Chinese name: serum mbth: serum definition: refers to the function of plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed: providing serum categories such as hormones and various growth factors, main components, main functions, identification methods, serum, plasma, common problems, preservation methods, avoiding precipitation, what is heat inactivation, precautions for preservation, serum veterinary drugs, serum categories 1 Fetal calf serum substitute 2 dialysis fetal calf serum 3 natural low IGG fetal calf serum 4 stem cell culture fetal calf serum 5 special purpose fetal calf serum 6 activated carbon/glucose treatment fetal calf serum 7 fetal calf serum substitute 8 calf serum 9 newborn calf serum 10 fortified calf serum 1 1 iron supplemented calf serum 12 adult calf serum 13 donor horse serum. Although most of its components are known, some of them are still unknown. The composition and content of serum often vary with the gender, age, physiological status and nutritional status of blood donors. Serum is a colloidal liquid without fibrinogen in plasma, which can maintain the normal viscosity, pH and osmotic pressure of blood. It is mainly composed of water and various chemical components, including albumin, α 1, α2, β, γ-globulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and so on. Serum contains various plasma proteins, peptides, fats, carbohydrates, growth factors, hormones, inorganic substances and so on. They are in physiological balance in promoting cell growth or inhibiting growth activity. Although great progress has been made in the study of serum composition and function, there are still some problems. The main points are as follows: firstly, there may be hundreds of serum components, but their exact composition, content and mechanism of action are still unclear, especially some polypeptide growth factors, hormones and lipids are not fully understood, which brings many difficulties to research work; Secondly, serum is produced in batches, which varies greatly from batch to batch, and the storage period of serum is at most one year. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to ensure the similarity of each batch of serum, which limits the standardization and continuity of the experiment; Thirdly, it is not excluded that serum contains volatile substances, which is considered to be one of the reasons for "deterioration in the bottle". Main functions ● Provide basic nutrients: amino acids, vitamins, inorganic substances, lipid substances, nucleic acid derivatives, etc. , is an essential substance for cell growth. ● Provide hormones and various growth factors: insulin, adrenocortical hormones (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone), steroid hormones (estradiol, testosterone, progesterone), etc. Growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and platelet growth factor. ● Provide binding protein: The role of binding protein is to carry important low molecular weight substances, such as albumin carrying vitamins, fats and hormones, and transferrin carrying iron. Binding proteins play an important role in cell metabolism. Provide contact promotion and stretching factors to prevent cell adhesion from mechanical damage. ● It has a certain protective effect on cells in culture: some cells, such as endothelial cells and bone marrow-like cells, can release protease, and the serum contains anti-protease components, which play a neutralizing role. This effect was discovered by accident, so serum was used purposefully to stop the digestion of trypsin. Because trypsin has been widely used in the digestion and passage of adherent cells. Serum protein forms the viscosity of serum, which can protect cells from mechanical damage, especially in suspension culture and stirring, and viscosity plays an important role. Serum also contains some trace elements and ions, which play an important role in metabolism and detoxification, such as SeO3, selenium and other identification methods, such as pale yellow transparent liquid precipitated after blood coagulation. If blood is drawn from blood vessels and put into a test tube without anticoagulant, the coagulation reaction is activated and the blood quickly coagulates to form jelly. Blood clots contract, and the surrounding light yellow transparent liquid is serum, which can also be obtained by centrifugation after coagulation. In the process of coagulation, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin block, so there is no fibrinogen in serum, which is the biggest difference from plasma. In the coagulation reaction, platelets release many substances, and all coagulation factors have also changed. These components remain in the serum and continue to change, such as prothrombin becoming thrombin, and gradually decrease or even disappear with the storage time of the serum. These are also differences from plasma. However, a large number of substances not involved in coagulation reaction are basically the same as