(1) Etiquette communication
Offering Hada: Hada is an essential item in Mongolian daily salute. Offering Hada is a courtesy used by Mongolian herdsmen in welcoming guests and daily communication. When offering Hada, the host held Hada with open hands, sang auspicious greetings or hymns, exaggerated the atmosphere of respect, and turned Hada's folded mouth to accept Hada's guests. Guests should stand up and face the toaster, listen attentively to the toast and accept the toast. When accepting Hada, the guest should lean forward slightly, and the person who offers Hada will hang Hada around the guest's neck. Guests should put their hands together on their chests to express their thanks to the people who presented Hada.
Tea service: When going to herdsmen's homes or tourist attractions, the host or waiter will give the guests a bowl of milk tea first. Guests should get up slightly and pick it up with their hands or right hands. Never pick it up with your left hand, or it will be considered impolite. When the host or waiter pours tea, if the guest doesn't want to drink tea, please gently touch the spoon or spout with the edge of the bowl, and the host will immediately understand the guest's intention. Offering tea to guests is a noble traditional Mongolian etiquette. In the history of Mongolia, whether it is a rich family or a poor family, whether it is an upper class or a common people, whether it is in communication or at home, on the road, or on all other occasions, tea is an entertainment. Tea is an indispensable treat when guests come home. Therefore, as usual, the herdsmen presented a bowl of milk tea to the guests, and then the host served fried rice and a bowl of cream, milk tofu and milk skin.
Toast: pouring wine is a traditional way for Mongolian people to treat their guests. They believe that wine is the essence of food and the crystallization of grain, and offering the most precious food is to express the respect and love of grassland herders for their guests. Usually, the host pours wine into a silver bowl, a gold cup or a horn cup, puts it on a long Hada and sings a touching traditional Mongolian toast song. If the guest refuses to drink, it will be regarded as contempt for the host and unwilling to treat the host sincerely. Guests should immediately catch the wine, dip their ring fingers in the wine and point to the direction of heaven, earth and stove to show their respect for heaven, earth and Vulcan. Don't be reluctant to drink, but touch your lips to show that you have accepted the pure friendship of your master. Then housewives dressed in national costumes bring fragrant milk wine to entertain guests, which is also the traditional etiquette of Mongolian people. The host will persuade the wine in poetic language: "The distant guests invite you to drink a cup of grassland wine, which is the essence of our national traditional food and the kindness and affection of our grassland people."
Sacrifice to God: There is a custom of offering sacrifices to God in Mongolian ceremonies and banquets. According to the Mongolian custom guide, the chef cut the sheep into nine equal portions of meat, "The first is heaven, the second is earth, the third is Buddha, the fourth is ghost, the fifth is man, the sixth is mountain, the seventh is grave, the eighth is land and water god, and the ninth is emperor". Sacrifice to heaven and throw meat on the yurt; Sacrificial land was thrown into the fire; Sacrifice Buddha statues in front of shrines; The ghost sacrifice is placed outside the bag; The mountain is hung on the branches of the sacred tree, and the grave is dedicated to the ancestors of this nation. Put it outside the bag, throw it into the river park to worship the water god, and finally sacrifice it to Genghis Khan and put it in front of the shrine. This custom can be traced back to ancient Shamanism, which worships many gods. Later, Lamaism, a Mongolian belief, absorbed its ancient folk beliefs and brought many gods into the track of Lamaism.
Hospitality: Mongolians have been known for their straightforward temperament and warm hospitality since ancient times. Be enthusiastic about visitors at home, whether they are regular customers or strangers. First of all, offer fragrant milk tea, and serve plates of snow-white milk skin and cheese. After drinking milk tea, the host will offer mellow milk wine and invite guests to drink koumiss in midsummer. In some areas, there are certain rules for entertaining guests with hand-grabbed meat. For example, eating with a pipa with four long tendons; Beef is served with a spine with half a rib and a fat sausage. Before or after marriage, the girl goes back to her mother's house to treat her with lamb breast. The calf bone, chin and neck meat of sheep are all for the younger generation and children. Receive distinguished guests or put a whole sheep mat on a festive day.
