(British) Tangshen, the root of Fllase AsiabelI
Alias Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis pilosula, Taiwan Province Ginseng, Xiancaogen and leafy vegetables.
Source This product is the dried root of Codonopsis pilosula (France. )Nannf。 Codonopsis pilosula var。 Modesta (Nannf. ) Lu Hu Shen or Dangshen. Campanulaceae.
The taste is dull, slightly sweet and slightly sour. Spleen and lung meridian.
The character is similar to that of Codonopsis pilosula, but there are few branches. Only the upper part of the root 1 ~ 3 cm is ring-shaped, slightly soft, and there are few cracks in the cross section. It tastes a little sour. It is long cylindrical and slightly curved, with a length of 10-35cm and a diameter of 0.4-2cm. There are many verrucous processes on the root head, and the top of the stem mark is concave; There are dense annular transverse stripes under the root cap, which are gradually sparse downward, some of which reach half of the total length, and there are few or no annular stripes in the cultivated products; There are longitudinal wrinkles and scattered transverse lenticels, and dark brown gelatinous substances are often found at the broken branches. The texture is slightly hard or tough, the cut surface is slightly flat, there are cracks or radial textures, the skin is yellowish white to light brown, and the wood is yellowish. It has a special fragrance and a slightly sweet taste.
Its main functions are invigorating the middle energizer, strengthening the spleen and benefiting the lung. For spleen and lung weakness, shortness of breath, palpitation, loss of appetite, thin stool, deficiency asthma and cough, and internal heat to quench thirst.
Can be used for treating qi deficiency, listlessness, shortness of breath, anorexia, facial edema, diarrhea, and proctoptosis. This product is a commonly used drug for invigorating qi in clinic, which has the function of invigorating spleen and lung, and its effect is close to that of ginseng, but it is weak. It is suitable for all kinds of qi deficiency patients, and is often used with Astragalus, Atractylodes macrocephala and Dioscorea opposita. For chronic hemorrhagic diseases caused by blood deficiency and chlorosis and deficiency of both qi and blood, blood-enriching drugs such as Radix Rehmanniae Preparata and Radix Angelicae Sinensis are used.
Usage and dosage: decocted, 9-30g.
Material form: herbaceous vine, milky white, with strong smell. The leaves are ovoid, 1 ~ 6.5 cm long and 0.5 ~ 5 cm wide, the apex is blunt or slightly sharp, the base is nearly heart-shaped, the edge has wavy blunt teeth, and both sides are sparse or densely covered. Flowers are solitary on the branches; Calyx adnate to the middle of the room, 5-lobed in the upper part; Corolla is bell-shaped, yellow-green, with purple spots inside, and the apex is 5-lobed; Stamens 5, filaments and anthers nearly equal in length, pistil stigma with white bristles. Capsule short conical. The flowering period is July-September, and the fruiting period is 9-65438+1October.
The place of origin is on the edge of mountains and bushes. Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Henan, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China; Now it is planted in large quantities.
Chemical components include polysaccharides, phenols, sterols, volatile oil, baicalein glycosides, saponins and trace alkaloids.
The plant morphology is basically the same as that of Codonopsis pilosula, and the main differences are as follows: the plant is almost smooth and hairless except for the densely pilose leaves on both sides; Leaf blade elliptic, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 2 ~ 8 cm long and 0.8 ~ 3.5 cm wide, with blunt or sharp tip, wedge-shaped or round base and sparse shallow heart shape. Calyx 5-parted, only the base is connate with ovary, filaments are longer than anthers, and ovary is inferior. The capsule is large and purple when mature.
Various exhibitions
1. "Ben Feng Jingyuan": Qing Fei. Although Shang Dangshen is not warm, it has the function of calming the nerves and clearing the lungs, unlike the cold of Radix Adenophorae.
2. "Materia Medica from the New": Buzhong Yiqi, in addition to spleen and stomach thirst.
