Immigrants from Roman countries and residents of conquered areas are called civilians. They are free men, but they have no political rights and cannot share the clan's public land. Many civilians became debt slaves because they were unable to repay the debts of the nobles.
In 509 BC, Rome established a slave republic. Two consuls are elected from the nobility to handle political affairs for a term of one year. All the power of the Republic is in the hands of nobles. The consul and all senior positions are held by nobles. At that time, the Roman Republic was a slave country under aristocratic dictatorship.
Rome continued to expand, first unifying the Italian peninsula. By the second century BC, it had occupied many places around the Mediterranean, from Spain to Asia Minor, and ruled the Mediterranean.
Rome often sold all men, women and children in the conquered areas as slaves. Roman slave owners believed that slaves were just talking tools. They often abused and traded at will, and even crucified slaves. In the Roman Republic of Slavery, slave labor was used in all walks of life. In addition to work, some slaves were forced to train as gladiators and fought fiercely for the pleasure of slave owners. There is a special slave market in the city to buy and sell slaves. At that time, the number of slaves and the low price were unprecedented in history.
From 73 BC to 7/kloc-0 BC, Spartak led slaves to hold a large-scale uprising, in which a large number of bankrupt farmers participated, which dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class. At about this time, the power struggle within the ruling class was very fierce. After several struggles, Octavian finally won. In 27 BC, he became the emperor of Rome. From then on, Rome entered the period of slavery military empire. In the first 200 years of the empire, the country prospered, spanning Europe, Asia and Africa, and the Mediterranean became the inner lake of Rome.
In the first century AD, missionaries appeared among Jews in Palestine and Asia Minor under the rule of the Roman Empire. They preached that the "savior" would save the poor, and later said that Jesus was the "savior", that is, "Christ". Jesus preached in Palestine and was crucified. In fact, Jesus is a religious legend, but the working people get spiritual comfort, so they all believe in Jesus. This gave birth to Christianity, which is one of the three major religions in the world today.
In the third century, there was a crisis in the Roman Empire. Frequent people's uprisings, economic decline, official corruption and fierce power struggle. In 395, the empire was divided into two parts: East and West. With the decline of the empire, Germans from the north gradually entered the empire. In the fifth century, they successively established some countries on the original land of the Western Roman Empire. In 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire was abolished and the Western Roman Empire perished. The Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist.
The origin of Rome and the archaeological achievements in modern times reveal that Rome originated from the left bank of the Tiber River in Latim Plain, Italy, about 20 kilometers away from the sea. There are many hills and gullies here, which are suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry and have convenient transportation. Around 1000 BC, Latin people belonging to Indo-European languages entered the Latium Plain, and some of them moved to Rome around 800 BC to live in Palatium and other hilly areas. They built villages at the top of the mountain, engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, used iron tools, lived in huts and practiced cremation. At the same time or later, Sabin people lived in neighboring hills and huts, but they were buried. In the 7th century BC, the contact between tribes increased, so the process of tribal union began with Pallatium as the center, from a single Latin tribe to a Roman commune including Sabine and Eta Rasquin, and began to transition to a city-state and class society. From the end of the 7th century BC to the end of the 6th century BC, the Roman commune was under the rule of Etta Rasquin. At this time, the transition from clan tribal commune to polis was completed.
History calls the 8th to 6th century BC "the age of kings". At that time, clan and tribal organizations were still intact, and they had various military democratic institutions: curia (phratry) Conference, Senate and Wang (hence the name). However, the relationship between internal class division, parental slavery and protection system has already taken place, and later there was a distinction between nobles and civilians. Legend has it that there were seven kings during the reign. The first four kings were the military leaders of the Roman Commune, and the last three kings were the kings of the Tacven Dynasty in Lasquin. The Roman commune under the rule of Takvin dynasty may maintain certain freedom, and the foreign rule with advanced culture has accelerated its transformation into a class society. Severus Tullius, the sixth king in the middle of 6th century BC, marked the birth of the Roman state.
Comparison of China events in ancient Rome:
In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The spring and autumn period of vassal hegemony began.