plasma. In order to avoid the interference of anticoagulants, many chemical components in blood are analyzed with serum as samples. Plasma Plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which blood cells are suspended. The human body contains 2750-3300ml of plasma, accounting for about 55% of the total blood volume. Most of the plasma is water (90% by volume), and the dissolved substances are mainly plasma proteins, including glucose, inorganic salt ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. The main function of plasma is to transport blood cells, and it is also the main medium to transport secretion products. Centrifuge fresh blood to precipitate blood cells, and the pale yellow supernatant is plasma. The difference between plasma and serum is that serum does not contain coagulation factors such as fibrinogen. Frequently asked questions storage methods Serum should be stored at -5℃ to -20℃. However, if stored at 4℃, please do not exceed one month. If you can't use up one bottle at a time, it is recommended to aseptically pack the serum into a suitable sterilization container and then put it back into the frozen state. How to unfreeze serum without damaging product quality? After the serum is taken out of the freezer, it is dissolved in the freezer at 2-8℃ and then completely dissolved at room temperature. However, it must be noted that the dissolution process must be shaken regularly and evenly. Avoid precipitation 1. When thawing serum, please follow the recommended gradual thawing method (-2℃ to 4℃ to room temperature). If the temperature changes too much when thawing serum (such as -20℃ to 37℃), the experiment shows that precipitation is very easy to occur. 2. When thawing the serum, please shake it at any time to make the temperature and composition uniform and reduce the occurrence of precipitation. 3. Don't leave the serum at 37℃ for too long. If it is left at 37℃ for too long, the serum will become turbid, and many unstable components in the serum will be destroyed, which will affect the quality of the serum. 4. The thermal inactivation of serum is very easy to cause the increase of sediment. If it is not necessary, this step is not necessary. 5. If it is necessary to inactivate the serum by heat, please observe the principle of 56℃ for 30 minutes and shake it well at any time. Too high temperature, too long time or uneven shaking will cause the increase of sediment. After the serum was thawed, flocculent precipitation was found. What should I do? In order to remove these flocculent precipitates, the serum can be put into a sterile centrifuge tube, slightly centrifuged at 400g, and then the supernatant is added to the culture medium and filtered together. However, it is not recommended to remove these flocculent precipitates by filtration, because the filtration membrane may be blocked. What is thermal inactivation? Generally, the thawed serum is treated at 56℃ for 30 minutes, because this heating step can inactivate complement, and the reactions that complement participates in include: cytolytic activity, smooth muscle contraction, histamine release from mast cells and platelets, enhanced phagocytosis, chemotaxis and activation of lymphocytes and macrophages. Is it necessary to do heat inactivation? Experiments show that heat-inactivated serum after proper treatment is unnecessary for most cells. The serum treated by this method has little or no effect on the growth of cells, and even high temperature treatment usually affects the quality of serum, resulting in a decline in the growth rate of cells. However, after heat treatment, the formation of precipitates will increase obviously. When these sediments are observed under an inverted microscope, such as "small black spots", researchers often mistakenly think that the serum is polluted, but when the serum is placed at 37℃, the sediments will increase even more, which makes researchers mistakenly think that it is the division and expansion of microorganisms. Pay attention to ask the manufacturer if it is inactivated serum when buying. Attention should be paid to the following points in serum preservation: (1) Serum that needs long-term preservation must be kept in a low-temperature refrigerator at -20℃-70℃. The storage time in the refrigerator at 4℃ shall not exceed 65438 0 months. Because the volume of serum will increase by about 10% when it is frozen, a certain volume space must be reserved before freezing in the low-temperature freezer. Otherwise, it is easy to be polluted or the glass bottle will freeze and crack. (2) Thermal inactivation refers to heating the completely thawed serum at 56℃ for 30 minutes. Be sure to shake it regularly and evenly during heating. The purpose of this heat treatment is to inactivate the complement in serum. Unless necessary, this kind of heat treatment is generally not recommended, because heat treatment will obviously increase serum precipitation and affect the quality of serum. Complement