The Tian family has less leisure in the month, and people are twice as busy in May. In the evening, the south wind rises and the wheat turns yellow. Mother-in-law is loaded with vegetables, and the child is loaded with pot pulp.
Go with Tian Xiang. Ding Zhuang is in Nangang. Filled with the heat of the country, the back was scorched by the sun. I don't know about the heat, but I regret the long summer.
There is another poor woman with a child in her arms. Grab the ear with your right hand and hang the basket with your left arm. Listening to his words of concern is very sad.
My family's taxes are gone, so I can take this to satisfy my hunger. Today, I have no merit, and I have never worked in farming and mulberry. Lu Li has 300 stone, and he had leftover food when he was eight years old.
I am ashamed to read this in private, and I can't forget it every day.
Bai Juyi (772 -846 AD), whose real name was Lotte, was an official and poet who sympathized with the people, dared to reflect their sufferings and dared to expose the dark side of the officialdom nobility. His poems are famous for being easy to understand. Today, there are more than 3,000 works, which are collected as Bai Changqing Collection.
Seeing Wheat Cutting is a poem written by Bai Juyi when he was a county magistrate in zhouzhi county, and he felt the hard-working and poor life of the local people. The work criticizes the heavy taxes that caused people's poverty, and feels deeply guilty about not doing anything with enough food and drink, showing the humanitarian spirit of a conscientious feudal official. The county commandant is responsible for catching thieves and collecting taxes in the county. Because Bai Juyi is in charge of this matter; Therefore, he knows best the disasters suffered by the working people in this respect. Mowing: harvesting.
The whole poem is divided into four layers, the first layer is four sentences, explaining time and its environmental atmosphere. "Farmers have less leisure in that month, but people are twice as busy in May." When people are twice as busy in May, the following things will happen. These two sentences always affect the whole body, revealing the author's sympathy for the working people at the beginning; "At night, the south wind rises and the wheat is covered with yellow." A harvest scene, the big picture is pleasing to the eye. But who can think of the sadness of farmers under this harvest scene?
The second layer of eight sentences, through a specific family to show this "busy" wheat harvest scene. Mother-in-law and daughter-in-law are carrying rice baskets, while little grandson is carrying a kettle. They are going to deliver meals to people who work in the fields. Men go to the fields before dawn; After getting up, women are busy with housework before cooking; The little grandson went to the fields with his grandma and mom when they were delivering food. They will work with the men after supper. Do you think this family is busy? "Summer feet steaming rustic, burning back the skylight. I don't know how hot it is, but the summer is long. " These four sentences describe the wheat harvest positively. Their faces face the earth and their backs face the blue sky. The bottom is steamed like a cage, and the top is roasted like fire. However, they waved their sickles with all their strength and cut them all the way forward. It seems that they have completely forgotten the heat, because this is "the tiger's mouth grabs the food", and time must be seized! Daughter-in-law: daughter-in-law and mother-in-law. In ancient times, the daughter-in-law was called mother-in-law and the father-in-law was called uncle. Lotus: shoulders; Food is packed in baskets, which means rice baskets. Pot pulp: the pot is filled with water, which means the kettle here. Tian: People at work deliver food. Ding Zhuang: Adult male labor force. Baking. Cherish: cherish. Reluctant to waste. The weather is so hot and the days are so long, but people work hard and are afraid of wasting a little time, which shows how much people cherish the wheat they are about to get. The word "pity" is well used here, which is a kind of writing that goes against human nature to highlight the emotional strength of people here and now. There is a saying in Bai Juyi's The Charcoal Man, "I am poor in clothes and simple in heart, and I am worried about charcoal. I wish to use the word here as much as I cherish it."
In three stories and eight sentences, the camera turned to a poor woman who was ruined by taxes. At present, she can only make a living by harvesting wheat ears, which is a level lower than that of the whole family who are busy harvesting wheat. Look at her image: a child in her left hand, a broken bamboo basket in her arms, and a fallen ear of wheat in her right hand. How tired you are, and how little you get! But what can we do? Now it's time to harvest the wheat, and there are still ears to pick. If you want to change, you must beg in the street. Last year and the year before last, her family also had land to plant and a family that Michael wanted to collect. It was only later that taxes were cornered and family property and land were changed, which led to this situation today. We can imagine that people who are busy harvesting now may, like her, have no land to plant next year and can only make a living by harvesting wheat ears. Bing: Here you are. Tian Jia: This refers to the property of a farmer. Lose: pay.