3. Outline: Treating lung deficiency and benefiting lung qi.
4. Scientific folk herbs: enriching blood. It is suitable for chronic anemia, chlorosis, leukemia, adenosis and rickets.
5. Handbook of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Treating fatigue, internal injuries, stomach cold, chronic diarrhea, asthma and polydipsia, fever and spontaneous sweating, bleeding of women and fetal diseases.
6. "Ying Ben Cao": Go to Codonopsis pilosula and get ten flavors of Astragalus, with Shi Lian to stop dysentery, Jun Danggui to promote blood circulation, and jujube kernel to strengthen the heart. Mixing and steaming lung-tonifying honey; Tonify spleen for fear of qi stagnation, add a few minutes of mulberry bark, or add broad bark.
7. "Materia Medica Justice": Codonopsis pilosula can strengthen the spleen and nourish the stomach, moisten the lungs and produce fluid, and transport the qi in the tendons, which is not far from ginseng. Spleen is not dry, stomach yin is not wet, lungs are not cold, blood is not greasy, and yang is not stiff and dry, which is especially valuable. Compared with Liaoshen, Liaoshen is strong, but it lacks femininity. Korean ginseng smells majestic, while people who are a little too resolute are particularly balanced, so it is appropriate for them to feed the five internal organs, which is not suitable anywhere. The special forces are weak and won't last long. Anyone who suffers from yuan deficiency after illness and stops vibrating for one day after taking two pills will believe in the scale of peace and justice, and some people can't bear it for a long time. However, it subsidizes Zhongzhou and nourishes the quartet. Therefore, ginseng used in ancient and modern prescriptions can be taken by Codonopsis pilosula, which means that anyone who uses ginseng for various syndromes can also be taken by Codonopsis pilosula.
Party selection
① Clearing lung, benefiting qi, and strengthening tendons: one catty of Codonopsis pilosula (soft and sweet, sliced), half a catty of sand (sliced), and four ounces of longan meat. Decoct the thick juice with water, drop it into beads and store it in porcelain. Every time you use a glass, you can take it with hollow boiling water and pour it into the decoction. (Depei Herbal Dangshen Ointment)
② Treatment of diarrhea and procreation caused by proctoptosis due to qi deficiency: Codonopsis pilosula (fried with reed and rice) is two yuan, fried scallion, Atractylodes macrocephala (pure fried), nutmeg cream and Poria are one yuan and fifty cents each, yam (fried) is two yuan, Cimicifuga foetida (fried with honey) is six points, and roasted licorice is seven points. Add two slices of ginger and stir-fry until cooked. Still add five points. (I don't know the necessity of medical treatment, Shenjiao Baizhu Decoction)
(3) Medicine for treating wind-cold and cold, which leads to spleen and stomach damage and sores on the mouth and tongue: Codonopsis pilosula (baked) and Astragalus membranaceus (fried) are two yuan each, Poria is one yuan, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (raw) is five points, and Paeonia lactiflora is seven points. Boil in water, warm. (Purple Treasure in Laryngology, Jishen Qianwei Powder)
④ Treatment of aphtha in children: one or two codonopsis pilosula and five phellodendron amurense. Grind the fine powder together and blow it on the affected part (Compilation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions in Qinghai Province)
⑤ Inhibition or killing effect on Leprosy Bacillus: The root bark of Codonopsis pilosula, Paris polyphylla (Paris polyphylla) and Aralia elata (Aralia elata) are all equal. Grinding Radix Codonopsis and Rhizoma Paridis into fine powder; Decoct that root bark of Nitraria tangutorum with water for three time, concentrating the decoctions into a certain amount of liquid medicine (which can soak the fine powder of radix Codonopsis and rhizoma paridis), adding a proper amount of honey, then pouring the fine powder of rhizoma paridis and radix Codonopsis into the mixture, mashing, and making into pills, each pill weighs San Qian; It can also be made into ointment. Take one pill three times a day with boiled water. (Beijing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine "New Medical Law Collection")
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Medication experience
Professor Jiao Shude thinks Codonopsis pilosula tastes sweet. Its main function is invigorating qi and strengthening spleen. It is often used as a substitute for ginseng to treat qi deficiency syndrome. Clinically, it is often used in the following situations:
1. Spleen and stomach: Spleen and stomach qi deficiency may lead to symptoms such as drowsiness, shortness of breath, loss of appetite and soft stool. This product can enhance the function of spleen and stomach, benefit qi and nourish yin, and can be used together with Atractylodis Rhizoma, Poria, Glycyrrhiza, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae (Wuwei Gong Yi Powder) or Atractylodis Rhizoma, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Lentils, Euryale Semen, Lotus Seed, Coicis Semen and Poria (Shenlingbaizhu Powder).
