Two recipes:
First, two pieces of small rice and boiled radish.
2. Rice, a small fish two fingers wide, a small dish of pickled radish, a cup of boiled wild vegetables and a small bowl of miso soup.
In fact, the first menu is the breakfast and lunch of the poor in the Warring States period, and the second menu is the breakfast and dinner of the rich in the Warring States period. It seems that these two recipes are equally shabby, but people in the Warring States period really lived by eating this kind of food day after day. Farmers who eat small rice dream of eating big rice like nobles.
seven
All life in the Warring States period revolved around war. Eat to live, live to fight, and fight to eat better.
Japan is a rice producing country, and almost all farmland in the country is growing rice. But at that time, rice was a luxury for ordinary people who planted rice.
In Kurosawa's film Seven Samurai, mountain thieves covet a little rice in the village below, and they will go down the mountain to grab rice during the autumn harvest. In order to defend their rice, farmers took out the only rice in the village and went to the town to recruit poor warriors to defend the village. The only condition that they can afford is to eat enough rice.
Although I don't know why those worthless mountain thieves don't go to richer places and just stare at this poor village with nothing but some rice, it also proves from the side that rice is really a rare treasure in this era. Later, the farmers in the village really recruited seven warriors of different grades by relying on the conditions of having food. Although the seven warriors said that they were not paid for keeping one side safe, eating rice still attracted them. After all, men were always hungry at that time, and it was a rare thing to be full.
Speaking of the delicious Japanese rice during the Warring States period, there is a story that Takeda and Imagawa jointly attacked Songshan City in the North Island, which is particularly representative.
Takeda and Imakawa joined forces to attack Songshan City, where Musashi's North Island family is located. The two armies fought hard for many days, and the water source of the North Island Army was cut off, and the city was on the verge of destruction. The allied forces who thought it would be sunny in Songshan City found that the officers and men guarding Songshan City washed their horses with water in the most conspicuous place in the city. The defenders of Songshan City, who should have a problem with drinking water, actually had plenty of washed horses, which made the attackers very depressed. Finally, the peace talks between the two sides were successful, and Songshan City was peacefully accepted by Imakawa. Later, the victorious party asked about washing horses, only to know that there was really no water in the city at that time, and the soldiers washed horses with rice in Chengtou. They will pour the rice out of the basin from the horse, which looks like washing it with water from a distance. At that time, most soldiers were ordinary farmers. They rarely touch rice in their lives, so even if they feel suspicious from a distance, they will not doubt that the substance disguised as water is actually rice.
At that time, Japan's grain output was very low, not even enough to feed the whole country. Ordinary people must make sure that they don't starve to death. In addition to catching seafood, they must also play game. Even in good years, they have to go up the mountain to dig wild vegetables. Coupled with the lack of attention to the import and export of grain at that time, all countries ate their own food, but whether they could eat enough depends on the conditions of each country.
At that time, Japan had few available resources and low agricultural productivity. The reason why many lords constantly plunder other people's territories is actually to rob the resources of other territories. As for ordinary people, it can be said that almost all of them eat and drink too little bran, so many people simply give up farming and go to war. If they are lucky, they may get honors and rewards. At that time, the raising of poultry and livestock was not common in Japan, and many poultry and livestock only belonged to big landlords. Ordinary people don't eat fish by themselves, because they have to pay taxes to the lords, so they usually sell fish and don't eat it. Most people eat bran and drink thin.
As for other local lords, if they are close to the sea, they usually take marine fish as their main meat, and rarely go hunting in the mountains to eat some game on special festivals. Takeda's family is in the mountains like Japan, so there are few animals like sea fish. They usually eat small fish from nearby rivers or go to other countries to buy marine fish. Of course, it is rare to hunt some game, but after all, hunting takes time and there are not many animals that can be hunted. And lords like Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Konka, who later owned a large number of territories, could eat a lot of game that was difficult for ordinary people to enjoy, such as venison, swan meat, wild boar, rabbit meat, sea cucumber and so on. But for the lords with relatively low status, they were not so lucky, so their daily life was quite economical at that time, and they didn't eat anything good on weekdays. It was impossible not to save nature. ...
