-Write it in the front
Speaking of New Year pictures, I think everyone knows it. New Year pictures, together with firecrackers, Spring Festival couplets and blessings, constitute an indispensable symbol of the traditional New Year in China. In China, New Year pictures are a symbol of the New Year. If you don't post them, it's not the New Year. In the long years, with the evolution of festival customs, the unique symbolic decorative art of China folk has been formed, and its origin can be traced back to the ancient concept of nature worship and belief in gods.
New Year pictures are a kind of Chinese paintings, which originated from the ancient "door paintings", originated from the Han Dynasty, developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and prevailed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a unique folk art form in China, and it is also an art form loved by rural people in China. It reflects people's simple customs and beliefs and places their good hopes on the future.
The appellation of New Year pictures has experienced a continuous evolution process. Paper painting was called in Song Dynasty, painting paste in Ming Dynasty and painting, painting and painting in Qing Dynasty. The first real New Year pictures appeared in history, in the 29th year of Qing Daoguang (1849), and Li Guangting wrote "Explaining Yi in the Country": "However, after cleaning the house, such as" Shun Xiao Tu "and" Crops ",it is not a bad thing for children to read and understand." The word "New Year pictures" appeared in the text from now on.
New Year pictures were formally formed in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, prosperous commerce and handicrafts, increasingly mature block printing and rich folk New Year greeting activities provided good social conditions for the development of New Year pictures. Woodblock New Year pictures in the Southern Song Dynasty are more abundant.
The Yuan Dynasty is the low point of New Year pictures, and most of them are the continuation of similar New Year pictures in the Song Dynasty. At this time, there appeared a kind of moon card painting called "99 Cold Relief Map", which was used by later generations.
In the Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of novel and opera illustrations greatly promoted the development of New Year pictures, and the invention of short-version arch flower technology made the printing of New Year pictures more colorful.
After the middle of Ming Dynasty, with the further development of commercial handicraft industry and the maturity of color overprint technology in block printing, woodblock New Year pictures developed rapidly, and famous New Year pictures such as Yangliuqing in Tianjin, Yangjiabu in Shandong and Taohuawu in Suzhou appeared.
Qing Dynasty is the heyday of New Year pictures. The social situation in the period of Kang and Gan laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of New Year pictures. The popularity of popular novels provides rich creative materials for a large number of New Year pictures workshops. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the rural market of New Year pictures was greatly impacted, and the traditional New Year pictures gradually declined.
During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, New Year pictures which expressed revolutionary contents in the form of folk New Year pictures appeared in the liberated areas. In the hard years of the war, they inspired the morale of the army and civilians and hit the enemy.
After 1949, many professional painters joined the creative team of New Year pictures. They broke some fixed procedures of the old New Year pictures, and boldly borrowed the expression techniques of other paintings, and the New Year pictures took on a new look.
New Year pictures are auspicious images of ancient China, with all-encompassing themes. They can be called encyclopedias of folk life, which can be roughly divided into four categories: immortals and mascots, secular life, dolls and beauties, stories and legends. In the long history, New Year pictures have gradually formed different artistic styles and obvious local characteristics, such as Yangliuqing in Tianjin, Zhuxian Town in Kaifeng, Henan, Taohuawu in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Yangjiabu in Weifang, Shandong, Gaomi, Mianzhu in Sichuan, Wuqiang in Hebei, Fengxiang in Shaanxi, Foshan in Guangdong, Pingyang in Linfen, Shanxi, Zhangzhou in Fujian and beachhead woodblock New Year pictures in Shaoyang, Hunan. , are renowned for a long time, each has its own advantages. Among them, the simple Mianzhu New Year Pictures in Sichuan inherited the tradition of line drawing and color setting techniques in the Tang and Song Dynasties, thus forming a bright, gorgeous, simple and rich local flavor and distinctive national characteristics.
Mianzhu New Year Pictures, also known as Mianzhu Woodblock New Year Pictures, is a kind of folk Woodblock New Year Pictures in China. It is named Mianzhu City, Sichuan Province, and is the hometown of bamboo and paper. It is popular in southwest China, a flower of folk art watered by the people with wisdom, and a splendid cultural accumulation washed down by historical waves and sandstorms. Together with Tianjin Yangliuqing New Year Pictures, Shandong Weifang Yangjiabu Woodblock New Year Pictures and Suzhou Taohuawu Woodblock New Year Pictures, it is called "Four Great New Year Pictures in China" and is known as "Three Treasures in Sichuan" and "Three Wonders in Mianzhu".