Respect for the old and love for the young: Mongolians have a sense of security for the old and respect for the old and love for the young. Go to the Mongolian herdsmen's house and greet the old people. Don't pass by the old man, don't sit in his superior position, and don't sit side by side with the old man without permission. When addressing the elderly, you should be called "you", and you are not allowed to be commensurate or call them by their first names. Don't shout when you see the herdsmen's children, let alone fight. Don't talk about your child's physical defects in front of your family. Being good to children and being good to children is considered as respect for parents.
Singing: Mongolian persuasion is often expressed by sincere singing. Singing and persuasion go hand in hand. Often after a lead singer, everyone raises their glasses and sings together, and then everyone cheers together. So many times, the wine is full. Singing is ritualistic, impromptu, one person or several people, and chorus, and its singing is often hearty and sleepless all night. Hospitality: Mongolian people have a traditional virtue of attaching importance to hospitality, which has been circulating since ancient times.
Choose hunting dogs: Mongolians have the custom of hunting dogs. Therefore, they attach great importance to choosing a good hound-"Tiger", which is a castrated short-haired boutique dog. When choosing and raising hunting dogs, we should pay attention to good breeds, that is, choose puppies with long waist, long and symmetrical tail, keen hearing, keen vision, quick action and fast running speed as hunting dogs.
Greetings: Mongols are a hospitable people. When they meet, they should greet each other, even strangers. When colleagues meet acquaintances, they usually ask "Sai Bai Nu". If you meet your elders or people you meet for the first time, ask "Hosai White Slave". Entertaining passers-by is a traditional virtue of Mongols, but you must respect your host when you are a guest in a Mongolian home. After entering the yurt, you should sit cross-legged on the carpet around the stove, but the west of the stove is the owner's residence, so you can't sit casually when the owner is not sitting. Guests generally drink milk tea sent by their hosts, and it is impolite not to drink it; Don't refuse the host's request for dairy products, otherwise it will hurt the host's heart. If it's inconvenient to eat more, just eat a little.
(2) Mongolian naming custom
The characteristics of male names are:
One is named according to national psychological habits, such as Timur, Geser and Bater.
Second, according to the expectations of the elders, such as: Jiya Saiyin (good luck), Bajad (joy), Baiyin (abundance), Jiri Gele (happiness) and so on.
Third, according to the age of the elders when the baby is born, such as Binta (50), Jirentai (60) and Dalan (70).
4. Named after brave animals, such as Shaobu (bird), Bala (tiger), Hua (wolf), Abrand (lion) and Brezhgood (eagle).
5. Name natural things, such as Lu Chao (Stone), Agra (Mountain), Mu Ren (River), Tara (Yuan Ye), etc.
The characteristics of female naming are:
First, they are named after bright stars, such as Na Ren (the sun), Saren (the moon), Auden (the star), Na Ren Gao Wa (the sun is beautiful) and Saren Gao Wa (the moon is beautiful).
Second, it is named after beautiful flowers and trees, such as: Sarilang flower (Shandan flower), Qige (flower), Nabuqi (leaf), Haitang and so on.
Third, in the name of jewelry and jade, such as Haas (jade), Tana (pearl), alatan Gao Wa (beautiful as gold) and so on.
Fourth, in the name of ideals, such as Qin Si (smart), Wuyun (smart), Gao Wa (beautiful) and Gaowa Siqin (beautiful and smart).
According to this method, Mongolian women's names can be divided into many kinds. The biggest feature of modern Mongolian names is that they have no name prefix, so they are just names and should not be understood as names. Few people have surnames prefixed, which is just an individual phenomenon.
Mongolian people should avoid riding too fast when riding and driving near yurts, so as not to disturb the herd; If there is a fire in front of the door or a sign such as a red cloth strip is hung, it means that there are patients or parturients in this family, and outsiders are not allowed to enter; Guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the direction of Buddha worship; Avoid dead animal meat and donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for weddings; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; Smoking, spitting, touching utensils, classics, Buddha statues and making loud noises are prohibited when visiting temples, and hunting near temples is not allowed.
