Wuling refers to the change: from fortress to mountain. In the early Qin and Han dynasties, there were five military strategic fortresses (south of Chu State), which referred to the Mountain or Tailing Mountain. Later, it generally refers to the mountain where the mountain is located, even the mountain (the mountain includes the main mountain, the big branch and the residual vein). For example, Yuechengling was originally a military fortress in the northern part of Xing 'an, Guangxi, and Dayuling was a fortress Tailing in the early days (there were Yuling and Meiling ancient roads), and later it was called a mountain or even a mountain range.
Wuling is an outstanding representative of Nanling: Nanling and Lingnan are both regional concepts, and Wuling is the representative mountain range of Nanling, with different sizes. Nanling is the general name for the Nanshan District of Chu State (the area connected with the four provinces of Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Guangdong) by the imperial court and its related personnel, which began in the early Qin and Han Dynasties. Among them, five strategic places related to the important southern expedition route in the early Qin and Han dynasties were highlighted, which were called Wuling (all with military sites in the Qin and Han dynasties). For example, Ocean Mountain between Yuechengling and Dupangling and Yaoshan in the northwest of Shaoguan belong to Nanling.
Characteristics of watershed: Nanling where Wuling is located is the watershed between the Yangtze River system (Dongting Lake system-Poyang Lake system) and the Pearl River system and its surrounding mountains.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Wuling mbth: Wuling? Location: It consists of five mountains or ranges, such as Yuechengling and Dupangling, between Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangdong. Literature records: Records of Guangzhou, Records of Nankang, etc. Status quo: As a sign of dividing geographical boundaries, the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin is first fortress, then mountain range, specific scope, administrative division, Nanling representative and watershed characteristics have their own characteristics, not limited to the division of water. Red Army Long March, Citation, Literature, Dayuling. First, the fortress Wuling refers to the five mountains in the nature of military fortress in the early Qin and Han Dynasties, guarding several key passages, so the scope is limited. Because of its great fame, there was no unified name for the mountain where it was located, and later it was called Mountain for the convenience of understanding. Wuling is also called "Five? (Mountain collar character is a traditional Chinese character of Ling, which can be typed, but it will be changed to left mountain and right collar) and "Five collars" (Mountain collar character is sometimes abbreviated as collar, which is an ancient generic character). Historical records are different. According to the records of Guangzhou, Nankang and Yu, the furniture of Wuling Mountain is as follows (the three Lingqu between Hunan and Guangxi and near the western end are important projects for Qin Shihuang to unify Lingnan, so Wuling Mountain is generally arranged from west to east): Yuechengling: in the north of Xing 'an, Guangxi, for. -Lingqu This is a major project for Qin Shihuang to connect the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system and unify Lingnan. The vicinity of Lingqu is the western starting point of Wuling. When Lingqu was completed, Qin Shihuang set up three counties in Lingnan. Dupangling is located in the south of Lanshan County, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province and the north of Lianzhou City, Guangdong Province, instead of Dupangling, which is located between Guanyang County, Guilin City, Guangxi Province and Jiangyong County, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province today. Huangxiguan in Qin Dynasty was just above this ridge, and it was also the only way from Hunan to Guangdong. Mengzhuling: In today's Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, Babu District and Zhongshan County, Hezhou City, Guangxi, it is the only way from Hunan to Guangxi. Qitianling: Today, between Chenzhou City and Yizhang County in Hunan Province, it is the Hunan-Guangdong Passage, and Yangshan Pass in Qin Dynasty is on this ridge. Dayuling: Near Meiling (and Meiling Ancient Road) in the south of Dayu County (formerly known as Dayu County) in the southwest corner of Jiangxi Province, bordering Nanxiong City, Guangdong Province, it is the traffic artery of Guangdong and Jiangxi. In the early days, Dayuling was a military fortress. According to legend, General Yu Sheng built a platform here