On the other hand, it is precisely because of the low yield of rice that this glistening rice has become the main strategic material specially designated by the local lords. Farmers have worked hard to plant rice in the field for a year, which is basically to complete a task. All the rice collected is often sent to the Lord's castle as an annual tribute. They can only eat rice, radish and wild vegetables. Some farmers have never even tasted their own rice in their whole lives.
Just as the introduction of corn and potatoes has made China's population grow and the Japanese barely have enough to eat, it is a radish.
When radish was first introduced to Japan, it was only the thickness of a finger. After the hard cultivation of Japanese farmers, the radish finally became arm thickness. Radish is nutritious and easy to grow, and soon becomes the main food for farmers. Even the nobles were fond of radishes, which made radishes board the dinner table of the nobles, almost to the point where no radishes can make a feast.
Even if the rich eat rice and the poor eat millet and radish, Japan still doesn't have enough food. So in ancient times, the Japanese formed the habit of eating only two meals a day, breakfast and lunch. They have to work in the morning and afternoon, so they have to eat to keep their strength. At that time, people didn't have much entertainment. As long as they go to bed early, they are not hungry, so that they can save food for the next meal. This habit is observed not only by farmers, but also by emperors and warriors. It has almost become an unwritten rule in the whole country, and the whole country is practicing the habit of not eating dinner. However, the nobles have rich nightlife, so they can find some snacks when they are really hungry.
Under certain conditions, the Japanese insist on eating separately. Everyone has a small table with three dishes, one soup and one bowl of rice on it. Even if there is a banquet, they will eat it separately. The biggest difference between these rich and poor recipes is that you can eat a little meat. However, the rich can only make a fuss about fish and shellfish, which is already the most luxurious food they can eat. Strangely, as an island country, Japan, no matter the nobility or the samurai, will not let go of eating seafood at will. Generally, their meat dishes for dinner will only have a fish small enough to eat a few mouthfuls, or a few pieces of pickled shellfish. Fish and shellfish basically don't appear at the same time, and only one kind of meat can appear in a meal. The rich always keep the diet standard of one meat, two dishes and one bowl of soup.
It is said that the standard of "three dishes and one soup" was maintained because the early Japanese aristocrats didn't make the standard meal of "four dishes and one soup" like China people, because they were afraid of the homophonic sound of "four and death".
Of course, some rich people occasionally eat something else for a change. In the historical drama Takeda Shingen, Kosuke Kitajima, commander-in-chief of the Kosuke Kitajima family, once enjoyed the sea breeze at the seaside and ate seafood such as shrimps and shellfish stewed in a cauldron (a bit like stew in the northeast).
Even the Lord, this delicious food can't be eaten casually. Generally, when they eat, they will accidentally order some wine or something. The side dishes that can go with wine are nothing more than small salted fish with thin fingers or two pickled radishes. During the Warring States period, the Japanese faithfully carried out the Zen commandment of "Don't act rashly". They seldom eat outside of dinner, and of course they have no conditions to eat. Even if you have money, you can only eat enough fish for dinner. Real high-class fish and big fish can only be eaten at weddings and Chinese New Year.
Later, Tokugawa Ieyasu, which began the Edo era, was still frugal even after the unification of the Warring States and the eventful autumn. Even fish is rarely eaten, and rice is eaten with pickled radish every day. One day, he walked around the house and saw some maids complaining, so he went to see what had happened.
The maids said, "The food is really bad now. The side dish is pickled radish! "
Tokugawa Ieyasu, who is famous for his gentleness, said with a smile, "Well, since you don't like it, you won't eat it."
Since then, the pickled radish used by maids as a side dish has been revoked, and maids can only eat white rice.