Fire taboo: Mongolians worship fire, Vulcan and Kitchen God, and think that fire, Vulcan or Kitchen God are sacred objects to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, after entering the yurt, it is forbidden to roast your feet on the stove, let alone wet your boots and shoes by the stove. Don't cross the stove, or pedal the stove, don't knock on the cigarette bag, throw things or throw dirty things on the stove. You can't pick a fire with a knife, you can't insert a knife into the fire, and you can't take meat from the pot with a knife.
Water taboo: Mongolians believe that water is a pure god. Don't wash your hands and bathe in the river, don't wash women's dirty clothes, and don't throw unclean things into the river. Grassland is dry and short of water, grazing by aquatic plants, and it can't survive without water. Therefore, herders are used to saving water, paying attention to keeping water clean and taking water as the source of life.
(3) Wedding custom
Young Mongolian men and women should choose an auspicious day when they get married, and the man should give the bride price to the woman's family. The bride price includes cash, clothes, cloth, jewelry, rice and so on. The wedding things in the woman's family include cabinets, bedding, clothes, jewelry, electrical appliances, bicycles, rice, melon seeds and so on. The key is kept by the woman's house. When the bride arrives at the man's house, the groom's mother will take money to redeem the key and give it to the bride. The day before the wedding, the man will send the pork and wine to the woman's house with red paper, both as a gift and for the woman's house to entertain guests.
On the wedding day, the groom, accompanied by Lang, went to the bride's house to meet her, and at the same time picked some vegetables and sent them to the bride's house. According to the custom, the groom can't talk during the wedding, and everything is accompanied by Lang for entertainment and negotiation until the bride is married home. When he got to the woman's house, the groom was arranged to eat alone, so he couldn't do it. He can only feed the groom with food. When the man who comes over picks up the dowry and carries it out, the groom can welcome the bride out.
The bride has a young woman's hairstyle and wears brand-new clothes from top to bottom and from inside to outside. The dress is Shang Qing and black. The lace pattern of the dress and the high collar of the coat are very similar to those of the Mongols in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A small pendant worn by the bride was kept by a child at the farewell party. The bride was carried on the sedan chair by her uncle and accompanied by her brother to the man's house. When the bride gets on the sedan chair, she will cry to show that she is reluctant to leave home and cry all the way into the bridal chamber.
Before the bride enters the man's house, she must burn XiShen paper. After entering the gate, you should persuade her not to cry. After entering the bridal chamber, she will take off the bride's red headscarf and give it to the first room. When eating, let the bride eat alone in the bridal chamber, and the groom will add rice to the bride. That night, the girl and the young man came to celebrate, and the family laughed and laughed.
The next day, the newlyweds will return to the woman's house, and at the same time, they will worship the heavens and the earth and their ancestors at the woman's house. At the same time, their parents-in-law will give the groom a silver bracelet. On the way back from the woman's house to the man's house, the newlyweds will bow no matter who they meet. After returning to the man's home, he will also worship heaven and earth and ancestors.
On the third day, I went to the ancestral grave. Accompanied by the girl and the young man, the newlyweds went to the ancestral graves of both men and women with offerings and food such as pig heads. After coming back, the bride makes a fire, the groom carries water, and burns foot washing water for the elders and companions. The wedding is over now.
Within 7 days after marriage, the bride can't go back to her parents' home or stay in other places. In history, there is a custom that men can remarry, but their original wives can't. Now the situation has changed fundamentally. Marriage is voluntary and freedom of divorce has become a new trend, but the divorce rate of Mongolians is very low. [Edit this paragraph] 4. Religion Belief in Religion: Shamanism is an ancient primitive religion of Mongolians. Shamanism worships many natural gods and ancestor gods. Genghis Khan believes in Shamanism and worships "immortality". Until the Yuan Dynasty, Shamanism was still dominant in Mongolian society and still had an important influence on Mongolian royal family, nobles and people. When the royal family offered sacrifices to ancestors, ancestral temples and emperors were lucky enough to come to Beijing, Shamanism presided over the sacrifices. Genghis Khan and his successors adopted an inclusive policy towards various religions. Popular religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity, Shamanism and so on. During the period of Mongolian Khan, Mongolian Khan and the royal family not only believed in Shamanism, but also cared about Muslims, Christians, Taoist disciples and Buddhist monks, and personally participated in various religious ceremonies. The Yuan Dynasty also adopted the same policy. During the Yuan Dynasty, Muslims built temples all over the country, and Christianity was also valued and protected. Ba Siba, a Buddhist, once enlightened Kublai Khan, his queen, prince and many others. Buddhism replaced shamanism in the court. But the influence of Buddhism is limited to the upper ruling class in Mongolia, and most Mongolians still believe in Shamanism.
/kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, alatan Khan of the Tumd Department of Mongolia welcomed the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism in Zong Kaba. 1578, alatan Khan and the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso, met at Huayang Temple in Qinghai and held a dharma meeting. At the Fa Conference, Sonam Gyatso was named "the all-knowing Wazir Dalai Lama" by alatan Khan, and the title of Dalai Lama came into being. Since then, with the support and advocacy of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished in Mongolia. However, shamanism survived in the eastern region in the form of sacrifice, divination and medical treatment.
Under the advocacy of the Qing government, temples were built, Buddha statues were carved, murals were painted, statues were cast, and various metal crafts were developed throughout Mongolia. The religious atmosphere was all the rage, and Lamaism became the power to paralyze and tame the Mongolian people.
Sacrifice:
Sacrifice to "Tengger", transliteration in Mongolian, meaning "heaven". One of Mongolian shamanism concepts. Refers to the upper bound, that is, the sky; It also refers to the "ancestors" who dominate all natural phenomena; It also contains the meaning of "fate". Sacrificing "Tengger" is one of the important festivals of Mongolian people. Sacrifice to heaven is divided into "white sacrifice" of traditional dairy products and "red sacrifice" of slaughtering sheep blood. In modern times, the folk sacrificial activities of ASEAN flag were mostly carried out on the seventh or eighth day of July.
Mongolian herders and hunters worship fire very much when offering sacrifices to it. This is because their ancestors believed in Shamanism and animism with natural attributes, and thought that fire was produced when heaven and earth were separated, so they respected "Wodekarehan He E" even more. Fire sacrifice is divided into annual sacrifice and monthly sacrifice. The annual festival is held on December 23rd of the lunar calendar. Under the auspices of the elders, sacrifices such as butter, liquor, beef and mutton were thrown into the fire. Thanks to Vulcan's blessing, I pray for the prosperity of people and animals, bumper crops and all the best in the coming year. Mid-Autumn Festival is usually held on the first and second day of each month. In addition, there are many taboos about fire, which reflects the Mongolian reverence for fire. For example, you can't throw water into the fire, you can't pound it with a knife and stick, and you can't spit in the fire.
Sacrifice to Aobao is a religious custom handed down by Mongolians since ancient times, and it is held every year in the season of abundant aquatic plants. Aobao means stone pile. That is to say, in a mountainous area with open terrain and beautiful scenery, a circular solid tower is built with stones, and a long pole is erected at the top, with warps or animal hair horns on it. At that time, cooked beef and mutton will be offered, and the host will make a prayer, and men, women and children will worship together, praying for good weather and safe people and animals. After the sacrificial ceremony, horse racing, archery, wrestling and other competitive activities are often held. Aobao Festival was formed by Mongolians to commemorate the birthplace of Mount Ergong, expressing their attachment to their ancestral land and infinite reverence for their ancestors. This is the most important ceremony of Shamanism, and now it has evolved into an annual festival.