2. Supplementing qi and nourishing blood: used for symptoms of deficiency of both qi and blood (shortness of breath, laziness, pale face, pale tongue, even puffiness, weak pulse, etc.). ), this product can be used together with Atractylodes macrocephala, Poria, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Angelica sinensis, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Radix Paeoniae Alba, and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (such as Bazhen Decoction) to achieve the effect of invigorating both qi and blood. Furthermore, previous experience holds that invigorating qi can promote blood supply, and invigorating spleen can help blood production. Therefore, in the treatment of blood deficiency syndrome, Codonopsis pilosula is often combined with qi-invigorating and spleen-strengthening drugs to help blood supply. For example, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Poria, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Polygalae, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, etc. Used as ginseng nourishing soup (codonopsis pilosula instead of ginseng); Radix Astragali, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, Arillus Longan, Radix Aucklandiae, Radix Polygalae, etc. It is a common prescription for invigorating qi and enriching blood. According to modern experiments, this product can increase hemoglobin and red blood cells through spleen stimulation. In recent years, this product is often combined with Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Rehmanniae and Radix Rehmanniae to treat various anemia.
3. Treatment of Qi Deficiency and Cough and Asthma: Lung is the main qi, lung deficiency leads to shortness of breath, weak speech, low cough, spontaneous sweating, fear of wind, easy to catch a cold, and poor expectoration. This product is often used in combination with Radix Ophiopogonis, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Radix Astragali, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae and Radix Glycyrrhizae.
4. Instead of Shen Du soup: Ginseng (Shen Du soup) is generally used for first aid. If you can't find ginseng for a while, you can use one to three taels of Codonopsis pilosula, two taels of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata and San Qian, and five to one taels of Atractylodes Macrocephala, which can be decocted in a hurry instead of Shen Du.
Astragalus membranaceus can not only improve temper, but also benefit lung and consolidate exterior. Codonopsis pilosula can only strengthen spleen and replenish qi, but has no effect on consolidating exterior. But Codonopsis pilosula can also benefit qi and promote fluid production, while Astragalus membranaceus has no effect on promoting fluid production. Astragalus membranaceus can also benefit water, while Codonopsis pilosula does not. Atractylodes macrocephala mainly tonifies the spleen, which can strengthen the spleen and dry dampness. Dangshen tonifies qi, spleen and lung, but not as good as Atractylodes macrocephala. Polygonatum sibiricum can moisten the heart and lungs, replenish essence and help bones and muscles, but its nature is peaceful and its effect is slow, and it will only be effective if taken for a long time. Codonopsis pilosula can replenish qi and get quick results.
There are two kinds of codonopsis pilosula: Taiwan Province Codonopsis pilosula (Taiwan Province Ginseng) and Shandong Codonopsis pilosula. The effect is similar. At present, there is no such difference in pharmacies.
The dosage is generally one San Qian. When you are seriously ill or in an emergency, you can also spend five yuan or two, or more. Taboos and precautions are the same as ginseng. According to modern research, this product has a strong effect and can enhance the body's resistance; Can increase red blood cells and reduce white blood cells; It can dilate peripheral blood vessels, lower blood pressure and inhibit the pressor effect of adrenal gland. Can be used in combination with the spirit of syndrome differentiation and treatment.
