1. Cattle are regarded as sacred and inviolable in the eyes of Hindus, and no one can hurt them. Cattle walk freely in the street, which is the most attractive; When entering a Hindu temple, you must never wear clothes or ornaments made of cattle.
In India, if you give something to the other person with your left hand, the other person will think you are contemptuous or malicious. When handing in things, be sure to hand them in with your right hand, or use both hands. You can only eat with your right hand. Because Indians usually use their left hand when taking a bath and going to the toilet, they think it is not clean.
In India, shaking your head is a positive signal.
There are beggars standing on the Indian train. They do this for a living, and some even deliberately hurt themselves to gain sympathy. Most of their income will not be lower than that of farmers in the field, so it is recommended to be cautious.
Every station in India has a food stall that looks quite delicious, but please don't be confused by its appearance and fragrance. Almost everything is very spicy, except the taste of fruit is similar to that of China.
6. There are several faucets marked "Drinking Water" on the platform of every station in India, and almost every Indian will stop to add water. But please don't follow the trend unless you think you have an iron stomach, because it's easy to have diarrhea.
7. Indian railway station inherited the British style. No one can check in at the entrance of the station. You can get in and out of the platform at will, but the ticket inspector on the bus will check it very closely. Once you catch the evasion ticket, you will be severely punished.
Indians are mainly distributed in India. India is a polite nation, and it is also a country where East and West cultures coexist. Some Indians greet foreigners in standard English, while others use traditional Buddhist gestures-put your hands together. When Hindus meet to say goodbye, they often put their hands together and greet each other. Bend down and touch the feet of the elders when saluting. Indians always put their hands in front of their faces when they put them together. This kind of greeting is more noble and elegant than shaking hands, giving people a feeling of "sage like type". What you must pay attention to is that you must not nod your head with your hands folded at the same time (foreigners often do this in India, which is easy to arouse the ridicule of local people), which will destroy the friendly atmosphere and seem a bit nondescript. In India, when welcoming a distinguished guest, the host will present a wreath and put it around the neck of the guest, and the wife will send her husband away from home. The highest etiquette is to touch the heels and kiss the feet. Nowadays, men and women in cities often shake hands when they meet, and hug when they show intimacy. In most places, it is common for men to shake hands when they meet or leave. Men should not shake hands with Indian women, but should put their hands together and bow gently. Men shouldn't touch women, and even in public, they shouldn't talk to women alone. Women rarely appear in public. Indians think whistling is rude and impolite. They think it is inhuman to put children in the bathtub to bathe. Because stagnant water is stagnant water, children will feel uncomfortable and die after taking a shower. Indians like to talk about cultural achievements, Indian traditions, foreign affairs and the lives of foreigners. Indian women like to have a lucky mole in the middle of their foreheads. It has different colors and shapes, and has different meanings in different situations. It is a symbol of happiness and good luck. Indian men and women have the habit of wearing all kinds of decorations. Indians are very different in identity, have a hierarchy and attach great importance to identity. If a is higher than b, a and b cannot be equal, and the requirements are quite strict. In Mumbai, India, 60% people are vegetarians. Therefore, when entertaining Indian businessmen, we must confirm in advance whether the customs of the other party are vegetarians or not. In India, if you want to enter a Hindu temple, you must never wear anything made of cowhide. If you wear something made of cowhide, it will be considered a violation of the ban. Leather shoes, belts, belts, handbags and other cowhide products are not allowed to enter the temple gate. Indians should take off their shoes before entering temples or kitchens. They think wearing shoes is neither polite nor sacred. No matter men, women and children, they leave their shoes at the door and go in barefoot. Indians love tea, mostly black tea. There is also tea at all kinds of parties during the break, so it goes without saying that it is necessary to entertain guests. When eating in an Indian home, guests can bring some fruits and sugar as gifts to their hosts, and also bring some gifts to their children. Many women don't chat with guests or eat with them. Indians like the numbers 3, 7 and 9. They think that red symbolizes life, vigor, vigor and enthusiasm, while blue symbolizes sincerity. Sunshine yellow means brilliance. Green symbolizes peace and hope. Purple means inner peace. Indians like bright colors such as red, yellow, blue, green and orange in their lives and clothes. Black, white and gray are considered as negative and unpopular colors. I don't like roses. In the office and business office, my desk likes to be placed in the northeast corner or southwest corner. When visiting a company or government agency for the first time in India, it is best to wear a suit and make a contract in advance. Make an appointment and try to be punctual. Indian businessmen are good at making profits, eager for quick success and