This story not only shows Konka's meanness, but also shows us the recipes of rice and pickled radish, which is expensive for a head of state. A sense of desolation arises spontaneously.
The Warring States period was an unprecedented chaotic period in Japan. Grain production fell to the bottom, and warriors often didn't have enough to eat. Many city owners often have to grow their own vegetables, and their wives will take some people up the mountain to dig wild vegetables.
The life of the stockade owner is so miserable that the life of the peasants is even more bitter. In Japan, the tax standard of six people and four people, that is, 60% of the grain produced belongs to the government and 40% belongs to itself, has become the norm, which is not counting the land rent shared by the landlord. Sometimes cruel lords will set the tax at seven or three, or even eight or two. The cause of the peasant uprising on the island was that the Lord collected the land rent of 100 thousand stones on the land that only produced 80 thousand stones of grain.
The rations are simply not enough to eat. In order to fill their stomachs, farmers pick up shells, fish and dig wild vegetables, and they will find anything they can eat-this is not the time for famine. The isolated Japanese poor don't know that there is a good thing called "Guanyin Earth" in China across the sea. If you eat it, when your stomach swells, you won't have to eat for a day, even though it will kill you occasionally.
Hunger was a difficult problem throughout the Warring States period. All soldiers and farmers are not easy to eat, let alone eat. If you can eat the two recipes listed at the beginning of this article, I am afraid that both the rich and the poor will be happy.
In the Warring States period, due to frequent wars, diet became the first suit of samurai. In the past, nobles didn't eat meat (it is said that all emperors of any generation banned meat, of course, nobles had these exquisite things), but meat was eaten by farmers and hunters without identity. Gradually, officials become malnourished, while farmers or hunters who eat everything look much healthier.
Warriors in the war compare their lives with vanity, and in the end they may still think that life and stomach are more important. Moreover, venison is beautiful in delicacies, so a famous dish, roasted venison with salt and pepper, appeared. However, roasted venison with salt and pepper is not suitable as dry food. It takes some time to make this dish well, which is somewhat inappropriate on the battlefield.
In Japan during the Warring States period, although there was no explicit stipulation that farmers were not allowed to eat rice, because of the low rice production, some of the rice production was also taken away by the lords, and farmers basically had no chance to eat it. It is precisely because eating rice has almost become the patent of the privileged class that the Lord sent people to carry rice to recruit and recruit. As a soldier, there are no other preferential conditions, that is, you can eat every meal, and rob and rob the enemy's territory to supplement your family. Of course, the latter is valuable only when you come back alive from the battlefield, but the former is so attractive to farmers who don't have enough to eat that many farmers voluntarily go to the front to try their best to taste the rice they grow.
As a strategic material, the most important use of rice is to eat it as military food when marching and fighting.
As a mountainous country, Japan's traffic is very underdeveloped. It would be too much trouble if China's army marched with a lot of pots and pans. In order to ensure mobility, it is best not to bring what you can, so rice balls became the main form of rations during the Warring States period.
The biggest advantage of rice balls is that they are easy to carry and eat. They can be eaten without containers and chopsticks, and they are not easy to go bad. Making rice balls is also very simple, that is, making rice balls by hand and compacting them repeatedly in the palm of your hand. In order to make the tasteless rice ball taste better, sometimes a small plum is put in it, and the more advanced one is wrapped in seaweed cut into small pieces. It is said that this thing is still very common now, like sushi, but the stuffing is much more luxurious.
Many times, the work of the cooking group should be carried out before the war. As dry food, rice balls are usually made by women from soldiers or samurai families. Wrap it in a long strip of dry food cloth. According to the standard that one rice ball can manage one meal and two rice balls can manage one day, tie a knot outside the dry food bag with a rope, and finally tie it obliquely on the shoulders of soldiers or soldiers. Generally, such dry food can only be carried for no more than ten days at most. When you need to eat, you can take out enough rice balls for a meal by pulling the knot, which is really a convenient design. This kind of cloth bag for soldiers is called "waist stool".
