in Water Margin has the content of being loyal to Liangshan, but it also has the idea of being loyal to the monarch. On many occasions, the feudal ethical festival of "loyalty and filial piety" was put in the first place, and "righteousness" was put in a secondary position. This is a manifestation that the loyalty of the rivers and lakes has not broken through feudal morality. Some of Liang Shanbo's most combative and revolutionary figures will eventually accept Song Jiang's call with loyalty.
The author of "Water Margin" praises Liangshan Rebel Army, but opposes Fang La Uprising, which actually shows that he sympathizes with and praises an incomplete peasant uprising, that is, an uprising that does not overthrow the feudal dynasty and "claim the king". Therefore, the slogan of "doing good for heaven" appeared in Water Margin. "Doing justice for heaven" has its rebellious significance, but it can't break through the concept of monarch just because it obeys destiny, because in feudal society, it is the ruling class who deceives the people by destiny, and the so-called "relying on the emperor to make princes" has always ruled the people by destiny. "Doing justice for heaven" in the Water Margin means that these heroes will do justice for heaven when the imperial court has no choice, and the reason for the darkness of the imperial court is that "I blinded the saints", so their rebellion was only aimed at corrupt officials, not at the emperor, so they finally had to surrender to the emperor's feet, and the banner of "Doing justice for heaven" was finally changed to ". This is also one of the reasons for the tragic end of the heroes of the Water Margin.
In the description of Water Margin, we can see that Song Jiang, as the owner of Liangshan Lake, his thoughts and actions are related to the rise and fall of the whole Liangshan cause. Song Jiang was born in a small landlord family. He "studied classics since childhood" and developed the concept of "loyalty and filial piety". Later, he made an oath in the county, "proficient in knives and pens, proficient in official roads." He is very familiar with the official business and official entertainment in the yamen. Although he is a middleman in the imperial court, he likes to make friends with heroes in the rivers and lakes, and he is also sympathetic to the lower class. He "helps the poor" and enjoys the reputation of "timely rain" in the Jianghu. This special experience formed two sides of his thought and character. On the one hand, he wants to be a loyal minister and dutiful son; On the other hand, in his contacts with Jianghu people, he learned more about the sufferings and aspirations of the lower classes and became a figure who helped the poor and sympathized with the working people against the government. In a word, before Song Jiang went to Liangshan, he just sympathized with the people to rebel, or in some cases gave a little limited support in action. In his mind, he didn't want to join the rebellion, and his later trip to Liangshan was also caused by many reasons. He is a very strategic person, and he will never be willing to take the second place for a long time. He had hoped to rely on his own talents to make contributions to the country and make a career in the future. "Win the shadow of a wife" so as to "go down in history" in the future. At that time, it was dark and I was in power, and some talented people could not display their ambitions. At this moment, Song Jiang committed murder again and was sent to Jiangzhou. After being drunk, he wrote an anti-poem. He was arrested by Jiangzhou magistrate and demanded to be executed. Only when Liangshan hero is rescued can he save his life. Song Jiangcai went to Liangshan.
Song Jiang is methodical and good at uniting people. Coupled with his reputation in the Jianghu, a large number of heroes followed him up the mountain, which strengthened the strength of the cottage and brought a prosperous atmosphere to the cause of the cottage. Under his leadership and command, Liangshan Rebel Army won many victories in succession, severely cracked down and punished some corrupt officials, which shocked the court. These victories are inseparable from the credit of Song Jiang. However, due to his deep-rooted concept of loyalty and filial piety, this concept has not changed despite its emergence, which laid an opportunity for him to accept the future. After he went to Liangshan, he kept saying that the emperor was "holy and wise", but "I am in power and have exclusive rights." He repeatedly declared: "How dare Xiao Sung Jiang take on the imperial court?" "Only corrupt officials have to.". Therefore, he "has the right to take refuge in Shui Bo" and "waits for the court to woo him". In the confrontation with the loyalist, he has been thinking about how to reserve a position for future recruitment. In this way, the stronger the Liangshan Rebel Army is, the more prosperous Liangshan's career will be, and the more it will be able to accumulate capital for Song Jiang's acceptance. In the end, after two victories in Tong Guan and three defeats in Gao Qiu, and the imperial army was defeated, Liangshan Uprising was destroyed. After Song Jiang surrendered, he was ordered by the imperial court to suppress the Fang La Uprising Army. As Lu Xun said, "Fighting other robbers for our country-robbers who don't' do justice for heaven' have gone." This is the sharpest criticism of Water Margin, and it also reveals the serious limitations of the author's thought. "Burning Grassland" is selected from the illustrations in Yuan edition of Water Margin in Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty.
