Reading books:

1. Wednesday, Jiang Jun, Chen Chuanming, Principles of Management, Nanjing Publishing House, 2nd edition, February, 1998.

2. Stuart. Crene, translated by Qiu Qiong, One Hundred Years of Management, Hainan Publishing House, September 2003, 1 Edition.

Reading time: February 7th, 65438+February 26th, 2004.

Second, the content introduction

The book Principles of Management was revised and supplemented by the editor on the basis of the textbook 1998 Management of Industrial Enterprises. This book systematically introduces the basic principles of management science, and at the same time, according to the latest achievements of management science development at home and abroad in recent years and the practice of enterprise management in China, puts forward the basic principles and methods of various organizations and management. The content of the book covers a wide range, and it is impossible to introduce each part in detail. Therefore, read the second chapter of this book, Historical Evolution of Management Theory, and introduce in detail various management theories and management thoughts of management masters in the past century. Centennial Management critically reviewed the management thoughts and times of the 20th century. It carefully reviewed every management innovation, studied the development history of management, described in detail the major events in the history of management in the order of historical chronology, and reviewed many historical figures.

Third, the structural framework of "management principles"

This paper consists of five parts. From the introduction, each part is discussed according to the four functions of management: planning, organization, leadership and control. (See Figure 1 for details)

IV. Overview of "Management Principles"

The content of this book is the basic content of management. If you study it carefully, you need to spend a lot of time and energy on each part. Because I don't know much about the history of management, this paper mainly expounds the history of the formation and development of management ideology.

(A) the early management thought of factory system

Main representatives:

1. Little James? Walter and Matthew. Robinson? farmyard

Division of management affairs: Watt organizes work and administration, while Barton is responsible for sales and business activities;

Formulate a series of management systems for the factory;

Many management techniques are used to organize the production and sales activities of factories.

2. robert owen, the founder of modern personnel management, pointed out that people play an important role in industrial production.

3. Adam Smith-the main representative of British classical political economy

The study on the nature and causes of national wealth analyzes the benefits brought by division of labor in detail;

Division of labor can make workers repeat simple operations, improve labor proficiency and improve efficiency;

The division of labor saves the time usually lost by moving from one job to another;

Division of labor simplifies labor, makes tools professional, and is conducive to creating new tools and improving equipment. The invention and application of new machinery further simplifies and reduces labor, enabling one person to accomplish the work of many people.

4. Charlie. Babbage-Father of Computer, Mathematician

On Machine and Manufacturing Economics continues Smith's research on division of labor. Labor can not only improve work efficiency, but also bring the benefits of reducing wages and expenses for capitalists.

We can't ignore the role of people. Enterprises and workers have common interests, and advocate the dividend system, so that workers who improve labor efficiency can share a share of the profits of the factory.

(2) Classical management theory (time:19th century and early 20th century)

Logo: Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management and Fa Yueer's Industrial Management and General Management were published in1910/and 19 16 respectively.

1. Taylor's scientific management theory-Taylor doctrine is mainly to improve work efficiency.

Improve working methods, select and train workers according to work requirements: mainly improve workshop operation methods, improve work efficiency and make rational use of working hours; Observe the time required for workers to complete each action, formulate standard operation time and determine the labor quota of workers; Standardization of working environment and working conditions; Assign jobs according to different professions of different workers and train workers according to standard operating methods.

Improve the distribution mode and implement the differential piece-rate wage system: different wage rates are used when calculating wages, and those who fail to complete the quota are paid at a low wage rate.

Improve production organization and strengthen enterprise management: set up a planning department within the enterprise to separate the planning function from the execution function; Executive function foreman system; Implement exception management.

Limitations: the research scope is small and the content is narrow. Its thinking is mainly aimed at operation methods and on-site supervision, and other activities of the enterprise, such as supply and marketing, personnel and finance, are basically not involved.

2. Fa Yueer's general management theory-Fa Yueer's 14 management principle.

Management works include: industrial management and general management (19 16), national incompetence in management (192 1), awakening of public spirit (1927) and general principles of management (65438).

Operation and management are different, management is a part of operation, and the management function itself consists of a series of work such as planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling.

Article 14 management principles: division of responsibilities, consistency of powers and responsibilities, strict discipline, unified command and leadership, subordination of individual interests to overall interests, remuneration of personnel, concentration, hierarchy, order, fairness, stability, initiative and unity of personnel;

Management elements: planning, organization, command, coordination and control.

3. Weber's hierarchical organization theory-"the father of organization theory" put forward the theory of "ideal hierarchical organization system"

Important works: General Economic History, Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Essays on Sociology, Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism, etc.

Bureaucratic organization or bureaucracy is an ideal organizational system, which is managed by "public office" or position, not by "hereditary" or "personal charm";

Principles: ① Daily activities required by institutional objectives controlled by administrative means are assigned to official positions; (2) Power is granted in a stable way, and is strictly limited by coercive means that some officials can control; (3) Only those who meet the general requirements are employed;

Power types: traditional power, personal charm power and legal power;

Only legitimate power can be called the foundation of bureaucratic organization.

