The Forbidden City was not completed under the guidance of architectural aesthetics, but under the guidance of imperial power system, patriarchal clan system and ethical code. In other words, ancient culture, political system, social structure and ethical norms have influenced the aesthetic orientation of architecture, which is the uniqueness and foundation of the aesthetics of ancient palace architecture in China. The Forbidden City is not only an entity, but also a symbol, and it is also a space that can stimulate unlimited imagination after becoming an image.
The Forbidden City originated from a great idea, a great plan and a great design. The construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing began in 1406 BC. Just after its completion, as in the past, after the completion of the Forbidden City, as usual, some poems were needed to praise it. Judy, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, invited the university students and Jin Youzi to write Ode to the Unification of Imperial Capital, and Li Shimin wrote Ode to Jinghua. From those gorgeous rhetoric, we can know something about the planning and design concept of the Forbidden City.
"When the weather is right, defend in the right position; It is a phase, it is a load; Crossing the Tianhe River, it is one, connected with the Bohai Sea; Taihang in the west, Jieshi in the east, Juye in the south and Juyongguan in the north; North to Shuomo, south to Fujian and Vietnam, west to quicksand, east to Bohai Sea; Potential pull, gas empty; The tip spans the sky and the root is connected with the earth axis; Envelope latitude and longitude, infinite chaos; The gods in the sky, a long and eternal title ... "
These words seem mysterious and ethereal, but in fact, such a big idea and such a big vision play a decisive role in the construction of the Forbidden City. People in China believe that heaven and earth correspond, and heaven and earth sense. In the heart of Emperor Yongle, in the hearts of his subjects, and in the hearts of all those involved, the Forbidden City that they will build and see is the image and symbol that stands between heaven and earth and is used to communicate with each other. All the houses and official residences in Beijing are very low, except the Forbidden City, which is very high and invisible. Distance is enough to produce nobility, and mystery can remain supreme.
The Forbidden City covers an area of more than 720,000 square meters and is bounded by the moat. It is said that the total number of houses is 9999.5. However, the internal layout of the Forbidden City is the most particular about highlighting the core and obeying it. All Gundam buildings pass through the central axis. The most important thing on the central axis is the three halls, and the most important of the three halls is the Hall of Supreme Harmony. All layouts, all buildings and all spaces are centered on the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which strengthens and renders the stability, sublimity and supremacy of Tian Zi Palace. Even the color is like this. The whole city of Beijing is gray, but the Forbidden City is yellow and red.
The central axis of the Forbidden City starts from Yongdingmen in the south, reaches the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, and passes through the Forbidden City for 8 kilometers. That big axis is called the king's central axis. For many years, only the emperor himself and only a few people have been able to enter the Forbidden City and the Hall of Supreme Harmony along the central axis. Now, everyone can enter the Forbidden City along this central axis like an emperor.
The charming, great and sacred central axis shines like strong light on the most important buildings in this city. All the important buildings are connected by this avenue. Imperial Road is paved with huge blue and white stones. It is said that each stone weighs 10 thousand Jin. Everything has changed except the imperial road. Only these stones still exist, witnessing the whole history. Walking along the straight central axis, you can only reach the Taihe Gate through heavy gates and layers of city walls, and open the palace-style Taihe Gate, which is the highest and most distinguished gate in the world, the gate for the Ming emperor to listen to politics, and the gate for the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty to enter the Forbidden City. It's the emperor's palace gate, passing through the Taihe Gate, and heading straight for the majestic Hall of Supreme Harmony.
? The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the main hall where the emperor ascended the throne. Only in this place can we confirm the identity and establish the status of the emperor. Therefore, this palace must be built into a palace that enjoys the world. At that time, the emperor deliberately stood and sat in the middle, and he was the only one between heaven and earth. Without will, summons and permission, he can't go on stage or enter the stadium. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is not only a building, but also a place to enjoy the world. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is more important than the central axis. Like a person's heart, architectural communities in all directions surround the Hall of Supreme Harmony.
For its position, a 26,000-square-meter "earth" shaped abutment rose at the intersection of the word "earth" and the word "ten". The foundation is 8.5 meters deep underground, 8. 13 meters higher than the ground, and the solid foundation with a thickness of 16.63 meters firmly suppressed all the strong earthquakes in the past 600 years, calmly guarding Murphy's unshakable position in the whole world. 1453 white marble pillars carved with dragons and phoenixes, 1 142 white marble decapitated, 72 folded forest-like wooden pillars, and countless Woods propped up a temple 35 meters high, forming the only one with a width of 1 1 and a depth of 5 rooms. There is a high platform in the middle, and there is only one throne on the high platform, which is the throne of the lonely emperor above all else. The lonely throne is accompanied by a room full of 13433 golden dragons day and night. The most important use of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the emperor's accession to the throne, the emperor's wedding, the emperor's birthday, the queen's conferment, New Year's Day, winter solstice and other celebrations. Its real function lies in its status, symbol, symbol and symbolic significance. Whoever gets this position will win the world.