during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so it was named Yuling. Later, the scope was expanded and called Dayuling, but although the scope was expanded at that time, it was not the whole mountain range. It can be seen that the five mountains are all above the Nanling mountain line, and there are countless mountains of different sizes. The history books list the five mountains of Dayuer, Riding Field, Dubang, Zhu Meng and Yuecheng, which are related to Qin Jun's marching route. "(refer to Huang Xianfan's General History of Zhuang Nationality). From the origin of the name of Wuling Mountain, we can know that: First, the early Wuling Mountain refers to the five military strategic stations (forts) during the Qin Shihuang-Han Wudi period (southern Chu), which refers to the mountain or Tailing Mountain. For example, Yuechengling was originally a military fortress stationed in the northern part of Xing 'an, Guangxi, when Qin Shihuang built a Lingqu (connecting the Yangtze River water system and the Pearl River water system). Similar: Xuefeng Mountain in Hunan Province refers to the mountains with dozens of miles of frequent snow in the early days, and later it generally refers to the whole mountain range with hundreds of miles, and later it refers to the whole mountain range (including the main mountain and branches), because this area needs a representative name. Second, in the process of meaning change, some people also refer to different geography, and the areas referred to before and after Pangling are not together. The specific scope starts from the vicinity of Lingqu in Guilin, Guangxi in the west (involving Yuechengling and Dupangling) and ends in Dayu County, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province in the east. The northern line is the south of Shaoyang City, Hunan Province (involving Yuechengling)-most of Yongzhou City (involving Yuechengling, Dupangling and Mengzhuling)-the south of Chenzhou City (Qitianling is just in the south of Chenzhou City), and the southern line is Hezhou City, Guangxi Province (involving the capital). Note: Yang Lian in the north of Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province has a large area, which is not included. The administrative divisions of Wuling are from west to east (three are between Hunan and Guangxi), referring to Yuechengling (between Hunan and Guangxi), Dupangling (between Hunan and Guangxi), Mengzhuling (between Hunan and Guangxi), Qitianling (south of Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) and Dayuling (between Jiangxi and Guangdong, with the hinterland in Dayu County, Jiangxi Province). Located at the junction of Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. It is the largest horizontal tectonic belt mountain range in southern China, and it is also the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. For a long time, it was a natural barrier and was called "the land of barbarians" by the Central Plains in ancient Jiangnan. Ancient rulers always divided administrative boundaries with Wuling as the landmark, so Wuling was also the edge of each province. The area south of Wuling Mountain Range is called Lingnan, which originally refers to the area south of Wuling Mountain Range in southern China, equivalent to the whole of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and parts of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. Due to the changes of administrative divisions in past dynasties, the word Lingnan (south of Guide Ridge) is now mentioned, especially in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macao, but it does not include some counties and cities in Jiangxi and Hunan south of Wuling. The relationship between Wuling and Nanling: Nanling and Lingnan are both regional concepts, and Wuling is only the representative mountain range of Nanling. Nanling is the general name for the southern mountainous areas of Chu (later the border areas of Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Guangdong) in the early Qin and Han Dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he once ruled Nanhai County, which is now northern Vietnam. The "South" area is different. Among them, five strategic places (mountains or Tailing) related to the important southern expedition route in the early Qin and Han Dynasties were highlighted, which were called Wuling (all military sites in Qin and Han Dynasties), and later referred to the mountains and even mountains where they were located. For example, Dayuling was a military fortress in the early days. According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, General Yu Sheng built a platform here to reinforce the garrison of Hengpu Pass in the Qin Dynasty, hence the name Yuling. Other mountain ranges in Nanling: Guilin Ocean