The fourth floor, six sentences, the poet feels guilty and ashamed of such a tragic scene under the bumper harvest. Things: engage in. Sui Yan: At the end of the year.
The title of the work is "Watching the Wheat Harvest", but what actually appears on the screen is a wheat harvester next to the wheat harvester, and the author's attention is just more focused on the latter. At present, they are rich and poor in different degrees, but their fate is closely related. Gleaner, who is sad and poor today, was a hard and busy reaper yesterday; I also know that today's hard-working wheat harvester will not be reduced to miserable and miserable wheat pickers tomorrow. As long as there are heavy taxes, the working people will never escape bankruptcy. Here, the author sharply criticized the tax system that harmed the people at that time and expressed deep sympathy for the suffering of the working people. Moreover, it is not general sympathy, but further putting yourself in, feeling that you are too different from the working people and feel guilty. Bai Juyi's poems at this time truly reflect the thoughts and feelings of the working people and breathe out their voices.
The basic feature of this poem is to describe the real life scene truthfully, without exaggeration. He chose the busy family and the bleak gleaning scene, which made them form a strong contrast. Although the former is bitter and tired, there is still hope for them for the time being. As for the latter, it is completely broken duckweed, which is in jeopardy. The scenes, atmosphere, image and psychology shown by the two lenses are very good.
Adding comments at the end of the poem is a common way for Bai Juyi to satirize many poems. The discussion of this poem does not directly point to the root of social diseases, but shows my guilt, which is also a vague criticism of the whole bureaucratic aristocratic society. Bai Juyi is a 300-stone county marshal. Shouldn't those big bureaucrats and big noble feel more guilty? The emperor is in charge of taxation, and Bai Juyi can't openly oppose it. He can only use this ending to achieve the purpose of irony.
2. Appreciation of Liu's Moonlit Night
The moonlight is half deep, and the Beidou trunk is inclined to the south [1].
Tonight, through the green screen window, I know that spring is warm and the sound of insects is fresh.
Make an appreciative comment
Liu, a native of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, lives in seclusion in Taigu, lofty and refined. Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty called him "indifferent in nature and good at painting mountains and rivers", "poetic and thoughtful; Tao writes about spirit, but he is silent and elegant. Therefore, I can be detached from the world and detached from things. " The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty recorded 26 of his poems.
In Tang poetry, there are many themes about spring and moon. Or enjoy the spring, or look at the bright moon, with feelings. This poem is about spring, not only from things like willow green and pink, but also from the night to cover up things that seem to have the most spring characteristics. It writes about the moon without detailing its light and shadow or lamenting its roundness. Instead, there is only half a moonlight at night, so that the night is not too thick and the moonlight is not too bright, resulting in a vague and harmonious melody.
This poem begins with the word "deeper", which sets the tone for the description of the scenery behind it and gives the whole poem a special atmosphere. "Moonlight is half home" is the embodiment of the word "deeper", and the next sentence "Beidou dry south oblique" is the symbol of "deeper" night sky. Together, the two sentences create the silence of the spring night and the profound artistic conception. The moonlight shines half-way, because the moon is slanting west, and the poem takes the stars as the background, which constitutes the internal connection between the two sentences. On a quiet spring night, everything is moving quietly. "It's warm in spring tonight, and the sound of insects is fresh through the green screen window", which is a good sentence that the poet got from the opportunity of observing nature wholeheartedly. Knowing the cold and warm weather from ignorance of insects shows that poetry has a deep foundation in rural life. Therefore. These two sentences are not what ordinary people can do. Those who have no long experience in rural life. Of course, I can't say; Even living in the countryside, not everyone can say it. No matter whether it's the first time tonight or the first time, who will pay attention to it needs a willing heart. You should also have a poetic heart. A word "new" is full of deep affection for rural life, which means freshness and joy.