Mianzhu people have turned people's longing for life and soul into a brilliant artistic miracle! At one time, there was a trend that "mountains and rivers competed for goods, and merchants sat on the map day and night". According to "Mianzhu County Records" Volume 9 "Preface to Industrial Records", "Bamboo and wood are the main products of Mianzhu Northwest Forest ... The benefits of bamboo paper are not enough for ten thousand people, so they are printed as books, used as peach symbols, painted as colorful pavilions, and embellished the year." It can be seen that Mianzhu has produced bamboo paper since ancient times, and folk woodcut printing and painting are developed. As early as the Song Dynasty, woodcut New Year pictures were born. Mianzhu New Year pictures, accompanied by the ancient farming culture, have been gradually formed through long-term accumulation and development.
Mianzhu New Year pictures originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it injected new contents and modern people's aesthetic taste. In Song Dynasty, due to the invention of movable type printing, Mianzhu woodblock New Year pictures were developed. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, when the guild halls were generally built in urban and rural areas of Sichuan, Mianzhu painters and sculptors were hired to sculpt statues and draw beams and walls, which made the art of young painters develop in practice. Mianzhu county records: "Merchants came from Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan and Guizhou, wrapped in silver, came to the city to paint in different places, and then went south one after another, with buyers all over Wanglu for 150 miles." ; During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, Mianzhu New Year Pictures entered its heyday due to economic prosperity, and the New Year Pictures Guild was established accordingly, with more than 900 professional employees and more than 300 workshops. Mianzhu County Chronicle in Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty: "If the benefits of bamboo paper are less than 10,000 households, it will be printed as a book, painted as a peach symbol and painted as a colorful altar to decorate the years." During the period of the Republic of China, due to the bankruptcy of rural economy and the melee of warlords, the workshops of New Year pictures closed down one after another, and Mianzhu New Year pictures, which were once famous at home and abroad, were even more in decline. After the birth of New China, a group of young New Year picture writers grew up rapidly under the guidance of the older generation of artists, and Mianzhu New Year pictures were thoroughly remoulded.
The production procedures and characteristics of Mianzhu New Year pictures are hand-painted and cross-embroidered. According to the general name of China folk artists, there are several processes: hanging, cross-cutting, flower printing, gold printing, regular modeling and water filling. It has the characteristics of strong painting, bright colors, smooth lines and diverse contents.
Mianzhu New Year pictures workshops in its heyday were mainly distributed in Mianzhu urban area and southwest rural areas, with different styles. For example, the sweeping workshop is dominated by colored water robes; Zundao workshop emphasizes beauty, doll play and story; City New Year pictures are mainly rubbings, essays, fights, cases or paintings. Mianzhu New Year pictures are divided into dividend goods and black goods. Red goods refer to painted New Year pictures, including door paintings, gladiators and stripes. Among them, there are many ways to make door paintings, such as heavy hair, two hairs and three hairs, which are used to paste doors, halls, doors and stoves. Draw a nave, a screen, a horizontal push, a single etc. For posting in halls, bedrooms, corridors and barns. Black goods refer to woodcut rubbings printed with cigarette ink or cinnabar, mostly landscapes, flowers and birds, statues and celebrity calligraphy and painting, with nave and stripes in the majority.
Mianzhu New Year pictures have a wide range of contents, and door gods are the main varieties of Mianzhu traditional New Year pictures. According to the specifications, there are three kinds: heavy hair, two hairs and three hairs (Mao is the opening of art paper for Mianzhu New Year pictures): The so-called heavy hair is to paint on all-pink paper, and draw more military commanders such as Ru and Weichi Gong, which is called Wu Shen. Stick it on the gate, which is intended to protect the family from fierce attacks; Ermao, that is, the literati posted on the second gate, painted slightly smaller than the former, mostly seeking happiness, pleasure and wealth; The three hairs pasted on the bedroom door or kitchen door range from as little as 20 hairs, and most of them are ladies' dolls, such as flower-admiring beauties and babao boys. In addition, there is a rare janitor, as big as the gate. This kind of door god is common on the huge dragon gate of the old big family, and its content is mostly military commanders. The most interesting stories are China folk tales, such as "A mouse marries a girl" and "Three monkeys scald a pig".