Religious music, also called shamanism song and dance, is performed by Mongolian shaman wizards. Accompanied by a circular single drum, the drum handle ring is covered with metal objects such as copper coins and rustles. Beat the drum surface with a whip and dance according to the rhythm of the drum. Sacrifice songs, witchcraft songs, etc. , are mainly chanting and congratulations, less dance elements. Most of the performances are solo dances and collective songs and dances, which can attract onlookers to participate in the performances. [Edit this paragraph] 5. Beautiful costumes Nadam Mongolian costumes include robes, belts, boots, jewelry and so on. However, due to different regions, there are also differences in styles. Take women's robes as an example. The Mongolians in Horqin and Harqin regions wear wide and straight robes with split sides, and the neckline and cuffs are decorated with colorful flowers. Mongolians in Xilingol grassland wear Mongolian robes with large narrow sleeves and no slits; Buryat women wear robes with waist skirts and shoulders; Ordos women's robes are divided into three pieces, the first is a close-fitting dress with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third is a collarless double-breasted vest with straight flashing buttons. The robes worn by Mongolians in Qinghai are similar to those of Tibetans. Except Qinghai, there is little difference in men's wear. Wear double robes in spring and autumn, single robe in summer, cotton robe or fur robe in winter. Mongolians usually like to wear cloth clothes, and they usually wear brocade-rimmed clothes on holidays. Men's wear is mainly blue and brown, while women's wear likes to use red, pink, green and sky blue. Belt is an important part of Mongolian costume, made of satin or cotton cloth, three or four meters long. Men's belts are often decorated with knives, irons and snuff bottles. Mongolian boots are divided into leather boots and cloth boots. Mongolian boots are fine in workmanship and have exquisite patterns on their surfaces. Wearing jewelry and hats is a habit of Mongolians. Hats in different regions also have local characteristics. Mongolian hats in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai have a high top and a flat edge, lined with white felt, and decorated with leather or purple-green felt, which is thick in winter and thin in summer. The hat top is decorated with tassels, and the hat belt is made of silk, which can be worn by both men and women. In Hu Ba and Buryat Mongolia in Hulunbeier, men wear shawl hats and women wear pointed hats. Precious raw materials such as agate, jade, coral, pearls and silver make Mongolian jewelry rich and luxurious. Men's colors are mostly blue and dark brown, and some people wrap their heads with silk. Women usually wrap their heads in red and blue headscarves and wear conical hats like men in winter.
Mongolian men wear robes to tie their waists, women's sleeves are embroidered with lace patterns, and their coats are high-necked, which seems to be similar to ethnic groups. Women like to wear three different lengths of clothes. The first traditional Mongolian costume-Mongolian robe is a close-fitting garment with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third is a collarless tunic with straight flashing buttons, which is particularly eye-catching.
Mongolian costumes have a strong grassland style. Because Mongolians have lived in Saibei grassland for a long time, both men and women like to wear robes. Winter clothes in pastoral areas are mostly smooth leather, satin and cotton-padded clothes. Summer clothes are more cloth. Robe with big end, long sleeve, red, yellow and dark blue. The hem of men's and women's robes is not open Red and green ribbons.
Men's belts are often decorated with knives, irons and snuff bottles. I like to wear soft cowhide boots to my knees. Farmers wear cloth clothes, such as open robes and cotton-padded clothes. In winter, there are many felt boots and high boots are rare, and the custom of tying the waist has been retained. Most men wear blue and dark brown hats, and some people tie their heads with silk. Women usually wrap their heads in red and blue headscarves and wear conical hats like men in winter. Unmarried women split their hair from the middle of the front and tied two hair roots with two big round beads decorated with agate, coral and jasper. There is also a distinctive Mongolian wrestling suit.
Mongolian wrestling suit is a kind of Mongolian clothing technology. Wrestling clothes include vest, trousers, trousers, colored silk belts, etc. The vest shows the chest. Pants are very wide. Pants are rich in patterns, such as moire, plant pattern, longevity pattern and so on. The pattern is rough and powerful, and the color contrast is strong. Pants are big, 10 meter fabric. Conducive to heat dissipation and avoid sweat sticking to the body surface; Also adapted to the characteristics of wrestling, it is difficult for opponents to use leg wrapping. Pants are made of tough cloth or flannel. At the knee, a pattern is spliced and combined with fabrics of various colors, which is generous and solemn, indicating good luck. All parts of the clothing are properly matched and integrated, which has brave national characteristics. [Edit this paragraph ]6. Festival Celebrations Traditional festivals include "White Festival", offering sacrifices to Aobao, Nadam, and the game of the brave on the grassland: Bristle Festival.
The biggest festival of the Mongolian people in a year is the annual festival equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han people, also known as "Baiyue". Legend has it that it is related to the whiteness of milk, which means wishing good luck. The time of the festival is roughly the same as the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-grabbed meat, including jiaozi and pancakes. On the morning of the first day, the younger generation will offer "farewell wine" to their elders.