instant benefit, and like to do business with samples. They should show more samples in the negotiations and introduce economic varieties widely. Many Indian businessmen are educated in Britain and the United States because it is a way to show their concern and friendship. Business negotiations often need careful study and take a long time. When negotiating, never talk about India's abject poverty, huge military expenditure and foreign aid in front of Indians. Those who buy customs in Bangladesh have to apply for a drinking license at the customs, because there is no wine to buy in Mumbai. Indians often take you to private clubs for drinks. Indians eat mostly on plates. Please note that when eating, only the right hand is allowed to pass food, not the left hand. When you are in contact with an Indian, don't give him anything with your left hand. Because they think their left hand is dirty and their right hand is clean. Grab it with your right hand while eating. You can not only grab rice by hand, but also grab porridge by hand. In India, you don't have to use your left hand except to go to the toilet. Holding out your left hand is an insult to others. Maybe they will smash what you handed them with their left hand, and in a rage, they may even drive you around. Never touch a child's head. In India, if you touch a child's head, he will turn against you. The most misleading thing is that when Indians express their agreement or affirmation, they usually shake their heads, or tilt their heads slightly to the left first, and then immediately return to their original state, indicating "yes", "I know" and "yes", which is very different from the way we nod our heads and is the most misleading. For business activities, it is best to go to New Delhi 10 in June and Mumbai 10 in September and June to avoid extreme heat or plum rain. India's National Day includes 65438+1 New Year's Day in October1,National Day on February 26th, Wine Festival in March-April (also known as Water Splashing Festival), Brother and Sister Festival in August-September, Paper Burning Festival in September-June and Paper Burning Festival in August-August. And Hindus. Sikhs, Muslims, Bashi people, Tamir people ... all have different holidays, and each port also has a separate holiday, so they will never trade at that time. Therefore, to go to india tourism, we must first understand each other's holidays. Jewelry is an indispensable ornament in the daily life of Indians. Even poor women should wear some worthless metal or plastic jewelry. Indians have believed since ancient times that it is a man's duty to give jewelry to women, and women should dress themselves up completely with jewelry. India is known as "Moon", "Home of Mango", "Country of Gold", "Kingdom of Diamond Trade", "Home of Gold" and "The jewel in the crown". According to Indian customs regulations, 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 grams of tobacco can be brought into the customs. Wine 1 quart. Foreign currency is not limited, please quote the amount first and bring it back when you go through customs. India is known as the "kingdom of cattle", and cattle are the most sacred and inviolable animals in the region. When driving on the road, be careful not to hit the cow, let alone wear cow products into the temple, and at the same time, it is best to avoid taking pictures of the cow as much as possible. India also has a particularly different habit. If you tilt your head or shake your head when answering the other person's question, it is a positive signal, but don't misunderstand it and cause undue trouble. Hindus in India practice caste system, and it is also very impolite to inquire about the caste and class of local people. ? Don't touch the child's head. People in India and other places don't want others to touch any part of their heads, and they don't like to touch others. They believe that the head is the highest part of the human body and the most sacred part of the human body, especially the head of a child, which is regarded as the place where the gods stay, and it is absolutely not allowed to touch under any circumstances. You are welcome to be invited to dinner. In the Indian concept, it is stingy and impolite to eat alone, so Indians invite people to eat, not because of hypocrisy, but because of sincerity. It is certainly unpleasant to refuse people who are thousands of miles away. Don't eat with people of different identities. Indians and Nepalese attach great importance to identity. In India, if your status is different or your class is different, you can't sit at the same table and eat together; Nepalese have a similar class division. At home, they regard "identity" as more important than anything else. There is a time limit for buying wine. There is a rule in Thailand that you are not allowed to buy alcohol after 2 am, otherwise you will be fined by the police. In New Delhi, India, every Tuesday, Friday, public holidays and the first day of every month are prohibition days, and even powerful people can't buy alcohol on these days. Don't ride on the Buddha to take pictures. In the Buddhist countries of Southeast Asia, if tourists make rash moves towards temples, Buddha statues, monks, etc. They are regarded as "sinful". Some uninterested tourists were punished for sitting astride the Buddha statue and taking commemorative photos. Don't put the souvenir of the Buddha statue you want to take back on the ground, because the Buddha statue you bought in the Buddhist country is yours, but you must pay tribute to it. For example, placing it casually or moving it roughly will cause unhappiness in that country. ? Indians have such good living customs. They handed down the traditional habits of their own nation from generation to generation.
