1887, Tusi Mubang was transferred to England, and his courage was brought into Mubang rule. From 65438 to 0890, Britain used the friendly relationship between Kokang Toast and Mubang Toast to instruct Mubang Toast to persuade Kokang Toast to invest in Britain.
1897, that is, in the 23rd year of Guangxu, the supplementary clauses of the China-Myanmar Treaty were boldly incorporated into the territory of British Myanmar. At this moment, Kokang has officially become a part of British Burma, with the Han nationality as the main body and the Kokang Chinese with the same customs and culture as Zhenkang County in Yunnan Province becoming British Burmese nationals.
The Kokang area, which should have been under the rule of the Han nationality, changed its historical development direction due to the invasion of colonial rule and officially entered the development track of ethnic minorities in other countries.
Kokang Chinese have long been isolated from the Han people in the mainland, and their political ties and cultural exchanges have not been strengthened. The lack of cultural education in China led to the ideology of Chinese culture failing to gain a dominant position, which was eventually replaced by the national identity of ethnic minorities. Subsequently, in Myanmar politics, Kokang has always played the political role of ethnic minorities and strengthened the existence of Kokang Chinese as a nation.
However, after the Kokang incident in 2009, Kokang lost its national independence and autonomy to establish a pro-Myanmar regime, and the Burmese army vigorously opened Burmese schools and introduced Burmese teachers in China.
In 20 16, there were 168 Chinese primary and secondary schools in Laojie District and Zhanggong District, with 208 1 1 student, including 340 junior high school students, pupils 187 15 students. Overseas students from Myanmar 1 1844, faculty and staff from Myanmar 4 18. Teachers in Myanmar began to be equal to teachers in China.
In fact, the courageous people look at China in the same way as the Malays look at China. In the family survey of Burmese students in Kokang area of Fuqing Chinese School in Mandalay conducted by Hunan Normal University on 20 17, there are:
In terms of national identity, most students' families in this area consider themselves Han nationality. Of the 30 students, 25 filled in "Han nationality" and 4 filled in "Kokang nationality", of which only 1 was filled in by both Han nationality and Kokang nationality. He thinks that his ancestors were born in China, Han nationality, and his parents and himself were born in Myanmar, so they should be a courageous people.
According to the survey, they came here to learn Burmese, first because of the Kokang government's thinking about the future of Kokang teenagers, and second because they have the awareness of learning their own national language. A classmate in the class solemnly said: "As a Burmese national, you should learn the language of your own country, and learning Burmese is easy to integrate into Myanmar society."
In terms of national identity, courageous people from the east to the suburbs all consider themselves courageous people.
Yunnan University 20 16 Kunming Chinese School survey also shows that:
Brave students have a high level of Chinese, fair English and poor Burmese. Kokang students and their parents attach great importance to these three languages, especially Burmese, and most students express their wish to learn Burmese.
Brave students will use different languages when communicating with different objects on different occasions, and they will establish their identity by choosing different languages. The study also found that Kokang students have a strong sense of identity with China culture and their own nation and country.
For a long time to come, the Han culture in Kokang area will continue to maintain a strong position. However, with the economic development and the support of the Myanmar government, more and more courageous people will accelerate their integration into Myanmar and quickly accept the positioning of Myanmar's ethnic minorities.
Malaysian Chinese are regarded as the main ethnic group in the country, but in addition to maintaining the Chinese tradition, 80% or 90% of Malay Chinese will emphasize that they are Malaysians and treat them normally. The reason why they feel sad is that the courageous people split from the largest and most cohesive Han nationality, which is unacceptable.