In Xilin Gol League, people not only celebrate the New Year's Festival, but also celebrate the "Horse Milk Festival" every summer. Before the festival, every household should slaughter sheep to make mutton or all-sheep feast, and also squeeze horse milk to make wine. On the festival day, every herdsman's family will take out the best milk powder, cheese, milk tofu and other dairy products and put them on a plate to entertain guests. Koumiss is considered as a sacred drink, dedicated to distinguished guests.
Luban Festival is a traditional Mongolian festival in Xicheng, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. It is held every year on the second day of the fourth lunar month for one day. The Mongolians who live here have learned building techniques from other brothers. The houses they built are not only unique and beautiful, but also durable, which is praised by people of all ethnic groups nearby. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements of civil architecture, they designated the second day of the fourth lunar month as Luban Festival. On the day of the festival, masons, carpenters and masons who go out for construction, no matter how far or near, will rush home for the festival. Every village has to kill pigs and sheep, and it also has to do operas. People also picked up the Luban statue carved from sandalwood, beat gongs and drums and swam straight to the villages. Then, everyone gathered on the court to sing and dance. Their favorite dance is called "Dance Music". When jumping, the young men are the first to lead. They held the leading ukulele and danced while playing. The crowd behind them is divided into two rows, sometimes in a circle and sometimes interspersed with each other. The formation is changeable and the scene is very active.
Lantern Festival, the annual lunar calendar1October 25th, when night falls, everyone lights butter lamps to celebrate. Today, most Mongolians in Buksaier Mongolian Autonomous County and emin county have not celebrated the Lantern Festival; In Wusu County, Mongolians don't burn lanterns for days on end, instead, they have various forms of entertainment.
After the festival, the village is busy harvesting wheat and rapeseed, plowing and transplanting rice. After finishing these farm work, craftsmen went out to contract construction in droves. [Edit this paragraph ]7. Delicious milk tofu There are many distinctive Mongolian foods here, such as roast sheep, roast whole sheep with skin, hand-grabbed mutton, fried sheep, roast leg of lamb, milk tofu, Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and so on. There are: thin cream, Mongolian standing dairy products; Milk skin; All-sheep banquet is a traditional Mongolian banquet dish, which is also often used for sacrificial activities. Roasted sheep cooked with Erdos flavor dishes in Inner Mongolia; Chinese cabbage and mutton rolls; Xinsu cake, a traditional Mongolian folk cake; Dry rice, Mongolian snacks.
Mongolian herders regard sheep as the guarantee of life and the source of wealth. Three meals a day, every meal is inseparable from milk and meat. Food made of milk is called "Chaganyide" in Mongolian, which means holy and pure food, that is, "free food"; Food made of meat is called "Ulan Yide" in Mongolian, which means "red food".
Besides the most common milk, Mongolians also eat goat's milk, horse's milk, deer's milk and camel milk. Some of them are used as fresh milk drinks, and most of them are processed into dairy products, such as dried yogurt, milk tofu, milk skin, cream, thin cream, cream residue, cheese crisp, milk powder, etc., which can be eaten at dinner and are also snacks suitable for all ages. Dairy products have always been regarded as excellent treasures. If there are visitors, they should be introduced first. If the child comes, he should also put milk skin or cream on his head to show his good wishes.
Mongolian meat is mainly beef and mutton, followed by goat meat, camel meat and a small amount of horse meat, and yellow mutton is also hunted during the hunting season. There are more than 70 kinds of traditional ways to eat mutton, such as all-sheep banquet, tender-skinned all-sheep banquet, all-sheep banquet, roasted sheep, roasted sheep heart, fried sheep belly and stewed dishes with sheep brain. The most distinctive ones are Mongolian roast whole sheep (peeled and roasted), oven roast whole sheep with skin or Alashan roast whole sheep, and the most common one is hand-grabbed mutton. Mongolians pay attention to the clear cooking of mutton and eat it immediately after cooking, so as to keep the mutton fresh and tender, especially when cooking mutton, avoid overcooking it. The Mongolians in the Mongolian-Chinese mixed area in the east of Inner Mongolia also like to add seasonings to cook the meat into crispy mutton. In some areas, Mongolians also like to cut the meat on the tenderloin of sheep into large pieces and fry it into fried meat slices, which is called "big fried sheep" by the people. Beef is mostly eaten in winter. It's all beef banquets, and more is stewed, braised and made into soup. Camel meat and horse meat are also eaten, and fried hump slices are dipped in sugar, which is a dish. Experienced chefs are also good at cooking beef tendon, deer tendon, bullwhip and oxtail into various therapeutic dishes. For the convenience of preservation, beef and mutton are often made into dried meat and bacon.