Hindi is the national language of India, and English is the official language and business language. There are many temples and pagodas all over India. You must take off your shoes when entering the temple, but socks are allowed. Sometimes you can rent a pair of shoes next to the main hall and put them on to enter the hall. When entering a Sikh temple, you must cover your head with a clean cloth, such as a handkerchief. Devout Hindus have the habit of going to bed early and getting up early. Every morning, I take a shower and pray, and then I start to work. Christians often bathe in rivers (especially the "holy river" Ganges). They believe that bathing in the river can wash away mistakes. Cattle are regarded as "sacred animals" by Hindus, and Hindus are not allowed to eat beef. Although India has cattle industry, it can only provide milk, butter and cow dung as fuel. If drinking milk is allowed, there are also a few places that use Niu Niu for folk transportation and cultivated land. In some cities and villages in India, old cows, sick cows and disabled cows abound, and cows can roam freely, which is sacred. So many cows have become a burden to the country. Indian monks also hold a ceremony called "Pogo" once a year to show respect for cattle. They also organized many "sacred cow sanatoriums" with businessmen to adopt those old cows who are too old and weak to support themselves until they die of old age. Indians who believe in Islam don't eat pork, and devout believers don't drink. Orthodox Sikhs don't cut their hair and wear headscarves. They don't smoke or eat beef. Orthodox Muslim women generally don't see male guests, but when inviting Indians to social activities, they should also invite their wives. In business negotiations, they will naturally say, "You have more money than we do, so you should pay for it." . When foreign businessmen talk business with Indians, they often laugh and cry because of this scene. People who are richer or more popular should pay-they think it is a "natural" thing.
Taxi tips are free. Hotels and restaurants added a tip of 10% to the bill. Other services can only pay 2 or 3 rupees at a time.
The general taboo is: you can't face north and your feet face south when you sleep. It is said that Yan Luowang lives in the south; Avoid talking about snakes at night; Avoid pancakes on festive days; Babies should avoid looking in the mirror, otherwise they will become dumb; When the father is alive, the son should avoid wrapping himself in a headscarf and shaving his head; 3 and 13 are taboo numbers, because Shiva has three eyes, and the third eye is devastating. 13 is because there is 13 days of mourning after death; During pregnancy, women are forbidden to make clothes and take pictures; Never pass things with your left hand.
It is forbidden to smell or touch the flower buds displayed in the market, which will be rejected by people.
Don't praise children, even at a friend's house. Many Indians think that this kind of praise will attract the attention of the wicked.
Indians are forbidden to wear leather products (belts, watchbands, shoes and clothes), especially in holy places, because Hindus don't kill cows, Muslims don't brake pigs, and Jains don't have to kill people, animals or insects.
When you enter a temple or mosque in India, you should take off your shoes and cross the threshold, not step on it. When you enter the temple barefoot, you should wash your feet at the entrance in advance to show politeness.
Anyone who enters a Muslim temple is not allowed to wear shorts or sleeveless vests and is required to take off their shoes.
Anyone who enters a Sikh temple must wear a headscarf or hat first, and then take off his shoes before entering.