After all, the Forbidden City was not built for the emperor, nor was the Hall of Supreme Harmony built for the emperor, but for the seat you can sit in the world.
As the imperial palace of Ming and Qing dynasties, the Forbidden City should be called Miyagi, which is already a city within a city. However, the emperors had to build a thick and high wall for their palace. Thus, the wall of the Forbidden City, which is about 960 meters long from north to south and 760 meters long from east to west, stands with a height of 1 1.2 meters, a bottom width of 8.62 meters and a top width of 6.66 meters. The wall can accommodate four horses running side by side, and hundreds of guards can run around on the wall surrounded on all sides. Surrounding the city wall is a rippling moat with a total length of about 3300 meters, a width of 52 meters and a depth of 6 meters. The bottom of the moat is tamped with concrete, and the embankment is built with low walls, drawing the Yuquan landscape. The rivers and walls of the Forbidden City block the luxury, complexity, grandeur, strewn at random arrangement and mystery of the Palace, leaving every observer with simplicity, solemnity, stability, tranquility and poetry. Although silent, it reminds you all the time: no one can climb and no one can cross.
Where there is a city, there is a door, where there is a wall, there is a door. The highest and most majestic nature is the four gates of the Forbidden City, which are symmetrically opened-the south gate at noon, the north gate of Shenwumen, the east gate of Donghuamen and the west gate of Xihuamen. There are the most noon gates, which are 35.6 meters high, a little higher than the Hall of Supreme Harmony. The meridian gate is a place where prisoners are worshipped in past dynasties, and it is also a place where those who disobey orders are punished. The Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties, as its name implies, has strict access control. Now the Forbidden City, when the tourists are exhausted and there is a heavy and clear closing sound from thousands of families, I seem to really hear and feel the voice from which era. It is a voice that can draw people's hearts into the depths of history.
Entering the interior of the Forbidden City, I found that the strong sense of wholeness gained outside the Forbidden City did not weaken immediately. Because what we see is not endless rambling. Out of the Forbidden City, we were greeted by open squares, neat red walls and straight passages between neat red walls. Thousands of houses are surrounded by such red walls and passages and divided into nearly 100 neat courtyards of different sizes. As the largest royal compound in the world, the Forbidden City covers a huge territory of 720,000 square meters, but it is definitely not a geometric bisector. One place after another, one place after another, one floor after another, the deep exquisiteness and elegance of the courtyard are so easily wrapped in the grand Forbidden City, attracting us to seek tiny concealment and mystery from greatness and brilliance.
The Forbidden City gives architects limited freedom, from modeling to color, while doors and windows give them plenty of space. The most important buildings in the Forbidden City are concentrated on the central axis. The large window lattice shapes of the most important halls on the central axis, namely the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, are all diamonds of the highest level. Secondly, it is a diamond with a double cross and a square shape, which lays out and discharges the most dazzling brilliance and glory of the Forbidden City on a large area. Except for the windows of these important buildings, which must create supreme splendor, the windows of other buildings are within the range of grades, and many patterns can still be produced: round, square, wishful, lantern-shaped, loose, bamboo-shaped, plum-blossom-shaped windows appear, and the window lattice is composed of palindromes, spherical patterns, ice cracks, swastikas and longevity. These royal windows always make people lament the beauty of decoration and pay little attention to or even forget their practical functions of ventilation and lighting. Inside out, inside out, is separated by a window, but this separation is extraordinary.
? All the walls and facades of the Forbidden City are unique in color, and they are all red when walking. It is no exaggeration to say that red pillars, red doors and windows and red walls are submerged in the Red Sea. What gives us the greatest visual impact is not only a large yellow roof, but also a large yellow roof. The yellow roof is continuously laid, and the clear yellow ridges and ditches are smooth. The ground of the road, the square of the yard and the foundation of the house are all gray series, gray stones, gray bricks and dark gray "bricks". These colors are extremely extravagant, repeatedly rendered and publicized to the extreme.
? However, the Forbidden City is not satisfied with only the most dazzling colors. It also needs the more prominent color in this kind of red rhubarb, it needs the most prominent color in the darkest place, and it is the emperor's painting that can make the darkest place the brightest and most prosperous. The Forbidden City covers an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters, and the painted buildings cover an area of about 6.5438+0.4 million square meters. The extremely complicated oil paintings on the extremely complicated wooden structure are extremely complicated and luxurious, showing extreme brilliance and incomparable brilliance.