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Compatibility, Application and Taboo of Codonopsis pilosula
Compatibility and application
1. Used for qi deficiency, eating less loose stool, etc. This product can tonify the middle energizer and replenish qi. It is often combined with Astragalus membranaceus and Atractylodes macrocephala.
2. Used for cough and shortness of breath caused by lung qi deficiency and deep voice. It can replenish lung qi. Compatible with Radix Astragali and Fructus Schisandrae.
3. Used for shortness of breath, thirst, sallow complexion, dizziness and palpitation. Has the effects of invigorating qi, promoting fluid production, and invigorating qi and promoting blood production. It can be used together with fluid-promoting drugs such as Ophiopogon japonicus and Schisandra chinensis or blood-tonifying drugs such as Angelica sinensis and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata.
In addition, for the syndromes of exogenous qi deficiency, deficiency of positive energy and excess of evil, exterior-relieving drugs or interior-attacking drugs can be combined to strengthen the body resistance and eliminate evil. This product is combined with Perilla frutescens and Zingiber officinale to invigorate qi, relieve exterior syndrome and suppress evil spirits. For example, Fang Juren used Shensu drink. Deficiency of both qi and blood and excessive internal heat can be combined with Danggui, Dahuang and Natrii Sulfas to attack and tonify. For example, it was used in Huang Longtang's six books on fever.
dosage
Oral administration: decoction, 6-15g; Take pills, powder, or boil ointment. It is advisable to promote fluid production and nourish blood; Strengthening spleen and benefiting lung should be roasted.
Pay attention to taboos
Excess syndrome and heat syndrome are prohibited, and deficiency of positive energy and evil syndrome should not be applied alone.
1. "Deserved Materia Medica": It is forbidden for people with qi stagnation and irritability.
2. "Medicine Cage Sketch": Those who are full of fire should avoid it.
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Variety textual research
The name of Dangshen first appeared in the New Materia Medica of Qing Dynasty, saying, "According to the Ancient Materia Medica Cloud, it is better to join the Party. There are very few real codonopsis pilosula, and there are many kinds of codonopsis pilosula sold in the store, which are useless. Only Codonopsis pilosula, which is windproof, is expensive and heavy in taste. It is true to have a lion's head, but it is false to have a hard pattern. " The "real codonopsis pilosula" here refers to Araliaceae ginseng produced in Shangdang, Shanxi (now Changzhi, Shanxi). Because the Araliaceae ginseng gradually decreased or even disappeared in this area, later generations used other plants with similar medicinal materials and adopted the name "Shangdang Ginseng". By the Qing Dynasty, doctors had clearly realized that counterfeit drugs and ginseng were not the same, and gradually isolated a new medicinal variety with the shape of Fangfeng and the root of lion head, and named it "Dangshen". Regarding the shape of this codonopsis pilosula, the Textual Research on Plant Names has detailed records: "Codonopsis pilosula is mostly produced in Shanxi. The roots are two or three feet long, crawling, the leaves are wrong, the nodes are as big as fingers, the roots of wild people have white juice, and the autumn flowers are like adenophora, and the color is blue and white, which is beneficial to the natives. " Combined with the attached drawings, the original plant is the same as Codonopsis pilosula used today.
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Chemical Research
Codonopsis pilosula contains triterpenes friedelin, dandelion terpineol acetate, α-bosterol and its glycoside, △7- soystanol and its glycoside and progesterone. It also contains Atractylodes III, Atractylodes II, syringaldehyde, syringin, vanillic acid, 5- hydroxy -2- pyridinemethanol (5- hydroxy -2- pyridinemethanol), α-furoic acid, n-hexyl-glucoside (n-hexyl -β-D- glucopyranoside) and ethyl -α-D- furanoside (ethyl). It also contains codonopsis ⅰ, codonopsis lactone and codonopsis acid.