Mountain in the north of Qingyuan, Jiuyi Mountain in Yongzhou, Xianghualing Mountain in Chenzhou, Qiwei Mountain and Dadong Mountain in the north of Shaoguan, Dayao Mountain and Lingwei Mountain in the north of Shaoguan (it was once called Xiaoyuling by some people in ancient times, so Weilingguan was also called Xiaoyuling Pass by some people), and Qingyun Mountain in the northeast of Shaoguan (the main peak is at the junction of the two provinces) and Jiulian Mountain (the main peak is near the provincial boundary) in the south of Ganzhou. Watershed features have their own characteristics. Nanling, where Wuling is located, is the watershed between the Yangtze River system (Dongting Lake system-Poyang Lake system) and the Pearl River system and its surrounding mountains. Yuechengling Mountain Range at the western end: Yishui, the eastern source of Zijiang River in Dongting Lake system, is in the north, and Xiangjiang River in Dongting Lake system is in Xing 'an, Guangxi. At the same time, Xing 'an and lingchuan county, where the southwest corner of Yuechengling Mountains is located, are the birthplaces of several tributaries of Xijiang River in Guilin, Guangxi. Therefore, during the Qin Shihuang period, a famous Lingqu was built here to communicate the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system, transport personnel and materials from the Xiangjiang River system to Guilin, and later Guilin County was established. Qitianling is the watershed between thunder water, a tributary of Xiangjiang River in Pearl River system, and dancing water at the source of Beijiang River. The Dayuling Mountains at the eastern end are the watershed between the source of Ganjiang River in Poyang Lake system and Beijiang River in Pearl River system. Several other mountains are also such a watershed. Not only is the watershed small, but the surrounding mountains are also large. Nanling has the characteristics of watershed, but it is not limited to watershed. For example, part of Yuechengling in Hunan is in Dongting Lake water system (the sources of Zijiang River and Xiangjiang River go deep into Guilin, Guangxi, one is in Ziyuan County, and the other is near Lingqu in Xing 'an). Only the southwest of Yuechengling is the watershed of Yangtze River and Pearl River, which means that most paragraphs of Yuechengling have no watershed characteristics. The Long March of the Red Army began at 1934 after the Long March of the Red Army. They can't have read the textbook 1935. But these descriptions can roughly represent the five mountains that people who were educated in geography at that time might know. The five terms "Wuling", "Nanling", "Lingnan", "Mountain" and "Mountain Range" appear alternately, which also caught my attention. Wuling is Nanling, which is relative to Qinling. Qinling Mountains, the geographical dividing line between north and south of China, is also called "Beiling". This is not only because of their geographical location, but also because Qinling Mountain is the dividing line between the Yangtze River system and the Yellow River system, which is widely known, while Wuling Mountain is the dividing line between the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system, which is also very important, but it is often ignored. In the Tang Dynasty, "Lingnan Road" was one of the top ten "roads" in China at that time, which governed the Guangdong and Guangxi regions south of "Nanling". Up to now, "Lingnan" still represents this land and breeds unique Lingnan culture. In addition, Wuling is not a mountain range, it has no unified direction, but a "broken mountain". The guerrilla warfare field after the Red Army's Long March is only 40 kilometers from Dayu to Nanxiong along National Highway 323. After the opening of this road, the Meiguan Ancient Post Road has completely become a landscape. We walked through Meiguan. The well-preserved 8 km mountain road is easy to walk and has beautiful scenery. Passing Meiguan, that is, entering Guangdong, is indeed a very easy and convenient mountain road. It's a pity that the Red Army didn't take this road in the Long March. After breaking through the first blockade, according to the agreement reached with Guangdong warlord Chen-try not to enter Guangdong-the Red Army just arrived in Nanxiong, and immediately crossed Dayuling in the north and returned to Jiangxi, and then went north to Changjiang Town and Chengkou Town in northern Guangdong via Chongyi and Nie. Only Chen Yi and Xiang Ying did not take part in the Long March, and stayed in the Youshan area to persist in guerrilla warfare. They left footprints and poems in Meiling. Quote Historical Records Biography of Zhang Er and Chen Yu: "There is the Battle of the Great Wall in the north and the Battle of Wuling in the south." The