The poem says that "spring warmth" begins with "tonight", which shows that it is very sensitive to the changes of seasonal climate, and the word "little knowledge" is full of complacency. Write that you hear insects through the window and use "head". Give people a feeling of vitality. The green of the window screen is invisible at night. This kind of green comes from the poet's inner spring. At this point, we can understand that the poet did not describe the distinctive external landscape as a symbol of spring. But with the help of the night atmosphere to set off the artistic conception of this poem, because this poem comes from the poet's heart. The poet observes the subtle changes of nature with a pure heart. The scenery described in the first two sentences of the poem does not have a trace of spring scenery, but it coincides with spring, which is quite meaningful. The third sentence is "Spring blossoms". The "insect sound" and "green screen window" of the sentence reflect each other. So the spring is full. But this sound and color still come from "meaning" (feeling). The poet not only knows that spring is warm from the sound of insects, this is the poet's subtle feeling about tonight, and the sound of insects is just a phenology that coincides with his feelings. Therefore, the significance of poetry is profound. The novelty of ideas depends on the uniqueness of feelings.
Pastoral poetry in the Tang Dynasty became an important school, and many famous poets appeared. However. Few people can be like Shi Tao. It is really interesting that this poem is so profound on pottery. It's even more embarrassing.
As for whether there is something hidden in this poem, it is difficult because it is not literal.
[1] withered; The transverse inclination is not complete, and it is practiced with the word "oblique".
3. Wen's "Doing Good and Going Early"
I began to recruit priests in the morning and felt sorry for my hometown. When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost.
Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post. Because they remembered Ling Du's dream, the geese returned home full of food.
1. Dynamic Levi Tudor (sound capture): vibration and travel bells. Tudor: A bell that hangs around a horse's neck while driving. Tudor: The big clock.
2. Quercus: a deciduous tree.
3. Fructus Aurantii: Also called "smelly orange", deciduous shrub. Postal wall: the wall of a postal station. Note: In ancient times, people who sent official documents or officials who came and went stayed to change horses. There are bright bitter orange blossoms on the wall of the post office.
Ling Du: In the south of Chang 'an, it is named after the location of Xuan Di's mausoleum, which refers to Chang 'an here. At this time, the author visited friends in Xiangyang from Chang 'an and passed by Shangshan. Therefore, I remembered my dream in Chang 'an.
5. Fu (note): Wild ducks. Houchi: lakes and marshes with curved lakeshore. This sentence is a dream in Ling Du Dream.
This is an emotional work to express personal career setbacks. The first two sentences were written early, which aroused the distant yearning for my hometown. In the middle four sentences, the word "early" suddenly appeared everywhere. The last two sentences say that although I watched the scenery on the road, I remembered the "Ling Du Dream" of "geese flying back to the pond" in my mind, expressing my nostalgia for Chang 'an, loneliness and frustration. The phrase "the cock crows in Maodian and the frost in Banqiao is deserted" is a famous sentence, which arranges several nouns together to form a cold picture of an early trip. Later generations often use this to describe the sight and mood of a wanderer. Wen (Yinyun) was born in Qi, Taiyuan (now Qi County, Shanxi Province). Poets and poets in tang dynasty. Shangshan: It's in the southeast of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province.
The reason why this poem is recited by people is that it truly reflects some common feelings of ordinary travelers in feudal society through its distinctive artistic image. Shangshan, also known as Chushan, is located in the southeast of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province. The author left Chang 'an in the last years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and passed through here.
The first sentence shows a typical "leave early" scene, which is very general. When I got up in the morning, the hotel was jingling inside and outside, and the bells of horses and chariots had already rung. Many activities, such as riding and driving, have been suggested. The second sentence is the author talking about himself, but it also applies to ordinary passengers. It's good to be at home for a thousand days, but it's difficult to go out for a while. In feudal society, due to traffic difficulties, poor human feelings and many other reasons, ordinary people often moved to different places and dared not travel far. The poem "Embarking on the Journey and Sorrow for Hometown" can arouse the emotional resonance of readers.