In addition to personal dry food, the Lord also made a large number of rice balls as public food. This work is often done by the wife of the Lord, the maid in the city and the women of the samurai family collectively. In fact, it was not easy for the monarch of the Warring States period to marry his wife. She not only has to take care of her husband's life, but also often leads her handmaids and samurai wives up the mountain to dig wild vegetables, tie arrow shafts, and even clean and make up the chopped enemy's heads. This is not only hard and brave, but also has considerable organizational ability.
These rice balls, as public grain, should be swept up with clean grass, transported by carts pulled by manpower and distributed to soldiers at any time. In addition to the prepared food, we should also prepare a large number of raw rice as military food to eat during the protracted war.
After the general ordered a rest, the soldiers would find a clean lawn and sit on the floor, make a fire, boil some hot water, take out a meal and bake it on the fire. Some people like to bake rice balls on the fire, which makes them taste special. Later, this kind of rice ball became an important staple food form in Japanese cuisine and has been preserved to this day.
The sour plum juice permeates into the rice, making the rice balls more delicious. Seaweed with salty sea salt itself also makes people eat it as a side dish. In addition, the seaweed wrapped outside the rice ball also plays the role of wrapping paper, so that consumers don't need to touch glutinous rice directly to get their hands dirty, which can well reflect the Japanese's attention to details; However, plums have a certain antiseptic effect, which can kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in spoiled rice balls. The Japanese in the Warring States period may not know this, but later science proved that plums in rice balls were really beneficial. Seaweed has a variety of nutrients, and it is easy to dry and eat. It is also a very clever design scheme to use it as wrapping paper and portable side dishes.
Although rice balls are easy to fill the stomach, they also make the warriors thirsty. Soldiers bring roasted miso slices, which can be drunk on the battlefield as long as they are dissolved in soup. So the absolutely indispensable miso soup in Japanese cuisine was born. For soldiers who can enjoy a sip of miso soup, dried noodles are a luxury. Noodles were imported from China before Muromachi era. At that time, in addition to soy sauce and wine, spices such as firewood and kelp were invented, which increased the delicious taste of soup.
When it comes to noodles, we have to mention Takeda Shingen, the Tiger of Jia Fei.
The Battle of Nakagawa Island was a decisive battle between Takeda and Shangshan during the Warring States Period. The two sides have dispatched more than 30,000 troops. During the Warring States period, hundreds of people were involved in a great war, which was definitely a strategic decisive battle worthy of a great book.
In this battle, Takeda Army used woodpecker tactics to divide the army into two teams, one of which attacked Shangfeier's army on his wife's daughter's mountain, and 8,000 troops were deployed in Bagan, ready to give Shangfeier a package of children. As a result, Takeda Shingen's plan was exposed by Mu Shangqian Xin (it is said that when he saw the smoke in Takeda's army, he felt something was wrong-related to eating), so he went down the mountain in advance to attack Takeda's array with only 8,000 people. Finally, it is said that Mu Shang rode into Takeda's camp alone and almost killed Takeda Shingen's head. Fortunately, these 8000 people worked hard to the end and finally got reinforcements and turned the corner.
The fighting time is from 7: 30 in the morning to the afternoon, and neither side has time to eat (where did you get this kung fu ...), but the 8,000 Takeda Army is not as strong as the army and has never been defeated by the absolutely superior Shangshan Army. Analysis of the reasons, in addition to the usual training, Takeda Shingen's command and dispatch and good leadership, it is also noted that although they are all famous soldiers of the Warring States+teachers of hundreds of battles, Takeda Army may be physically superior to Shangyuan Army, so it can persist even without lunch.
The secret lies in Takeda Shingen's efforts to promote digestible Daoxiao Noodles in the army at ordinary times and eating pasta all the year round.