China folk New Year pictures are almost examples of China folk culture. Because it not only has artistic value, but more importantly, it carries a lot of natural and human information. In June 2006, Mianzhu Woodblock New Year Pictures were approved by the State Council and the Ministry of Culture as the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. With the support of the relevant departments at the central, provincial, municipal and county levels, the Mianzhu New Year Pictures Museum was established with an investment of more than 4.6 million yuan, which has become a professional museum integrating the collection, arrangement, research, creation, publication, development, sales and teaching of New Year Pictures, which is very important for the protection and inheritance of Mianzhu Woodblock New Year Pictures.
In Mianzhu, there are not only Mianzhu New Year Pictures Museum, a professional protection unit, but also Mianzhu New Year Pictures Village. Mianzhu New Year Pictures Village is located in Archery Village, Xiaode Town, at the junction of Deyang and Mianzhu, only about 80 kilometers away from Chengdu. It is a national AAAA scenic spot. The main attractions in the village are New Year Picture Village, New Year Picture Lake, Modern Agriculture Demonstration Park, New Year Picture Exhibition Hall and New Year Picture Neighborhood.
It is undoubtedly a beautiful thing to enjoy the New Year pictures and the beautiful scenery of the ancient streets. The ancients placed their best wishes on paintings. Now there are many New Year picture workshops, New Year picture training classrooms, old artist workshops, New Year picture workshops and so on. In the fields of the New Year Pictures Village, there are many new houses in western Sichuan. Colorful New Year Pictures come into the room and climb the white walls of every household. As a kind of folk art, Mianzhu woodblock New Year pictures are rooted in the earth and combined with farmyard to complement each other.
Nowadays, the villagers in New Year Picture Village live and work in peace and contentment. They are not only producers of New Year pictures, but also inheritors of traditional skills. At present, the New Year Picture Village has formed a prosperous scene with thirteen scenes in one street.
The custom of New Year pictures reflects the spiritual comfort and belief of the ancients. Later, with the development of society, people's worship of nature gradually turned into worship and belief in social personality gods. From the earliest symbol of peach and peach, reed and reed, golden rooster and god and tiger, to Yu, to military commanders such as Guan Yu, Zhao, Weichi Gong and Qin, and immortals such as Zhong Kui, Shi Tian and Dong Fangshuo, it has a distinct development track. The art of New Year pictures was initiated by China, and it also reflected the history, life, beliefs and customs of China society. Every Lunar New Year, I buy two New Year pictures and stick them on the door, which is the case in almost every family. From the gate to the hall, there are all kinds of colorful New Year pictures symbolizing good fortune. The reason why the Spring Festival is full of joy and excitement is that New Year pictures have played a certain role in it.
Originated in the Northern Song Dynasty, flourished in the Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it has injected new contents and modern people's aesthetic taste.
195, the propaganda department of Mianzhu County Committee decided to set up Mianzhumen Painting Society, which was managed by the Cultural Center. 1962, the propaganda department of the county party Committee established Mianzhu Woodboard Painting Society with the scale of Door Painting Society. From 65438 to 0963, Mianzhu New Year Pictures went to Chengdu and Beijing to hold an exhibition, which was highly praised by the cultural circles and artists in the capital. Poet Guo Moruo also improvised a poem "Xijiang Moon": this is a magnificent scene, as if returning to Sichuan. The shadow play of the door god is really beautiful, recalling the Spring Festival when I was a child. No wonder Yang Ma gave birth, and later gave birth to a son. Workers' craftsmanship is extraordinary, and thousands of flowers are blooming.
1979, the famous British Chinese writer went to Rong. When talking about Bashu culture, she said: "Mianzhu New Year Pictures are authentic national culture and authentic local art ... It is recorded in encyclopedia americana."
1982 At the beginning of the year, Mianzhu New Year Painting Exhibition in Sichuan, China visited Hong Kong, and Hong Kong painters especially appreciated Mianzhu's "foot-filling" door gods. In that year, 065438+ 10/2, Hong Kong Wen Wei Po reported on the title of "characteristic water-filled foot door".