In addition, there is a small amount of volatile oil, and 32 components are identified in the oil, among which the acidic component 1 1 accounts for about 50% of the total volatile oil, mainly palmitic acid; It also contains trace alkaloids, vitamin B2 and a lot of inulin.
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Pharmacological research
1, pharmacological effects related to efficacy and indications
Codonopsis pilosula has the effects of tonifying middle energizer, strengthening spleen and benefiting lung. For spleen and lung weakness, shortness of breath, palpitation, loss of appetite, thin stool, deficiency asthma and cough, and internal heat to quench thirst. "Materia Medica from the New" records: "Tonifying middle energizer, benefiting qi, harmonizing spleen and stomach, and relieving polydipsia. Weak gas is used to make up, which is very smooth. "
Effect of (1) on digestive system
Codonopsis pilosula is an important drug for invigorating middle energizer and benefiting qi, which can correct gastrointestinal motility disorder in pathological state. Using the method of chronic implantation of gastric electrodes, it was observed that the decoction and alcohol precipitation of Codonopsis pilosula can regulate the basic gastric rhythm disorder in rats under stress, and can partially resist the increase of gastric movement and the acceleration of gastric emptying caused by stress. Intravenous injection of codonopsis pilosula preparation can inhibit the gastric peristalsis of normal rats or the gastric peristalsis enhanced by neostigmine, which shows that the amplitude and frequency of peristalsis wave decrease. Codonopsis pilosula decoction can improve the intestinal motility dysfunction after third-degree scald in mice and significantly improve the intestinal propulsion rate. Codonopsis pilosula liquid has both inhibitory and excitatory effects on isolated guinea pig ileum, which can increase ileum tension or decrease first and then increase, and slow down the frequency for a long time, and has obvious antagonistic effect on ileum contraction caused by acetylcholine and 5-HT.
Anti-ulcer effect Codonopsis pilosula decoction and alcohol precipitation have preventive and therapeutic effects on experimental gastric ulcer caused by stress, pyloric ligation, indomethacin or aspirin. Through experimental comparison, the neutral extract of Codonopsis pilosula has a good effect on stress ulcer, and the ulcer inhibition rate can reach 98%, followed by water extract 72.9%, and petroleum ether extract has the worst effect. The water-soluble fraction ⅶ of Codonopsis pilosula can resist the gastric mucosal injury and gastric ulcer in rats caused by anhydrous ethanol, strong acid (0.6NHCI) and strong alkali (0.2NNaOH). Codonopsis pilosula can inhibit the secretion of basic gastric acid in rats, reduce the activity of pepsin, resist the increase of gastric acid caused by aspirin, and also inhibit the decrease of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and hexosamine content in gastric mucosa of rats caused by indomethacin and aspirin.
Anti-ulcer mechanism of codonopsis pilosula: ① inhibiting gastric acid secretion and reducing gastric acid; ② Promote the secretion of gastric mucus and enhance the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier; ③ Increase the content of endogenous prostaglandin (PGEZ) which has protective effect on gastric mucosa.
(2) Enhance the immune function of the body.
Codonopsis pilosula extract can enhance the phagocytosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages on chicken red blood cells. Injection of Codonopsis pilosula preparation into abdominal cavity, muscle and vein in mice can obviously increase the number of peritoneal macrophages, cell volume and pseudopodia, and enhance the activities of enzymes such as nucleic acid, sugar, ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase in cells, thus enhancing its phagocytic function. Low concentration of Codonopsis pilosula decoction can promote mitosis of lymphocytes cultured in vitro and DNA synthesis of mouse spleen lymphocytes activated by COnA. Codonopsis pilosula has no obvious effect on the humoral immune function of normal mice, but it can obviously promote lymphocyte transformation, enhance the function of antibody-producing cells and improve the antibody titer of immunosuppressive mice caused by cyclophosphamide. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide is its main effective component.