? Perhaps for security reasons, it is more to create a solemn royal atmosphere. Except for a few gardens, the Forbidden City does not encourage the growth of flowers and trees, nor does it allow pets such as dogs and cats. The color of modeling under the royal regulations is not allowed to be arbitrary, so it is the best choice to make a fuss about the glass covering all roofs. The Forbidden City is a world of colored glass, radiating yellow light. How many years have passed, we can still see the yellow light floating in a daze in the golden sunshine, radiating from one big roof covered with glass after another. In the Forbidden City, the most flourishing and invincible flowers are all kinds of colored glaze flowers and lotus flowers. Flowers are huge and rich dahlias; Rich peony; Chrysanthemums living in peace; Twisted grass can also be seen everywhere.
Exquisite patterns, appropriate proportions, harmonious colors and elegant shapes all share the pleasure of sensory vision. The largest royal compound in the world is an ethical space and a unique architectural aesthetic culture. This is how the greatness of the Forbidden City and its glory came into being.
In the northernmost part of the Forbidden City, near Shenwumen, there is a garden called the Imperial Garden. The construction of the Imperial City and Miyagi still pays great attention to the environment, geomantic omen and ecological consciousness. Therefore, we must build a royal garden, which is 1.30 meters long from east to west and 90 meters long from north to south, covering an area of nearly1.2000 square meters, so that the emperor, especially his women and children, can have a place close to flowers and trees. The imperial garden is for the rest and enjoyment of the big and small owners in the palace. There are 18 ancient pagodas in the west of the Forbidden City, and the gardens of Cining Palace in the west are for the concubines of Empress Dowager Cixi to practice Buddhism and chant Buddhist scriptures. Ningshou Palace Garden, located in the east of the Forbidden City, is a mirage created by Emperor Qianlong, who tried his best to make it a garden with the flavor of Jiangnan gardens. Because it was built for Qianlong himself, it is also called Qianlong Garden.
Because the reign of Kangxi was 6 1 year, Emperor Qianlong was modest for a moment and said a big word, "I dare not go to the same ancestor emperor and plan to reform in 60 years", so as early as the thirty-fifth year of Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong began to build this palace. In his eyes, Gan Long Garden is more like a miniature version of a big mountain and river. Although he gave up the throne, he still sat next to the three halls on the central axis and stared helplessly at his successor. Twenty-five years later, when he was supposed to live in it, he still lived in hall of mental cultivation and dominated the court affairs. He never lived in Ningshou Palace until he left this world.
? For the Forbidden City, which has little shade, the Imperial Garden in the north, the Qianlong Garden in the east, the Cining Palace Garden in the west and the Shibahuai area in the east of Wuying Hall are really the only vibrant oases in the lifeless red Forbidden City, which are precious. On the left and right sides of Huaying Hall in the northwest corner of the Forbidden City, half the yard is full of luxuriant bodhi trees. It is said that they were planted by Ming Shenzong's mother, Li Taihou. In autumn, the seeds fall to the ground, brown and smooth, and most of them become beads for the imperial secretary to chant. So Qianlong was named Bodhi Tree, but its real name was Tilia microphylla. The famous crimson snow pavilion in the imperial garden is named after five ancient begonia trees in front of the pavilion. When Kangxi held a banquet in the inner garden in spring, he once "watched the flowers with crimson snow and the trees were well-proportioned". Unfortunately, such a beautiful scenery has long since disappeared, and the ancient begonia has become clusters of inconspicuous shrubs and peaceful flowers. Although the flowers are elegant and sweet, they are much worse than Xiang Xue's momentum. However, people in the palace attach great importance to it, calling it "Shengruihua" and associating it with fate. Flowers are in full bloom and the world is at peace. Unfortunately, flowers didn't satisfy people's wishes. The British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, but there were peaceful flowers in the ruins. 19 1 1 year, Taiping was particularly prosperous, but not long after, the last emperor issued the "abdication letter".
The old life in the Forbidden City soothes the lonely palace silently, and it is also the most touching. They have seen how the 24 emperors in the Forbidden City come and go one after another ... countless queens, ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs come and go one after another. ...
When the flying snowflakes danced in the Forbidden City, everything seemed to dissolve and disappear. The winding Jinshui River also dances in the snow. The Forbidden City is quiet, comfortable and clean, as if nothing had happened, leaving only great buildings to show its integrity and perfection in the pure world. The sun is brighter, the snow is whiter, the red walls are redder and the yellow tiles are yellower. In this majestic Miyagi, China, no matter how heavy or thick the snow is, it doesn't look cold. The mountains and rivers are the same color, and the vast world was originally the scene of the Forbidden City.