The book Water Margin can be divided into two parts. In the first half, heroes from all walks of life gathered in the mountains to fight against the government and were supported. The second half consists of five parts: collecting Liao, Ping, Ping Wangqing, Ping Wax and ending. Among them, tian hu and Wang Qing joined later, and the earlier Baihui seen today is the square wax that appeared after Liao Dynasty. However, some researchers believe that it may also be a supplement to Liao Zheng, because, firstly, Liao Zheng is different from the peaceful Fang La in Zhao 'an, and there is no trace in history. Secondly, peace, the Qing army in Rainbow, in Liangshan, central Liaoning, recruited one hundred single eight people, and none of them died. This view is still controversial. In terms of ideological content, the first half of Water Margin is that people oppose the government, reflecting class contradictions, while the second half is that loyal ministers oppose ministers, reflecting the contradiction between loyal ministers within the ruling class. The author writes that Song Jiang's acceptance of peace shows serious ideological limitations, but it also embodies national patriotism. Lu Xun said: "Accepting peace was the thought of the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, because at that time, social unrest, officers and men suppressed civilians, peaceful people among the people endured, and those who were not peaceful separated and stole ... But when soldiers came in and could not resist, the people wanted to use it better than officers and men because they hated foreigners. This statement is well founded. The age when the story of the Water Margin spread was the age when ethnic contradictions were sharp. In the second half of the Water Margin, it was written that Song Jiang and others were hugged, which was related to this background. The appearance of Liao Dynasty is the continuation and development of this thought. As for loyal ministers, it is also related to this idea. At the end of the novel, it is written that "the historian has two poems mourning the death of the Tang Dynasty", and Song Jiang and other Liangshan figures, among which, it is said: "There is no need to seek the original, but to talk about loyalty and goodness. The author of Water Margin described Song Jiang as a loyal minister. In the eighty-fifth time, Ouyang, assistant minister of Liao country, recruited Song Jiang, and Wu Yong offered a plan to Song Jiang: to be rich, surrender to Liao country; Be loyal and serve the Song Dynasty. Song Jiang said, "We should serve our country faithfully until death do us part. "The' loyalty to the country' here is actually the national position under specific historical conditions.
After Song Jiang surrendered, the hero of Water Margin has been excluded, attacked and framed by the ministers, and finally Song Jiang and others were killed by the ministers. Such a tragic ending is also of positive significance for exposing the sins of the rulers and warning the popular people.
In a word, the phenomenon of "officials forcing the people to revolt" in the artistic image of Water Margin profoundly reflects the true colors of history, and the vigorous uprising of heroes in Liangshanpo strongly impacted the rule of the feudal landlord class, which is rare in the history of literature. It describes the Liangshan Uprising Army, which, after being called up, ended in a tragic ending despite its loyalty, fighting against foreign enemies and quelling civil strife, and also profoundly conveyed a historical lesson.
The artistic features of Water Margin The author of Water Margin tells many fascinating stories and creates many lovely and distinctive heroic images with his superb artistic expression and vivid literary language.
The Water Margin inherits and develops the traditional features of China's ancient novels and stories. The story is legendary, with ups and downs. The climax of each story is close to the reader's heartstrings. For example, Boxing Town in Kansai, Intelligence and Birth Outline, Song Jiang Killing Cherish, Song Wu Killing Tiger, Blood Splashing in Yuanyang Building, Jiangzhou Snatching Court and Sanda Zhujiazhuang have been popular for hundreds of years. However, Water Margin does not cater to the public simply for pursuing the strangeness of the story, but closely revolves around the idea of "officials forcing the people to rebel" and integrates the story with the characters. Song Wu, Lin Chong and Lu Junyi are all heroes with high martial arts, and they are the first-class heroes of Liangshan. These three men were framed and enlisted by the government, but Song Wu, Lin Chong and Lu Junyi were completely different. Lin Chong and Lu Junyi were at the mercy of policemen on their way to exile, and sometimes they begged for mercy from policemen. Both of them were cheated, tied to a tree and bowed their heads and died. On the other hand, Song Wu expelled Manjusri for the first time, but two policemen served him along the way. The second banishment of Zhou En, two policemen who sent him were bribed, and two apprentices of Jiang Menshen conspired to kill him on the way. Four murderers with knives, dealing with a prisoner with a cangue, were easily cleaned up by him. He doesn't feel avenged. He rushed back to Mengzhou in one breath and killed Zhang Dujian, Ying and others. Only then did he work out the demon. Neither Lin Chong nor Lu Junyi is bad at martial arts. The reason is that one of them is the richest man in Beijing and the other is the 800,000 imperial carriage in Tokyo. They are people with status and status, and they all have their own families. Unfortunately, they were wronged. They just want to serve their sentences and regain their prestige. They are people who know the law but have fantasies. They are angry in public and bear a sigh of relief. However, Song Wu has been wandering for a long time and has developed a strong character, with no scruples and no fear. In addition, he has been bullied, falsely accused, and constantly countered by others, so he is vengeful and ruthless. The performances of Lin Chong, Lu Junyi and Song Wu are completely different, but there are also some differences. Lin Chong's resistance is stronger than Lu Junyi's.