From 65438 to 0993, Mianzhu was named "the hometown of Chinese New Year pictures" by the Ministry of Culture of People's Republic of China (PRC).
1994, Mianzhu New Year Pictures were selected as "China Unique Folk Art, China".
1996, Mianzhu Xie Nian Museum was completed and put into use, with a construction area of 6,000 square meters and a construction investment of more than 6 million yuan.
1997, Mianzhu New Year Pictures won the gold medal in the 5th China Art Festival.
In February 2002, the Ministry of Culture officially announced Mianzhu New Year Pictures as the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage.
Since 2002, Mianzhu People's Government of Sichuan Province has started to hold Mianzhu New Year Painting Festival.
In April, 2004, in response to the national cultural system reform policy, Mianzhu Painting and Calligraphy Institute, initiated by private enterprise cultural and artistic units, was established with Jiang as its founder. Mianzhu Folk New Year Pictures Museum was set up separately.
On May 20th, 2006, Mianzhu Woodblock New Year Pictures were approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, with the heritage number ⅶ- 1 1.
In 2007, the sales volume of Mianzhu New Year Pictures in the whole city was more than 20 million, and there were more than 400 employees. With the development of tourism and export business, the annual sales of Mianzhu New Year pictures increased by nearly 20%. It has been exported to India, Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar and other countries. New Year pictures are already a business card for Mianzhu to go out (according to statistics of Mianzhu Culture and Sports Bureau).
On February 0, 2007, the State Post Bureau issued a set of 4 special stamps and a souvenir sheet of 1. Stamp design: Wang; Printing unit: Henan Post and Telecommunications Printing Factory; No.: 2007-4.
So far, Mianzhu New Year pictures have been collected by more than 50 museums and tens of thousands of experts, scholars and collectors around the world. More than 200 newspapers, magazines, radio stations and TV stations, such as People's Daily, People's China Daily, China Today, Hong Kong Wen Wei Po, Shen Bao, New Evening News, and The Land of Taiwan Province Province, made special publicity and introduction on it.
20 13 June, the 4th China Chengdu International Intangible Cultural Heritage Festival was held in Chengdu. Mianzhu New Year Pictures, as the only exhibitor in Deyang, participated in exhibitions, performances, exhibitions and exchange activities. The new image of Mianzhu culture is displayed, which not only shows Mianzhu ancient New Year pictures and their representative works, but also shows the achievements of Mianzhu New Year pictures in inheritance, research, innovation and protection as a national production and protection demonstration base, and also shows the extended products of Mianzhu New Year pictures. During this period, leaders of the Ministry of Culture and the National Heritage Department and guests and friends at home and abroad visited and exchanged ideas in Mianzhu New Year Pictures Exhibition Hall.
20 15 Li Yue Mianzhu new year picture lion dance (art category) won the 16th China Population and Culture Award.
On 20 18, Mianzhu organized the 17th Mianzhu New Year Painting Festival, which developed rural tourism based on the characteristic cultural resources of New Year Painting and promoted the New Year Painting Village to be a national 4A-level tourist attraction. Shoot the cartoon "The Story of New Year Picture Village" with Mianzhu New Year Picture as the theme and socialist core values as the content.
On the morning of February 20 19919, "Our Festival-Sichuan Mianzhu New Year Painting Exhibition" co-sponsored by Sichuan Artists Association, Sichuan Art Museum and Mianzhu Municipal People's Government was grandly opened in Sichuan Art Museum.
On February 20 19, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism published the list of "Hometown of Folk Culture and Art in China" on February 20 18-2020 175, and Mianzhu was selected as the only city in Deyang relying on Mianzhu New Year Pictures, a national intangible cultural heritage.
On April 20 19, Mianzhu New Year Pictures participated in the Koning Cultural Exchange Art Festival in Poland.
Mianzhu New Year Pictures in China —— Edited by Mianzhu Municipal Committee of Sichuan Province and published by Central Literature Publishing House.
Mianzhu Woodblock New Year Pictures-Shen/Author
China in New Year Pictures —— China Youth Publishing House, Shen Hong/author, 20 15- 12.