Three or four sentences have always been popular. "'Maodian crows on the moon, and the frost on the bridge is abandoned', but people know that it can be worried, and the wild feelings are beyond words. I don't know if it is necessary to use one or two idle words in the second sentence, but the word "near custom" is rarely mentioned, which rhymes sonorously and has a full image. If you pile it up hard, regardless of its clear words and harmonious phonology, I can write the scenery, how can I! " "sonorous rhyme" and "full image" are the necessary conditions for all good poems. Li Dongyang put forward these two points as the subordinate conditions of "not using one or two idle words, only mentioning words", which can explain the artistic characteristics of these two poems. The so-called "function words" refer to various words other than nouns; The so-called "mentioning words" refers to the choice and combination of nouns representing typical scenery. These two poems can be broken down into ten nouns representing ten kinds of scenery: chicken, sound, hair, shop, moon, people, trace, board, bridge and frost. Although the words such as "chicken's voice", "Maodian", "traveled by people" and "Banqiao" in the poem are all combined into the radical phrase of "attribute plus head word", because all attributes are nouns, the specific meaning of nouns is still preserved. For example, can the word "chicken sound" and the combination of "chicken" and "sound" not cause an eye-catching visual image? Maodian, Travel and Banqiao are similar to this.
In ancient times, for the sake of safety, tourists usually stayed indoors early, and the rooster crowed early to see the sky. Since the poet wrote about going early, the cock crow and the moon are characteristic scenery. Maodian is a characteristic scenery in mountainous areas. In "The Chicken Crows on the Moon in Maodian", travelers in Maodian get up to look at the sky when they hear the chicken crow, pack their bags when they see the moon in the sky, get up and go on the road, and many other things are vividly shown.
Similarly, for early walkers, Banqiao, frost and people on the frost are also characteristic scenery. The author set out on the road before the cock broke dawn and the waning moon set, which was also an "early trip"; However, it is already a "cold slab bridge frost", which is really "Mo Daojun left early and there were many pedestrians early"!
These two poems composed of pure nouns describe the scene of early death, which is really a good sentence with "sufficient images"
The sentence "mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, Zhihua famous post wall" is written about the scenery on the road. There are many bitter citrus reticulata and oak trees in Shangxian and Luonan areas. The leaves of oak trees are very big. Although it will dry up in winter, it will still stay on the branches. It was not until the early spring of the following year, when the branches were about to sprout, that they fell off. At this time, the white flowers of bitter citrus reticulata have already bloomed. The word "Ming" was used because the white bitter orange blossom next to the wall was conspicuous before dawn. It can be seen that the poet is obsessed with the word "leave early".
The scenery of the first trip reminds the poet of the hometown scenery that appeared in his dream last night: "The geese return to the pond." Spring has come, hometown Ling Du, back to the pond to boil water to keep warm, geese enjoy themselves; And myself, I am far away, resting in Maodian and running on the mountain road! "Du Mengling" and Maodian's homesickness at night bring out the best in each other, taking care of "going home" from beginning to end, bringing out the best in each other; The scenery of my hometown in my dream is in sharp contrast with the scenery on my trip. What I see in my eyes is "mistletoe falling down the mountain", and what I think in my heart is "wild geese returning to the pond" The scene of "leaving early" and the feeling of "leaving early" are perfectly expressed.
4. Appreciation of Lu You's Yongmei.
Outside the bridge, the plum blossoms are lonely, no matter what. Twilight arrival, plum blossom is helpless, exhausted, and has to withstand the wind and rain.
Plum blossoms don't want to compete for blooming, and the envy and rejection of flowers don't care. Even after autumn, when it is ground into dirt and turned into dust, plum blossoms still emit fragrance as usual.