Another example is Lu and jy, who are upright and upright, good at fighting against injustice, not afraid of violence and not avoiding danger; However, they all have their own characteristics. Lu is an official who has profound experience, a sense of justice and hates social injustice. Although he is impatient and reckless, he is sometimes careful and witty in the struggle. I punched Kansai, but I didn't expect to kill him with three punches. It immediately occurred to him that he would go to jail for it. He is single, so he pretends to be angry when no one delivers food. "Pointing at Zheng Tu's body, he said,' You faked your death, and you will pay attention slowly.' A scolding, a striding away. "So he ran away. In the vegetable field of Jokhang Temple, a local ruffian tried to plot against him, kneeling on the edge of the cesspit on purpose, which aroused his suspicion. They walked to the front and kicked their heads into the cesspit without waiting for the local ruffians to get up. All these show that he is a man with a little detail. Song Wu is strong-willed, good at defeating people who don't know the truth, and he is not afraid of death. Sometimes his behavior is rude and arrogant, as if he was deliberately looking for trouble, such as Happy Forest to Jiang Menshen; Sometimes it is pretending to confuse and paralyze opponents, such as the cross slope of Sun Erniang. In order to avenge his brother, he thought very carefully. Starting from the investigation, he killed his sister-in-law to extort a confession, killed Ximen Qing and surrendered to the county government. He did it step by step according to his arrangement. This shows that he is very calculating. On the other hand, jy in Li Kui is very different from the two sessions of the National People's Congress. He is unswerving, strong, careless and bold, and he is extremely loyal to the cause of Liangshan and has the strongest resistance. He started fighting, went shirtless and was very brave. He is an out-and-out clown, blind and reckless, and a little naive, nosy and often makes trouble. In Jiangzhou, he was cheated into the water by Zhang Shun for taking fish and Zhang Shun, and his eyes turned white. Go to Jizhou to get Gongsun Sheng, steal wine and meat on the way, and be punished by Dai Zong; The axe chopped Luo Zhenren and was punished by reality to suffer in Jizhou prison; Kill Yin Tianxi, bring trouble to Chai Jin in prison, almost lost his life. The author grasps the personality characteristics of this character very accurately and carefully. The description of the personality characteristics of these heroes in Water Margin is true and intact, which further strengthens the touching power of these images. The illustrations of Song Wu's drunken beating of Jiang Menshen are selected from Rongyutang's engraving "The Water Margin Loyalty" in Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty.
Shuihu language is a literary language based on spoken language and created by processing and refining. Its language features are distinct, refined, accurate and vivid. No matter the description language of the author or the language of the characters in the works, many places are vivid and full of life. Writing about landscapes, objects, narratives and expressions is extremely clever and vivid. Shuihu's narrative is good at sketching, concise and lively, without dull narrative and tedious scenery description. Occasionally writing landscape words is extremely wonderful. For example, Song Wu didn't listen to the hotel's advice, went up the mountain drunk and read the notice on the temple gate, only to know that there really was a tiger. He hesitated a little, but he went to the post anyway. Here, the author only used two sentences to contrast the atmosphere and mood at this time: "Looking back on that day, it gradually fell", and Song Wu "stumbled through the chaotic forest", which not only wrote the time of tiger activities, but also wrote the environment where tigers haunted. Two sentences tell the whole story in a horrible and sad atmosphere and mood, which makes people feel that a live tiger will suddenly jump out here and now. The narrative of Water Margin should be simple, just right and vivid. Song Wu Da Hu is a good article that has been praised all the time. Very vivid, describing the tiger's ability to win people with a jump, a lift and a chop, and the roar of shaking the mountain. A live real tiger jumped out of the paper. After several struggles, the tiger's prestige gradually decreased. Finally, how to be suppressed by Song Wu, how to struggle and how to be killed by Song Wu are all vividly written. Through these descriptions, the heroic image of Song Wu has been better highlighted.
The description of characters' language in Water Margin has reached a high level. Through the characters' language, not only the characters' personality characteristics are expressed, but sometimes their origins, status and cultural habits are accurately expressed. The so-called "people have their own temperament. ..... everyone has his own voice. " For example, when Li Kui jy first met Song Jiang, he asked Mr. Dai, "Brother, who is this man in black?" Dai Zong accused him of rudeness, but he refused. When Mr. Dai introduced the situation to him, he also said, "It's raining in Shandong!" He says what he thinks in his heart. He's a clown. When he sees people who don't know manners and social intercourse, he is not bound by etiquette. As soon as he went to Liangshan, he boasted: "If he rebelled, he was afraid that somehow, Brother Chao Gai would become the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, and Brother Song Jiang would become the Emperor of the Song Dynasty ... and kill Tokyo and seize the bird seat." Only Li Kui jy can say such words as Emperor Da Song and Emperor Xiao Song, which is a highly personalized language. Others, such as Ruan's frankness, Wu Yong's resourcefulness and Song Jiang's humble servant, were all heard through their conversations. Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "There are some places in the Water Margin and a Dream of Red Mansions that enable readers to see people from their speeches."