In 753 BC? Legend has it that Rome built a city.
In 685 BC, Qi Huangong ascended the throne, taking Guan Zhong as the phase, and carried out reforms.
In 509 BC, the era of Roman monarchy ended and the Republic was founded.
In 453 BC, Zhao, Han and Wei of the State of Jin wiped out the Zhi family and divided their territory into three parts.
In 449 BC, Rome promulgated the law of twelve bronze watches.
In 356 BC, Qin Shangyang began to reform.
In 24 1 BC, the first Punic War broke out between Rome and Carthage.
In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified China and established the first unified dynasty in the history of feudal society in China, calling himself the "first emperor".
From 2 18 BC to 20 1 BC, the second Punic War broke out between Rome and Carthage.
In 202 BC, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu in the Chu-Han War and established the Western Han Dynasty.
From BC 149 to BC 146, the third Punic War broke out between Rome and Carthage, and the city of Carthage was destroyed.
In BC 14 1 year, Liu Che ascended the throne and the Western Han Dynasty entered a prosperous period.
Before 1930s BC, 65438+1930s, the Roman Civil War era.
In 1 19 BC, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing defeated the Huns in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Huns migrated from there.
From 73 BC to 7 1 year BC, the slave uprising in Spartacus, Rome.
In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection House to govern the Western Regions.
In 60 BC, Pompeii, crassus and Caesar in Rome formed the "first three governments".
In 5 1 year BC, Xuan Di and Liu Xun, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, called a meeting in Shiqu Pavilion to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics.
In 43 BC, the Romans Anthony, Octavian and Libida formed the "post-three-headed politics".
In 33 BC, King Zhao Jun of the Western Han Dynasty left the fortress.
In 27 BC, Octavian established the head of state system and established the Roman Empire.
In 8 AD, Wang Mang established a new dynasty on behalf of the Han Dynasty.
14 ~ 68 AD, Julian Claudius of the Roman Empire.
In AD 25, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In 26 AD, the Flaviu dynasty of the Roman Empire.
In 73 AD, Dou Gu defeated Xiongnu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Ban Chao went to the Western Regions.
In 79 AD, Vesuvius in Rome erupted, and Pompeii and other cities were wiped out.
In 92 AD, eunuch Zheng Zhong and others were blocked for killing consorts, and eunuchs began to use their power.
In 96 ~ 192 ad, the Roman empire Antony dynasty.
In 97 AD, Ban Chao of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Gan Ying to Daqin (Roman Empire), and Gan Ying went to recuperate and return to the sea.
In A.D. 166, Wang Andun of Daqin (Rome) was the envoy of the Han Dynasty.
In A.D. 184, Zhang Jiao led the Yellow Scarf Uprising.
193 ~ 235, Severus dynasty of Roman Empire.
In 208 AD, the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's army in Battle of Red Cliffs.
In 2 12, caracalla, the Roman emperor, issued an imperial decree granting Roman citizenship to China freemen.
In 220 AD, Cao Pi abolished the Han Emperor and established the State of Wei.
From 235 to 284 AD, Roman society fell into the "First crisis of the third century", and barbarians began to invade across borders.
In 280 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu and temporarily unified China.
From 284 to 305, Diocletian in Rome carried out reforms.
In 29 1 year, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out in the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 3 13, Constantine the Great promulgated the Milan Decree, which recognized the legitimacy of Christianity.
In 3 16 AD, Xiongnu soldiers captured Chang 'an, and the Western Jin Dynasty ended, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was established the following year.
In 330 AD, Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium and changed its name to Constantinople.
In 383 AD, the Eastern Jin army was defeated by the former Qin army in the battle of Feishui.
In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West.
In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of Song abolished the independence of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and renamed it Song Dynasty, which was called the Southern Dynasty.
In 476 AD, romulo Augustus, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was abolished and the Western Roman Empire perished.
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In A.D. 1453, Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, was conquered by the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and the Eastern Rome perished. In the same year, the Ming Dynasty was founded 85 years ago.