The title of this book "Operator Bu" is "Yongmei", which is exactly the same as that of Mr. Lian Xi (Zhou Dunyi). He only loves lotus flowers and never touches mud, but he is not a demon. The author also uses plum blossom as a metaphor. Lu You once praised plum blossom "The more awe-inspiring the snow, the stronger the integrity in the flower" ("Falling Plum"). Plum blossoms are so beautiful and unique that they stand out from many flowers, but now they are open outside the post office in the countryside. The dilapidated "broken bridge" is naturally inaccessible, lonely and cold, and plum blossoms have always been neglected. From this sentence, we can know that it is neither a plum in the government nor a plum in a famous garden, but a "wild plum" growing in a remote suburb. It can't get the care it deserves, let alone be appreciated. With the metabolism of the four seasons, it opens silently and withers silently. It's all one person, and I'm at a loss-who's in charge? This is a plum without a master. In the sentence "Loneliness without a master", the poet poured his feelings into the objective scenery. The first sentence is situational language, which is already the language of love. Sunset dusk, twilight hazy, this lonely plum blossom, how to bear this desolation? It is only "sadness"-and it is "loneliness", which echoes the "loneliness" in the previous sentence. The broken bridge outside the post station, dusk and dusk, is already lonely and sad, but it adds cold rain, and the loneliness is deeper. The word "more" is very powerful. The first three sentences seem to describe the predicament of plum blossom, but the second sentence, "the rain of the tiller", breaks the previous "limit" like a heavy hammer. This kind of sadness seems unbearable. So far, emotional rendering has reached its climax, but despite the cold environment, it is still "open"! It, "all trees are cold and colorless, and the south branch is alone" (Daoyuan); It, "Xiang Xuehai dares to make thousands of flowers, and it is unique and leads the world in spring" (Yang Weizhen). The last four sentences only say that Meihua is in a bad situation, which is just an "open" word for Meihua, but its stubbornness and tenacity are self-evident
Shang Kun concentrated on the difficult situation of Meihua, and it did have "troubles". From an artistic point of view, when describing sadness, the author does not use the metaphors used by poets and poets, but uses environment, time and natural phenomena to contrast sadness. Kuang Zhouyi said: "Words take God from a distance and only describe the scenery, while God speaks for himself. This is a master." ("Hui Feng Hua Ci") That is to say, the poet describes so many "landscapes" in order to obtain the "divine purpose" of plum blossoms; "Those who are deeper than romance are good at writing landscapes" (Tian Tongzhi's xipu Ci). The four sentences of Shangque can be said to be "double paintings of scenes". Let readers feel the author's mood in a specific environment in a series of scenes-trouble! It also allows readers to gradually step into the author's state of mind. This is really great!
There's a message from Temple. Plum blossom, it blooms the earliest. "All the trees are frozen and ready to fold, and the lonely roots are warm and lonely" (Miracle); "I don't know if the recent spray started first, but I suspect it didn't disappear after the winter snow" (Zhang Wei). It is it that ushered in spring. But it "has no intention of fighting for spring." In spring, hundreds of flowers are in full bloom, competing for novelty and beauty, while plum blossoms do not "compete for spring". Han Ling starts first, only the sincerity to welcome the spring. People who are "bitter" are desperate, desperate and try their best. Satire the square group from the side. Plum blossoms are not meant to compete with each other. Even if Fang Qun is jealous, it is their own business. Let's be jealous for a while. Here, writing and writing are completely intertwined. It is a natural phenomenon that plants and trees are ruthless and flowers bloom and fall. However, it implies that the author's unfortunate experience exposes the shameless behavior of those who steal peace. Saying "striving for spring" is a metaphor for personnel; "Jealousy" is beyond the reach of vegetation. These two sentences show Lu You's aloof character, his character of never associating with people who are eager for success and flattery, and his pride of not being afraid of slander and saving himself.
The last few words take the "unique style" of plum blossom a step further: "Scattered into mud, ground into dust, but the fragrance remains unchanged". The previous sentence inherited Shang Kun's miserable situation of loneliness, no ownership, sunset at dusk and wind and rain. These seven words have been frustrated four times: "fallen flowers", which can't stand the devastation of wind and rain, and plum blossoms have fallen. This is the first floor. It's the second floor. Mud and water are mixed. There is no argument about which is the flower and which is the mud. Judging from the word "run", it shows the ruthlessness of the destroyer and the tragic situation of the victim, which is the third layer. As a result, the plum blossom was destroyed and trampled to ashes. This is the fourth floor. You see, the fate of Meihua is so tragic that it is unimaginable. At this point, the reader has been integrated into the emotions revealed between the lines. But the author's purpose is not just to write about the tragic experience of plum blossoms and arouse people's sympathy; In terms of writing techniques, it is still paving the way, ready to go, in order to push the meaning of the next sentence to the highest peak. Although the plum blossom has withered, been trampled into dirt and crushed into dust, please see, "only the fragrance will remain unchanged", but its "unique flavor" fragrance will never change. It will not succumb to the threat of loneliness and wind and rain, but will do its best and remain unchanged. Even if it withers into "dust", it should be "as fragrant as ever"
The last sentence has the power to carry the tripod, which awakens the whole article and puts the unfortunate situation of plum blossom being attacked by wind and rain, withered and scattered, desolate and desolate in front. The author successfully used the metaphor of plum blossom to describe himself with the natural metabolism of plum blossom. At this point, plum blossom has been personalized. As an expression of one's thoughts and feelings, "Yongmei" left a deep impression on us and became Yongmei's masterpiece.