In fact, there were no real noodles in Japan at that time. Noodles were not brought to Japan until Zhu Shunshui, a great scholar of the Ming Dynasty, crossed the country after the death of Daming. What I ate at that time was actually a Japanese version of Daoxiao Noodles, which was said to have been handed down from the Tang Dynasty. It's called Jia's noodles, and some people say it's noodles. This thing is also very convenient. During the war break, the soldiers only need to draw out their knives, cut the dough, cook it in a pot, and mix it with pickles to eat. Takeda Shingen Jiazhou Army's favorite food is cooked with vegetables and then seasoned with miso, which is extremely nutritious for soldiers who depend on physical strength to decide the outcome.
It is said that kimchi is also very popular in Takeda Shingen. At that time, kimchi was mainly pickled radish and wild vegetables. Pickled vegetables are salty, can be eaten by cutting into small pieces, and are easy to carry, not easy to deteriorate, and can also ensure that soldiers get vitamins. It is really necessary to March and fight.
Eating Daoxiao Noodles and pickles for a long time makes Takeda's physical strength much better than that of Shangsu Jijun who only eats rice. After such a day's fighting, the physical strength of Shangsu Jijun has long been exhausted, and it is estimated that there will be staff reduction due to hypoglycemia. Takeda, who is not dominant in quantity, can stick to it with the bowl of noodles he ate in the morning.
Well, it's actually just a joke, but Takeda Shingen has greatly promoted the use of Daoxiao Noodles and kimchi in the army. Maybe this is the real purpose. Now in Yamanashi Prefecture, Takeda Shingen, Daoxiao Noodles is still a famous local food, and some big hotels will hang a sign at the door, which reads: "This is the source of Takeda Shingen's strength!"
Some picky eaters don't want to eat dry rice balls like soldiers. They eat lunch boxes like office workers. There are food and vegetables in these lunch boxes, and they are still hot. Put it in a delicate lacquer lunch box, it is naturally much more delicious than rice balls.
Cx 19800425 Cauldron Shou8 Actually, the food rations carried by Shangshanjun also have their own characteristics, which are called "ten thousand lunches in a day".
It's easy to make this Japanese pill. A container called "Flour Bucket" can hold two to five spoonfuls (about 350g), put a small plum in the middle of white rice and put it in the "waist stool" to make a lunch. Although this kind of canteen was called bento at that time, it was probably the origin of the earliest bento.
Naturally, the word "bento" at that time did not refer to bento, and "leading bento" was not an unlucky word at that time.
In addition, Takeda Jun also used miso as a side dish of military food. Takeda Jun ate "field miso", also called "white miso", which was fermented with soybean, distiller's yeast, salt and soybean soup. "Battle Miso" is said not only to be delicious with rice, but also to relieve fatigue and treat stomach diseases. Takeda's "field miso" is particularly energetic, which is probably one of the reasons why Takeda's physical fitness is better than Shangshan's.
Another person who uses miso as military food is Data Masamune. He used "Sendai Miso". The best thing about this kind of miso is its long shelf life. After the invasion of Korea, almost all the miso brought by the military commanders was bad, and only the "Sendai Miso" of the IDA Army was fresh. "Sendai Miso" became the traditional military miso of the Ida family in the Edo era, and was transported from Sendai Francisco to Edo every year. However, there are as many as 3,000 Sendai governors stationed in Edo, so it is really time-consuming and laborious to transport them. Later, after discussion, we simply made "Sendai Miso" from local materials in Beppu, Datai. Ida House smells of miso all day, so Edo people call Ida House "Miso House".
Cx 19800425 Cauldron Shou 8 is back with rice balls.