Fried rice is a unique Mongolian food, which occupies the same important position as red and white food in daily diet. Mongolians in the western region also have the custom of "bumping people" with fried rice. Add sheep oil, red dates, brown sugar and white sugar to make fried rice, mix well and knead into small pieces to serve as tea and rice. Steamed millet is mostly used to cook porridge with diced meat, and crushed noodles can be used to make pancakes; There are more and more foods made of flour in Mongolian daily diet, the most common ones are noodles and pancakes. They are good at making distinctive Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and stuffed Mongolian cakes. Mongolians in Alashan and Erdos in the west also have the habit of making "Zhang Ru" with flour. The Zhelimu League in the east is rich in buckwheat, and the pancakes baked with buckwheat flour are a distinctive local food.
Mongolian people can't live without tea every day. In addition to drinking black tea, almost everyone has the habit of drinking milk tea. The first thing in the morning is to boil milk tea. Milk tea is best boiled with clear water. After boiling, pour it into a clean pot or a pot filled with tea powder, and simmer for 2-3 minutes, then mix fresh milk and salt to boil. Mongolian milk tea sometimes adds butter, or milk skin, or fried rice. , fragrant and salty, is a nourishing drink containing many nutrients. Some people even think that it's okay not to eat for three days and not to drink milk tea for one day. Mongolians also like to cook milk tea with fruits, leaves and flowers of many wild plants. Boiled milk tea has different flavors, and some can prevent and treat diseases.
Most Mongolians can drink alcohol, mostly white wine and beer, and some areas also drink milk wine and koumiss wine. When Mongolian people brew milk wine, they first put fresh milk into a barrel, and then add a small amount of yogurt-loving juice (more sour than ordinary yogurt) as a starter, and stir it every day. After all the milk turns sour in 3-4 days, they can put it in the pot and heat it. The pot is covered with a bottomless wooden bucket, and several small pots with big mouths facing down are hung inside the bucket. Then, put an iron pot full of cold water on the bottomless barrel. Yogurt evaporates after heating, condenses into liquid after cooling, and drops into a small basin. Every holiday or when friends and relatives get together, there is a habit of drinking a lot. Koumiss is fermented from fresh koumiss without distillation.
"Milk Wine Barbecue" Mongolian people live on the grassland all their lives and make a living by animal husbandry. Koumiss, braised pork and roast mutton are their favorite drinks, food and hospitality dishes in daily life. Every year in July and August, Mazhuang is the season for brewing koumiss. Hard-working Mongolian women put horse milk in leather bags, stirred it, separated the milk fat a few days later and fermented it into wine. With the development of science and the prosperity of life, the technology of Mongolian koumiss brewing is becoming more and more perfect. There are not only simple fermentation methods but also distillation methods to brew strong koumiss. Six steamed and six brewed milk wine is the top grade. Koumiss wine is mild in nature and has the effects of expelling cold, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation and strengthening stomach. Known as purple jade pulp and yuan jade pulp, it is one of the "eight treasures of Mongolia". It was once the main drink of the court of the Yuan Dynasty and the noble families of Mongolia. Kublai Khan often put it in a precious golden bowl to reward meritorious ministers. Braised pork is one of the traditional Mongolian food methods. The practice is to gut the fat and tender sheep, peel and wash the viscera, remove the head and hoof, then cut the whole sheep into several large pieces, cook it with white water, take it out when the meat is cooked, and put it on a big plate to eat. Everyone took Mongolian knives and cut them into big pieces to eat. It got its name because it grabbed food with its hands instead of chopsticks.