(3) enhancing hematopoietic function
Subcutaneous injection of water extract and alcohol extract of Codonopsis pilosula or feeding Codonopsis pilosula powder can increase the number of red blood cells and decrease the number of white blood cells in rabbits, and oral injection is more effective than subcutaneous injection. Subcutaneous injection of codonopsis pilosula decoction in rabbits can also significantly increase the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content. The curative effect is obviously reduced after splenectomy, which shows that Codonopsis pilosula has the effect of affecting spleen and promoting erythropoiesis. Oral administration of codonopsis pilosula preparation in mice can also significantly increase the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, but has no obvious effect on the number of reticulocytes and lymphocytes.
(4) Anti-stress effect
Codonopsis pilosula can improve the body's resistance to harmful stimuli. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide can prolong the swimming time of mice, enhance the high temperature tolerance of mice and enhance the hypoxia tolerance of adrenalectomized mice. Codonopsis pilosula decoction has anti-low temperature effect. Oral administration of codonopsis pilosula has protective effect on γ -ray irradiated mice and can improve their survival rate. The anti-stress mechanism of Codonopsis pilosula is mainly related to the function of stimulating pituitary-adrenal cortex axis.
(5) Effects on cardiovascular system
Codonopsis pilosula has the effects of enhancing myocardial contractility, increasing cardiac output and resisting shock. Intravenous injection of codonopsis pilosula extract can significantly increase cardiac output without affecting heart rate in anesthetized cats. Intravenous infusion of codonopsis pilosula injection in rabbits with late hemorrhagic shock can increase arterial pressure and prolong animal survival time. Dangshen liquid can enhance left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease of qi deficiency and blood stasis type. Oral administration of dangshen liquid 1 week can significantly increase left ventricular systolic function and cardiac output, but has no effect on heart rate. Codonopsis pilosula can obviously increase the contents of glycogen, succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in myocardium of mice, and has the effect of resisting hypoxia at normal pressure, tissue cell hypoxia and microcirculation hypoxia.
Regulating blood pressure Codonopsis pilosula extract, alcohol extract and water extract can significantly reduce blood pressure in anesthetized rabbits. Intravenous injection of codonopsis pilosula in anesthetized dogs and rabbits can cause short-term blood pressure drop, but repeated administration does not produce rapid tolerance. The hypotensive effect of codonopsis pilosula is mainly caused by dilating peripheral blood vessels. Codonopsis pilosula can also increase arterial blood pressure in rabbits with late hemorrhagic shock, so it has a two-way regulation effect on blood pressure.
Intravenous injection of anti-myocardial ischemia codonopsis pilosula injection can antagonize acute myocardial ischemia in rats with posterior pituitary as the index. The water extract and alcohol precipitate of Codonopsis pilosula can also protect myocardial ischemia caused by isoproterenol by intragastric or intraperitoneal injection of Codonopsis pilosula injection. Acute myocardial ischemia was caused by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs. Codonopsis pilosula decoction and alcohol precipitation can significantly reduce the absolute value of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increase during myocardial ischemia. It is suggested that Codonopsis pilosula can improve myocardial diastolic function, increase myocardial compliance, reduce coronary perfusion resistance, and benefit left ventricular myocardial blood supply, thus improving myocardial ischemia.
(6) improving hemorheology
Dangshen liquid can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate in rabbits. Intravenous injection of codonopsis pilosula in rabbits can obviously reduce the specific viscosity of whole blood and the specific activity of plasma, and inhibit thrombosis in vitro and in vivo. It can also reduce the contents of low density lipoprotein, triglyceride and cholesterol in serum of hyperlipidemia rabbits. Codonopsis pilosula water extraction and alcohol precipitation can reduce the whole blood viscosity of rats; Ether extract can increase fibrinolytic enzyme activity in rats, and significantly reduce platelet aggregation rate and plasma TXB2 level. Total saponins can significantly reduce the content of TXB2 without affecting the synthesis of prostacyclin PGI2 _ 2, and the effect of alkaloids is opposite to that of total saponins, which is not conducive to the effect of benefiting qi and promoting blood circulation of Codonopsis pilosula.