(C) Behavioral science theory-Hawthorne experiment: interpersonal relationship management

Turn the attention of management from the machine operation in the production site to the humanity in the production process, and from paying attention to the economic needs of people to paying attention to the social needs of people;

Mayo published Human Issues in Industrial Civilization, Management and Workers and Management and Morale on the basis of Hawthorne's experiments.

New viewpoint: workers are social people; There are "informal organizations" in enterprises; The new leadership ability lies in improving employee satisfaction;

After Hawthorne: From interpersonal relationship management to behavioral science

Behavioral science uses the knowledge of many disciplines to study the law of the emergence, development and change of human behavior, so as to predict, control and guide human behavior and achieve the purpose of giving full play to people's role and mobilizing their enthusiasm.

Research: research on individual behavior, group behavior and leadership behavior.

(D) Modern management theory

1. School of Social Systems: studies management from the perspective of sociology, and regards the relationship between enterprise organizations and their members as a cooperative social system.

Founder: Barnard of the United States, whose masterpiece is "The Function of Managers" published by 1983;

Organization is a collaborative system, in which two or more people consciously coordinate activities and effectiveness;

Three basic elements of cooperation system: willingness to cooperate, common goal and information communication;

Manager's functions: establish and maintain information communication system; Obtain necessary services from different members of the organization; Define the common goals of the organization and be clear with the specific goals of each department.

2. Decision theory school: based on social system theory, absorbing the viewpoints of behavioral science and system theory, and developing by using computer technology and overall planning method.

Main representative: Simon

Key points: management is decision-making, and decision-making runs through the whole management process; Decision-making process: intelligence, design, selection and review; Decision criteria: "satisfaction"; Procedural decision-making and non-procedural decision-making

3. System management school: applying the viewpoint of system theory to study and organize the management activities of enterprises.

Main representatives: Caster, Rosenzweik, etc.

Examining an enterprise from a systematic or holistic perspective will make the relationship network between the enterprise and society and various departments within the enterprise clearer, which will help improve the efficiency of the enterprise and promote the realization of the overall goal.

4. Empiricism school: the goal is to provide managers of western large enterprises with experience and scientific methods of managing enterprises.

Representative figures: Drucker, Dell, etc.

Management science should proceed from the reality of enterprise management, take the management experience of large enterprises as the main research object, and generalize and theorize its theory in order to impart it to the practical workers and researchers of enterprise management.

5. Contingency theory school: enterprise management should adapt to internal and external conditions, and there is no fixed, universally applicable and "best" technology and method.

Morse and Roche's "Super Y Theory", Ouchi's "Z Theory" and Kaman's "Leadership Life Cycle Theory".

6. School of Management Science: Management is a system for formulating and applying mathematical models and procedures. Through the analysis of the relationship between production, procurement, personnel, finance and inventory, the logical procedures such as planning, organization, control and decision-making are expressed by mathematical symbols and formulas, so as to find the optimal solution and realize the enterprise goals.

It mainly involves the application of quantitative methods to the study of enterprise management, and is often called quantitative school or operational school of management.

Reflections on verbs (abbreviation of verb).

The management ideas and methods introduced in these two books are all western, which reminds me of China's management ideas and methods. At the same time, do these management ideas and methods also apply to China? Even the tourism enterprises in China? The management methods of each period after Reading Management for a Hundred Years are related to the economic environment, technical environment and social and cultural environment at that time. More precisely, different management schools and management ideas are the products of a certain historical stage or period. Due to the differences in economic development level, social and cultural environment and social system between China and western countries, can these management ideas or methods really achieve their original goals when applied to China? Can these management ideas and methods be transplanted to China to blossom and bear fruit like western countries?

Taking scientific management theory as an example, western countries have always advocated science in the process of development, and can embody scientific ideas in art, medicine, architecture and many other aspects. Therefore, McDonald's, KFC and other companies can strictly stipulate the technology, standard and formula in the process of fast food production according to the idea of scientific management, realize standardized production and management, and become the "big MAC" of the fast food industry today. However, the cultural background of China is somewhat different from that of western countries. China has always emphasized human factors and human experience, which can be seen from Chinese medicine and Chinese food. Without precise standards, human factors are often very large. There is no uniform standard for Chinese food. Although there are exact amounts of various main ingredients and ingredients in Chinese food recipes at present, in the process of use, people's experience is the most important consideration.

In addition, in different historical development stages, the management methods adopted are also different. In the Ford era, the reasons for the success of enterprises were standardization, assembly line mass production, and occupying the market with cost advantage. However, in what historical stage is China today? Need standardized products or pursue personalized times? Or both? What are the main management methods adopted accordingly? Since China has gradually turned from a planned economy to a market economy, and now it is in the economic transition period, is it really useful to directly adopt the management methods popular abroad in view of the actual problems in China?

It may be because I don't know much about the management practice in China at present, so I have the above questions. Management is not only a science, but also an art, which is some scientific theories and methods summarized in the actual management process. China's large enterprises or well-known enterprises should constantly sum up their past successful experiences and lessons of failure in the process of their own development, and at the same time, combine advanced foreign management concepts and methods to adopt management methods suitable for their own enterprises. At the same time, management scholars should constantly combine with management practice, find out management methods with China characteristics, sum up the sparks of these thoughts, form relevant theories and methods, and provide management methodology for the development of other enterprises.