participates in the following reactions: cytotoxicity, contraction of smooth muscle cells, release of histamine from mast cells and platelets, enhancement of phagocytosis, and promotion of chemotaxis and activation of lymphocytes and macrophages. (3) The bottled serum needs to be thawed step by step: put the serum in the refrigerator at -20℃ to -70℃ in the refrigerator at 4℃ for 65438 0 days, and then move it to room temperature. Wait until it is completely dissolved before repackaging. In the process of dissolution, gently shake (be careful not to cause bubbles) to make the temperature and composition uniform and reduce the occurrence of precipitation. Do not thaw the serum directly from -20℃ to 37℃, which will easily lead to protein agglutination and precipitation. (4) The serum provided by general manufacturers is sterile and does not need to be filtered and sterilized. If suspended matter is found in serum, it can be added to the culture medium. Do not directly filter serum. (5) The precipitated flocs in serum are mainly caused by lipoprotein denaturation in serum and fibrin thawing in serum. These flocs will not affect the quality of serum itself. They can be removed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes, or they can be left untreated. Microscopic "small black spots": the formation of precipitate will increase obviously after serum heat treatment. Some sediments look like "small black spots" under the microscope. It is often mistaken for serum contamination. Generally, this kind of small black spots will not affect the growth of cells, but if there is any doubt about the quality of serum, you should stop using it immediately and replace it with another batch of serum. (6) Don't leave the serum at 37℃ for too long, otherwise the serum will become turbid and the effective components in the serum will be destroyed, which will affect the quality of the serum. According to different bacteria or viruses, serum veterinary drugs are injected into different kinds of animals to obtain antiviral serum with different immune characteristics. According to the market research of Henan Shunxin Animal Blood Products Co., Ltd., the animal antiviral serum on the market at present can be roughly divided into the following types: 1, pig antiviral serum: classical swine fever, porcine blue ear disease, porcine circovirus, porcine pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus, porcine foot-and-mouth disease virus, swine flu virus and so on. 2. Avian antiviral serum: gosling plague antiviral serum, duck liver antibody antiviral serum, duck serositis antiviral serum, avian influenza antiviral serum, Newcastle disease blood antiviral serum, etc. 3. Bovine antiviral serum: bovine foot-and-mouth disease antiviral serum, bovine epidemic hemorrhagic fever antiviral serum, bovine viral diarrhea antiviral serum, bovine hemorrhagic septicemia antiviral serum, etc. 4. Sheep antiviral serum: sheep pox. 5. Canine antiviral serum: canine rabies antiviral, canine distemper antiviral, canine parainfluenza antiviral, canine adenovirus antiviral and canine parvovirus antiviral high immune serum, fox mink pseudorabies antiviral, parvovirus antiviral and Japanese encephalitis antiviral serum. Description: This product is yellow-brown clear liquid. Function: This product can induce the body to produce interferon, regulate the body's immune function, promote the formation of antibodies, enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages, enhance the body's phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms, and have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitoxin and immune function. Indications: 1. Fever, listlessness, grinding teeth, salivation, vomiting, muscle spasm and anorexia caused by classical swine fever and pseudorabies; Constipation, diarrhea, foul stool or constipation and diarrhea appear alternately; Purple bleeding spots appear locally on the body surface, and the finger pressure does not subside; Dyspnea, chest breathing, etc. 2. Vomiting, diarrhea or watery diarrhea, dysentery and dehydration caused by infectious gastroenteritis and epidemic diarrhea; The breast milk of sows can prevent severe diarrhea and other diseases. 3. Repeated pregnancy failure, premature delivery, late abortion, stillbirth, fetal mummy, weak piglets or a small number of piglets caused by porcine parvovirus disease and blue ear disease; Dyspnea and dyskinesia in newborn piglets; Sometimes it shows cyanosis in the ears. 4. It has a good therapeutic effect on mixed infection of the above diseases or mixed infection with bacterial diseases; Has definite curative effect on infectious bursal disease of chicken. Administration and dosage: intramuscular injection or intravenous injection: one dose per 1kg body weight, 0. 1-0.2ml for pigs and 0.2-0.3ml for chickens, once a day for 2-3 days. Specification: 10ml: Astragalus polysaccharide 2g, anti-disease drug 1g, and other appropriate amount. Packing: 10ml× 10 PCs/box