2. Other pharmacological effects
(1) can improve intelligence.
Codonopsis pilosula can enhance and improve the learning and memory ability of mice. The n-butanol extract of Codonopsis pilosula ethanol extract can antagonize the memory acquisition disorder caused by scopolamine in mice, improve the memory consolidation disorder caused by sodium nitrite and the memory reproduction disorder caused by 40% ethanol in mice. The extract does not affect the synthesis of acetylcholine, which may be related to strengthening the binding of acetylcholine to M- receptor. The total alkaloids of Codonopsis pilosula can resist the decrease of acetylcholine content and choline acetylase activity in mice brain caused by scopolamine. Double-blind method was used to observe that the learning and memory abilities of normal subjects of different ages were improved after taking Dangshen decoction, and the learning and memory abilities of the left and right hemispheres of the brain of normal subjects were also improved.
(2) Sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant effects
Injection of fat-soluble and water-soluble saponins of Codonopsis pilosula into lateral ventricle can cause high amplitude slow wave changes in EEG of conscious rabbits, while intravenous injection only has this effect. Intraperitoneal injection of water extract and methanol extract of codonopsis pilosula significantly reduced spontaneous activity in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of codonopsis pilosula injection can obviously prolong the time of ether anesthesia in mice, increase the number of sleep times caused by subthreshold hypnotic dose of pentobarbital sodium and prolong the sleep time of mice caused by pentobarbital sodium. Codonopsis pilosula saponin can also significantly prolong the sleep time induced by cyclohexylbarbital in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of codonopsis pilosula injection can obviously prolong the latent period of convulsion induced by strychnine nitrate and pentylenetetrazol in mice.
To sum up, the pharmacological effects of Codonopsis pilosula on invigorating the middle energizer and spleen are regulating gastrointestinal motility and anti-ulcer. It has the effects of enhancing immune function, enhancing hematopoietic function, resisting stress, strengthening heart, resisting shock, regulating blood pressure, resisting myocardial ischemia and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Codonopsis pilosula also has the functions of intelligence, sedation, hypnosis and anticonvulsant.
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Cultivation management
Plant characteristics
Perennial herbs. The root is cylindrical, with light gray surface and chrysanthemum heart inside. The stem is twined, the cross section is milky white, long and branched, often dark purple, the lower part is short and rough, and the upper part is smooth. Leaves opposite or hundreds, stipitate, leaf blade ovate or broadly ovate, entire. Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal; Corolla bell-shaped, yellow-green, with red spots; Stamens 5; Ovary 3-loculed. Capsule conical. The seeds are small and shiny brown. The flowering period is August-September, and the fruiting period is 9-65438+1October.
Growth characteristics
Codonopsis pilosula is cold-resistant, drought-resistant and adaptable, and has been introduced and cultivated all over the country. I like places with mild and cool climate. Miao likes wet and cool, and drought will kill them. When raising seedlings, it is necessary to interplant tall crops. Big seedlings like light, high temperature and high humidity are easy to rot.
cultivation techniques
1. Land selection and preparation
Choose semi-shady and semi-sunny slopes, hillsides and secondary wasteland near the water source, without underground pests and perennial grass. In loose and fertile sandy loam, about 30,000 kilograms of manure or compost should be applied per hectare, and ploughing and harrowing should be carried out to make the border level or high. The requirements for transplanting places are not strict, and hillsides, terraces, raw land and cultivated land can be used. If it is a wasteland, burn it first and then plow it. Basic fertilizers should be applied to cultivated land, such as kitchen walls, mules, horses and pig manure. About 60000 kilograms per hectare. Tillage for one day, harrow, and make ridges or ridges with width of 100 ~ 120 cm and spacing of 30 cm.