Second Biography of Zhang Han is written as "Five Leads", and Yan Shigu quotes Deng Deming's Nankang Ji: "Dayu leads one, Guiyang leads two, nine towns lead Pang Ling three, Lin He leads four, and An Yue leads five only when he is successful. The Jin poem "Giving the Proper Location" says: "Cut the drums and five ridges and spread them outside Wan Li. "* * *" Long March "poem:" Wuling is crumbling and Wumeng is magnificent. "Cao Xueqin, a writer in the Qing Dynasty, created the Jiafu Grand View Garden, and let the sentimental Lin Daiyu live in the Xiaoxiang Pavilion. Xiao Shui and Xiang Shui both originated in Wuling Mountain, and it rained at night in Xiaoxiang. So, I wonder if Cao Xueqin is suggesting that Lin Daiyu has endless tears. There is abundant rainfall in Wuling mountain area, which originates from many famous rivers. In addition to Xiaoxiang River and Liangjiang River, there are four sources on the north slope: Yishui, Chunling Water, Leishui and Zhangshui, tributaries of Xiangshui, which merge with Gongshui to form Ganjiang River. There are many rivers on the south slope, which originate from Gui Jiang, Hejiang, Lianjiang, Wushui and Zhenjiang ... Although Wuling is the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, there is no strict dividing line between them, and water grabbing often happens in history. Throughout the ages, people have used these humble and sometimes gentle hills to dig several mountain roads, thus connecting Guangdong and Guangxi in Lingnan with Hunan and Jiangxi in the "northern part of Lingnan". The Meiguan Post Road proposed by Zhang Jiuling in the Tang Dynasty is one of the important ones. It turned mountains into valleys and soon became the main road of communication between the Central Plains and Lingnan. Before going to Meiguan, Peng of the Propaganda Department of Dayu County Committee told me: "As early as the Qin Dynasty, Dayu was the main road for Qin Shihuang to go south. In the Han dynasty, Yu brothers came here to build a city for defense, hence the name Dayu Ling. In the past, the shipping of Zhangshui was very busy. It is very convenient for the goods shipped from the Central Plains to the south to land from us, pass through Meiguan, go to Guangdong, and then be shipped in Zhenjiang. "Wu Haitao, editor of People's Education Publishing House, has collected geography textbooks from China for nearly a hundred years. According to the information provided by him, in 19 13, the newly published Geography of China by the Commercial Press introduced Wuling to a certain extent, saying that "since the process of Lingdong, it has crossed southern Xinjiang and divided into Guangdong and Guangxi. The most authors are Mengzhuling, Yuechengling, Dupangling and Qitianling. It is connected to Dayu Mountain in the east, which is the so-called Wuling Mountain. 1935 The eighth chapter of a geography textbook for a middle school is called "Mountain of Lingnan", and the description of Wuling Mountain is more detailed: "Nanling Mountain stretches for thousands of miles, which is called by different places ... The north-south traffic is not limited to winding rivers, which is a rugged mountain road. Its difficulties and obstacles can be imagined. "In addition, Chairman * *, the great leader of the Chinese nation, once mentioned in the Seven Laws of the Long March that the five ridges are swaying and Wumeng is majestic." As we all know, the places where the Red Army has walked are full of difficulties and obstacles, which shows the grandeur of the Five Mountains. Dayuling Dayuling, also known as Yuling, Tailing, Meiling and Dongqiao Mountain, is a mountain range in the south of China, one of the "Five Ridges", which is located at the junction of Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces and is an integral part of Nanling. It is a granite fault-block mountain, northeast-southwest trending, with an altitude of about 1000 meters. It is the watershed between Mianshui in the Pearl River system and Zhangshui in the Ganjiang River system. Dayuling (19 photo) has a Xiongguan, which was built on the original ancient road and crossed the ridge of Yuling. Now it is called Dameiguan. Dameiguan still has several miles of stone ancient post roads, and there are many plum trees along the road, also known as "Meiling", which is a famous scenic spot. After the Guangdong-Jiangxi highway was opened to traffic, it passed through the land of Yuling, which was called Xiaomei Pass. Xiaomei Pass is about 400 meters high and is the main passage between Jiangxi and Guangdong. Yulingshan is a famous tungsten mine producing area, and its reserves account for more than 1/2 in China. There are four state-owned tungsten mines in Dayu County alone, and Dayu is also known as the "World Tungsten Capital".