Spring leaves in the storm; With the snow, it came back. Although the icicles on the cliff are still hanging for miles. There is a sweet flower in it. Joe doesn't fight for spring, he only reports it. When the flowers bloom, she laughs in the bushes.
5. Appreciation of Yan Shu's broken array
Swallow came to the news agency, after the Qingming Festival in pear flower falls. At three or four o'clock on the pond, there are one or two orioles at the bottom of the leaves, and the days are long and the flocs are light. Laughing at the female companion in the eastern suburbs, Sang Daoying. The suspect had a good dream last night. It turns out that the grass fight won today, and there was laughter on both sides.
This word reflects the youthful vitality of a young girl through a life segment in Tomb-Sweeping Day, which is full of joyful atmosphere. The whole poem is pure line drawing, with lively style, simple style and vivid image, which shows the new soul of the girl.
Twenty-four solar terms, spring equinox and Qingming, is the most unforgettable season in spring. Spring is already in the middle, and new swallows are coming. At this time, social day will also come. The ancients called swallows gregarious swallows, thinking that they often came from Chunshe to Qiushe. The poet's "new society" refers to the society in spring. At that time, there were two social days in spring and autumn every year, especially spring clubs, neighborhood gatherings, food and wine sharing, and games were full of joy. The girls in the boudoir have also "let go" of "fake". As the saying goes, "Please stop sewing in society", even sewing can be put down and sisters can be called to play outside. This is the spirit of the first sentence of this poem.
According to the national "Flower Calendar" records, Hua Xinfeng 24, from Xiaohan to Grain Rain, spends a letter every five days, with three letters and three incense in each section; According to the three letters of the vernal equinox, they are begonia, pear and magnolia. Pear blossoms are backward, and Qingming is in sight. The poet writes about the scenery of the age and is meticulous. In this season, the breath is fragrant and moist, the moss in Chi Pan is fresh and green, and the forest is buzzing. Spring has passed, it's getting late, and the expression is even more obvious. Where should Qingming Huaxin go? That's tung flower, wheat flower and willow flower. So the poet went on to write, "The days are long and the catkins are light." There is a poem in ancient times: "Begonia all fall, birds all fly, and the weather is getting longer and longer." We can watch it together. Literary critics must say here: write about scenery; Things! I don't know the timing, but it touches people's hearts.
On this auspicious occasion, two young girls appeared in the poet's pen: on the way to picking mulberry, they met by chance; As soon as they met, the daughter in the west asked the daughter in the east, "Why are you so happy today? What good dreams did you have at night? Let's hear it! " The east neighbor smiled and said, "Don't talk nonsense! They just mowed grass with them and won the lottery! "
It's hard to find a better sentence to write a girl's smile, instead of the word "laughter comes from both sides". What is two sides? Cover your face from your eyes, not the "mouth" referred to by later generations. Therefore, the beauty of ci lies in the scenery, and its pen is bright, beautiful and graceful, and there is no miracle to be found; From the last sentence to the last sentence, the whole article is collected, and the great gods have tried their best. Weather, personnel and material mentality all belong to this.
Yan Shu
Shu Tong, a native of Linchuan, Fuzhou, was a famous graceful and restrained poet in Song Dynasty. Shu Tong was born in a literati family in Jingdezhen. In Li Qing, the official went to Jixian University Hall. The official was a secret envoy in the same book. Sacrifice yuan. His words are good at writing poems, expressing poems, wine, life and leisure, and his language is beautiful, which is greatly influenced by Yan Feng in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The language of Yan Ci is ingenious and rich, with harmonious phonology, romantic implication, gentle and clean. The original collection has been lost, and only Zhu Yu's Ci and Yan Yi, which were compiled in Qing Dynasty, exist.