Men can't shake hands with women.
I. The origin of the country name
The Republic of India is called "India" for short.
The name "India" comes from the river of faith. The ancient Indians used the word "reliability" to represent rivers. The word originally refers to the Indus Valley, and later developed to refer to the whole South Asian subcontinent. After reaching the partition of India, it only refers to the present Indian country. Ancient Persia changed "reliable" to "Indian governor"; The ancient Greeks changed the governor of India to "India Iraq"; China has been called "India" since the Tang Dynasty. 1950 65438+1On October 26th, the Republic of India was proclaimed.
Second, geographical location.
India lies in the south of Asia. It borders Pakistan to the northwest. It borders China, Nepal and Bhutan in the northeast, Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east, the Bay of Bengal in the southeast and the Arabian Sea in the southwest. South India extends to the Indian Ocean and becomes a transportation hub in Asia, Oceania, Europe and Africa.
Third, the main overview
India has a national area of 2,974,700 square kilometers. The population is 760 million (1985). Among them, Hindustan is the main ethnic group, followed by Telugu, Bengali, Marathi and Tamil.
India has a federal system. By AD 197 1 year, India was divided into 20 states and 8 regions directly under the central government, with counties under each state and districts under each county. The capital, New Delhi. The currency is "rupee". Hindi is the national language and English is the official language.
The general characteristics of Indian social customs can be summarized in the following words:
Indian nationals have many "castes" and different religions have many regulations;
Ethnic complexity, multi-religion, overall stable personality;
Green auspiciousness is more preferred, and white regret is more taboo;
Pay attention to courtesy and respect, and pay more attention to manners;
Tired of all kinds of delicious food, forbidding others.
Hindus are divided into different social groups and can be translated as "caste". That is, people are divided into four different grades; "Polomen" is the first caste with the highest status; "Khshatili" is "the second caste with lower status" Vedas "are civilians and the third caste; Sudra "is the so-called Dalit, the fourth caste, with the lowest status. Their surnames have their own moral norms and customs. In addition to the four castes, there is also an untouchable untouchable, called "Harizhen". They are the most discriminated against people. When Hindus greet distinguished guests, the host should present a wreath to the guests and personally put it around their necks. The size of the wreath depends on the identity of the guests. The garlands for distinguished guests are generally thick and knee-long; The garland of ordinary guests only reaches the chest. Lotus is the national flower of India and is deeply loved by the Indian people. Because it is "muddy but not miscellaneous, clear but not demon", people often praise people's integrity and character, and are known as "gentlemen in flowers". Indians generally like green and think it is an auspicious color, symbolizing spring and rebirth. Indian women like to point a round mole the size of a finger in the middle of their forehead, which is called "auspicious mole". Its color and shape are different, either red, yellow, purple or green. Although there are moles, they are rare and generally depend on the color of clothes.
Indian people meet each other by crossing their hands, raising their hands, hugging, touching their feet and kissing their feet. Generally, when you are empty-handed, you will say the honorific "Namasidui" and make a gesture of crossing your hands. The height of the palm should be high, and the hand should be at least flush with the forehead; For younger generations, it should be low, but it can be on the chest; It should be flat for peers, with hands between the chest and chin. If you have something in your hand, you should recite Namath Pile and raise your right hand to salute. Touch your feet when pleading with your elders (that is, touch your elders' feet with your hands first, then touch your head with your hands, indicating that your head is in contact with your elders' feet). Touching heels and kissing feet are the highest manners in India. When some ethnic minorities in southeast India meet guests, they always stick their noses and mouths tightly to each other's cheeks, inhale hard and say, "smell me!" " "To show respect for the guests. When meeting a long-lost friend in andaman islands, the two sides should alternately sit on each other's knees and hug each other warmly for a few minutes to show their joy after meeting. The meeting etiquette of Indian Muslims is to press their chest with their right hand, nod and say "God bless" according to their traditional religious way. Modern Indian men have also begun to use handshake etiquette in social occasions, but Indian women generally do not shake hands with men except in major diplomatic occasions.