2. Breeding method
Codonopsis pilosula breeding needs new seeds, the germination rate is 85%, and the germination rate of seeds in the second year is very low, even without germination ability. The optimum germination temperature is 18 ~ 20℃, and the sowing date is divided into spring, summer and autumn, with summer and autumn sowing being the best. Spring sowing, in March, should be carried out near the water source. Sow in summer, in rainy season in July and August, and in autumn before freezing.
Seed treatment before sowing: In order to make the seeds germinate as soon as possible, before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water of 40 ~ 50℃, add the seeds while stirring, stop stirring when the water temperature is the same as the hand temperature, and soak for another 5 minutes; Take out the seeds, put them into gauze bags, rinse them with clear water several times, then put them on the indoor sand pile at the temperature of 15 ~ 20℃, rinse them with clear water every 3 ~ 4 hours, and sow them in about one week.
Sowing methods: there are two kinds of sowing: sowing and drilling.
(1) broadcast
Spread the seeds evenly on the border, cover them with a thin layer, and then suppress them to make the soil closely combine with the seeds to facilitate the emergence of seedlings. The sowing amount per hectare is 7.5 ~ 15 kg.
(2) Drilling
According to the row spacing of 3 cm, open a ditch with a depth of 2 cm, evenly sow seeds in the ditch and cover the soil. Drill sowing is convenient for loosening soil and weeding.
3. Tian Tuan management
(1) intertillage weeding
Weed removal is one of the main factors to ensure the yield of Codonopsis pilosula, so attention should be paid to weed removal in Qin Ying area, especially in early spring and seedling stage. Weeding is usually combined with scarification.
(2) Topdressing
In the early stage of growth (late May), topdressing human excrement and urine per hectare 15000-22500 kg, because of vine leaves, fertilization is inconvenient.
(3) Drainage and irrigation
Irrigation should be given after planting, and no irrigation or less irrigation can be given after survival. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season. Water requirement depends on the growth of ginseng seedlings. When the height of seedlings exceeds 5 cm, water should be controlled to avoid excessive growth.
(4) scaffolding
When the seedling height is 30 cm, a bracket should be set up to make the stems and vines grow along the frame. Otherwise, poor ventilation and lighting will easily lead to diseases and affect the yield of ginseng roots and seeds. Scaffolding methods can be based on local materials and vary from place to place.
transplant
After the seedlings grow for one year, plant them in autumn or spring. After thawing in spring (from mid-late March to early April), transplant in mid-late June of autumn 10. On the completed border surface, ditch 5 ~ 6 cm at the row spacing of 18 ~ 30 cm, place the ginseng seedlings obliquely in the ditch at the spacing of 2 ~ 3 cm, cover them with 2 cm, compact them and water them. 375 kilograms of seedlings are needed per hectare.
5. Pest control
Rusty
It is a basidiomycete in fungi, which harms leaves. The back of the diseased leaves is slightly raised (summer spore pile), which breaks when the uplift is serious and scattered orange-yellow summer spores.
Prevention and treatment: Spraying 200 times solution of 50% dinitrate powder or 400 times solution of diclofenac sodium at the initial stage of onset. After the harvest of codonopsis pilosula, all the leaves on the ground were burned.
(2) Root rot
Also known as root rot, it mainly harms underground fibrous roots and lateral roots. It is dark brown, causing the overground part to wither and die.
Prevention and control methods: Pull out the diseased plants in time and disinfect the caves with lime. When preparing soil, disinfect the soil, ridging, pay attention to drainage and avoid continuous cropping.
The prevention and control of earthworms, grubs, grubs and red spiders refer to other diseases.
(5) harvesting and processing
When codonopsis pilosula is transplanted, seeds can be collected in the autumn of that year. After flowering and fruiting, seeds are harvested when the fruits turn brown, and the yield of continuous harvesting is high, but the yield of single harvesting is low. After the seeds are dried, put them in a ventilated place. Harvest150 ~ 225g seeds per hectare.