Soldiers usually eat only 80% full, and only eat two meals a day. Two rice balls are enough for a soldier to ensure a day's physical strength. In addition, the scope of operations at that time was not large, and most of the time it was only within a few kilometers of Fiona Fang, and the farthest was only a few hundred kilometers. When Maori Yuan, the overlord of Kansai, fought local tyrants, the two cities were less than two kilometers away, so the actual time spent on the journey was not very long, so those small-scale wars often ended when the rice balls carried by the soldiers were finished.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi made two big marches in his life. The first time was to wipe out Akechi Mitsuhide's "China Revolution", and the second time was to wipe out the Moon River War, the base area of Shibata Katsuie. In order to travel light, he didn't bring much rations. At that time, Xiuji took out ten times as much gold and silver as the price, and ordered the people and merchants on the roadside to open their warehouses, take out all the rice at home and cook it, wrap it in straw soaked in salt water, and carry it with horses and cattle. If the troops trotting all the way are hungry, they will reach into the rice bag, copy a handful of rice soaked in salt water and start eating. The purpose of salting water is to ensure that rice does not go bad. Hot rice soaked in salt water is especially delicious for hungry soldiers. It's just that in that era when there was no appendectomy, I don't know how many soldiers got acute appendicitis while running and eating.
Of course, rice balls are just food made temporarily for convenience. After all, they are not as delicious as the food just made.
Reply: put it away and reply to the report phone number 2012-07-3017:12 | I also want to say something.
Cx 19800425 Cauldron Shou 8 I remember that in the movie "Nobu Oda", Nobu Nobu was snoring and drinking porridge while eating pickles at the banquet describing the meeting of Zhengde Temple. It can be seen from here that even the so-called banquet is only this big, probably because of the war. But we can know from another angle that at that time, porridge and kimchi were indeed common foods, and not just breakfast and dinner.
In the temple, both the traditional sects and the old sects of Hong Anji live on vegetarianism. Oil tofu made of oil and miso in Kamakura era gradually became the main course of monks. I don't know if it's because it's easy to make wheat flour, or because monks are influenced by the customs in northern China. Noodles, oolong noodles, bean paste buns and other foods made of wheat flour are all snacks in afternoon tea.
Now let's talk about tea. Tea was very popular in Kamakura era. It is recorded that there was a three-generation general named minamoto no sanetomo. After drinking tea, his hangover immediately improved. Besides, tea is considered to have a long life.
Tea soaked rice, which is often encountered when reading some literary works and film and television works describing ancient Japanese themes, seems to be a kind of food that is more Japanese. Actually, it's not like this. Not only in Japan, but also in China. Isn't there a saying among the people that "it tastes good but makes tea"? However, what I want to tell you here is only Japanese tea soaked rice.
If you want to talk about tea and rice, you have to talk about the diet of ancient Japanese. In ancient times, nobles generally ate rice, fish and chicken. At that time, there were no domestic pigs and sheep in Japan, and killing cattle was forbidden. Killing cattle is a serious crime. Like almost all farming peoples, domestic pigs and sheep were introduced to Japan only after the Meiji Restoration. As for wild boar, it's farmers' food. Because of hard training and intense war life, samurai often eat "dry rice" (a Japanese saying, but it is actually a kind of food similar to China rice cake), tea soaked rice and rice balls.
As the name implies, the general practice of cooking rice with tea is to make cold rice with hot tea, supplemented by salt, dried plums, seaweed and other ingredients. Tea is usually green tea, cut into strips and soaked in rice. In this way, the fragrance of tea can penetrate into the rice. Pay more attention to diet, and warriors with certain economic strength will also match fish.
The making of tea-soaked rice is very convenient and the materials are very simple. As long as rice, tea, salt and boiled water are available, a bowl of tea-soaked rice can be made. The raw materials are also easy to carry, time-saving and delicious. Therefore, the samurai class, especially in the battle, generally take tea and rice as the staple food.
This feature makes the combat effectiveness of the samurai group play a greater role. They don't need to carry too much fresh food in the battle like the ancient China or Indian army, so they won't rely too much on the logistics supply in the rear. Although the long-term lack of fresh food will lead to malnutrition and reduce the combat effectiveness of soldiers, the Japanese army's combat is low-intensity, so tea soaked rice can be competent. In the fierce battle life, tea soaked rice has become the most popular food among samurai.