General etiquette
Orthodox Sikhs wear headscarves, do not smoke, eat beef or cut their hair.
When you enter an Indian's home, take off your shoes.
Appellation and greetings
Men shake hands with men when they meet and break up. If you introduce a lady, a man should not shake her hand, but put his hands together and bend slightly. Men can't touch women and can't talk to single women in public.
Appointment and punctuality
Punctuality is wise and desirable.
Hospitality and gifts
Although orthodox Muslim women usually don't meet men, if men are invited to social activities, they should be invited to come with their wives.
When you come to an Indian home, the host will give you a wreath, and you should take it down immediately to show your humility.
Hindus do not eat beef. In India, cows are sacred animals.
Muslims don't eat pork, and Muslims who stick to their teachings don't drink.
Always use your right hand when accepting or passing food.
When you are a guest, you can bring fruit and candy as gifts, or give some gifts to the host's children.
Talk to each other
Indians like to talk about their cultural achievements, Indian traditions, other nationalities and foreign countries.
Never mind personal matters, India's poverty, military spending and a lot of foreign aid.
Jains in India have the folk custom of avoiding killing, eating meat and wearing skin and silk. They even put flying insects on the taboo list that can't be accidentally injured, and even vegetables such as radishes and carrots planted in the field are taboo. The residents of Assam, India, are extremely dissatisfied with the visitors' failure to accept and taste the betel nut they respect, which is regarded as unfriendly and distrustful to the host. Sikhs in India prohibit smoking. Indians don't like mushrooms, bamboo shoots, fungus, gluten, roast pork and so on. And they don't like fried dishes.
Seven, eating habits
There are many vegetarians in India. The higher the level, the fewer people eat meat. The lower the level, the more willing they are to eat meat. Due to the hot climate in southern India, local people generally have a heavy taste and like to eat spicy food, while people in northern India have a much lighter taste. India is a country of spices. Indian cuisine also attaches great importance to the use of spices. There are more than a dozen main seasonings, and almost every dish can't be separated from it. People in northern India are best at cooking mutton and poultry. The general processing method is to cut chicken, mutton or other meat into small pieces, pickle them, hang them with iron skewers and roast them with fire. Indians drink vegetables in a unique way. Tea is usually poured into a plate and licked with the tongue. They generally don't like soup, and think that any kind of soup can't compare with colorless, tasteless, cold and refreshing boiled water. They like to eat Chinese food and eat it separately. They are not used to using knives, forks and chopsticks. They usually grab food with their hands.
Indian eating habits have the following characteristics:
(1) pay attention to separate meals and eat, and pay attention to the crispy dishes.
2 tastes generally do not like too salty, preferring spicy tastes.
The staple food is rice, and I am also very interested in the cakes in pasta.
4 non-staple food likes to eat chicken, duck, fish, shrimp and mutton; Vegetables such as tomatoes, onions, cauliflower, eggs, fresh peppers, peas, potatoes, cabbage, spinach, eggplant, potatoes and so on. Seasonings like black fennel, black mustard seed, black pepper, cardamom, clove, curry juice, cassia twig, coriander, Chili powder, fennel, cardamom peel, ginger, rose essence, soybean powder and so on.
⑤ Cooking methods prefer dishes made by frying, roasting, stewing, roasting and cooking.
⑥ Chinese food in China likes Cantonese food and Su food.
⑦ Enjoy curry chicken, sweet and sour mandarin fish, roast duck, dry fried prawns, shredded chicken, braised eggplant, sweet and sour tenderloin, shredded chicken with green peppers, fried peppers, fried peas with butter, roasted shredded chicken, tomato fillets and other flavor dishes.
8 Water and Wine Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims all give up drinking and like coffee, yogurt and cold water. Indians love to drink milk tea. Others are used to "Ma Sala tea" with ginger or cardamom.
9 Fruits such as bananas, oranges, loquats, watermelons, sweet oranges, papayas, coconuts, lychees, mangoes, etc. Dried fruits such as almonds and peanuts.