Shen Wansan, who appeared many times in the history of the Ming Dynasty and was extremely rich, helped Zhu Yuanzhang to build Nanjing City and rewarded the emperor's army?
First, Shen Wansan was never a subject of Zhu Yuanzhang.
Pan Jinlian said more than once in Jin Ping Mei: "Nanjing Shen Wansan, Beijing withered willow, names, shadows", which shows the famous degree of Shen Wansan in Ming Dynasty.
Shen Wansan was mentioned many times in Ming history. One of them is the Biography of Ma Huanghou, in which it is written clearly in black and white: Shen Xiu, a rich man in Xing Wu, that is, Shen Wansan, helped Zhu Yuanzhang build a third of Nanjing City and asked him to contribute money to reward the army. Zhu Yuanzhang was angry and said, "Most people dare to reward the Emperor's army, which is definitely a mob. They should be killed. " Ma Huanghou protested: "Your wife, I heard that the law is only used to punish lawless people, not unfortunate people. The people are extremely rich, and they are unlucky in themselves. Heaven is bound to bring disaster on him. Why should your majesty kill him? " Zhu Yuanzhang was furious, spared Shen Wansan and exiled Yunnan.
The official history says so, naturally many people believe it. But people don't like the tragic ending in the official history, so they fabricated the story of Shen Wansan's immortality in Yunnan. During the reign of Kangxi, someone came out and said that they met the immortal Shen Wansan in Yunnan.
But unfortunately, the legend is not true, and what the official said is not necessarily correct. The History of the Ming Dynasty made a modest joke: Shen Wansan was from the Yuan Dynasty. He died in the Yuan Dynasty and was never a subject of Zhu Yuanzhang. Gu Cheng's Textual Research on Shen Wansan and His Family (Textual ResearchNo. 1999No. 1) collected and researched the historical materials and deeds of Shen Wansan and Shen Shi family in great detail.
According to the Records of Wujiang County compiled during the Qianlong period, "Zhang Shicheng died in Wu Shi, and his second son Mao transported rice from the sea to Yanjing". The source of the editor's historical materials is Wujiang Zhi written by Mo Dan in Ming Dynasty. Mojia and Shenyang are children's in-laws, so what Mo Dan said is naturally credible. The editor of Wujiang County Records can't pretend not to see it, but the official history of King James has been published, and he dare not overturn it, so he has to add a note to the effect that Mo Dan said that Shen Wansan was dead when Zhang Shicheng occupied Suzhou. In Ming History, Shen Wansan said that he helped Emperor Gao (Zhu Yuanzhang) build Nanjing City and asked for help. We don't know who is right or wrong.
In the 16th year from Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng (1356), Zhang Shicheng troops occupied Suzhou. Zhu Yuanzhang captured Suzhou in 1367, proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing in 1368, and captured Dadu in the same year. That is to say, according to Mo Dan, when Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, Shen Wansan had been dead for at least 12 years. The dead will not climb out of the grave to build a wall for him, nor will they be exiled by his property.
The question is: Is Mo Dan's statement accurate?
The answer is: much more accurate than Ming history. First of all, as mentioned above, Mojia and Shenyang are their children's in-laws; Secondly, as auxiliary evidence, we can also look at a simple age calculation-Shen Wansan has at least three sons. Besides the "second son Mao and Wang" mentioned in Wujiang County Records, there is also a son named Shen Rong, and Shen Rong has another son named Shen Sen. In the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Wang wrote an epitaph for Shen Rong and his son. The epitaph mentions that Shen Rong died in the autumn and August of the ninth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1376) at the age of 7 1. Shen Sen and his father died in the same year at the age of 48.
Through calculation, we can know that 1368 When Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty, Shen Wansan's son Shen Rong was 62 years old and his grandson Shen Sen was 39 years old. If Shen Wansan were still alive at this time, he would be about 80 years old.
Of course, Shen Wansan may live to be 80 years old, but it is unlikely that "Shen Wansan offended Zhu Yuanzhang and was demoted to Yunnan" in Ming history. Because: In the fourteenth year of Hongwu (138 1), the Ming army officially used troops in Yunnan, and the place was pacified the following year, and Yunnan was officially incorporated into Zhu Yuanzhang's territory. If Zhu Yuanzhang exiled Shen Wansan as quickly as possible in the same year that the Ming army pacified Yunnan, then Shen's age should be almost 100 years old. This possibility is undoubtedly extremely low-first of all, there is no historical record of Shen Wansan's longevity; Secondly, the exile of centenarians is rare in the ideological era based on loyalty and filial piety.
In addition, Shen Rong's epitaph also wrote: "At the beginning, Shen Wansan, the former husband of Rong's father (Shen Rong), swam at the gate of Yuan Dynasty ..." Shen Rong died in Hongwu nine years, and the epitaph used the name "former gentleman" when referring to Shen Wansan, which proved that Shen Wansan had died as early as Hongwu nine years ago. It is also mentioned in the epitaph that when Shen Rong presided over the family affairs, the Jishantang was built to "inherit the ambition of the husband" and inherit the legacy of the ancestors. The word "Xianzhi" also means that Shen Wansan has passed away. Shen Jia Jishantang was built at the end of Yuan Dynasty, that is to say, when Shen Rong built Jishantang at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Shen Wansan had passed away.
To sum up: As one of Shen Wansan's sons, Shen Rong, was born in 1306, it can be inferred that Shen Wansan was born around 1286 (assuming that Shen was born at the age of 20); According to Mo Dan's records and Shen Rong's epitaph, it can be inferred that Shen Wansan died before the demise of the Yuan Dynasty (marked by the demise of the Yuan Dynasty) and lived for about sixty or seventy years. According to legend, Shen Wansan, who was exiled to Yunnan by Zhu Yuanzhang, was not actually a subject of Zhu Yuanzhang.
Second, the anxiety and decline of Shen Shi family in Hongwu era.
Shen Wansan could not be attacked and exiled by Zhu Yuanzhang. However, the Shenyang family on the rich side really declined because of Zhu Yuanzhang's attack-in the 26th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang created the so-called "Aquamarine Rebellion", and bad luck befell the descendants of Shen Wansan.
The motive of aquamarine case is closely related to the premature death of Crown Prince Zhu Biao in the 25th year of Hongwu. Zhu Yunwen, the grandson of the emperor, became the legal heir to the throne. Zhu Yuanzhang was worried that his grandson was young, had neither prestige nor experience, and was not enough to suppress the "heroes" in the DPRK. If someone takes advantage of this situation, the Ming Dynasty will change hands. As a result, the aquamarine case came into being, and Zhu Yuanzhang decided to play a trick similar to the "Hu case" again, killing all the potential forces that might hinder the survival of the dynasty.
Unfortunately, yang shen was accused of having contact with Aquamarine, and Luo Zhi joined the "Blue Party". Shenyang's assets were confiscated, and Shen Wansan's great-grandson Shen Dequan and others were sentenced to death.
In fact, even without the so-called "aquamarine case", the life of the Shenyang family in Hongwu era was not easy. In the 19th year of Hongwu, Shen Wansan's two grandchildren, Shen Zhi and Shen Zhuang, were both arrested and imprisoned. In the same year, Shen Wansan's son-in-law had an accident, which was implicated in the Hu case and was accused of being a "Hu Party".
Lu Zhonghe's name was written by Zhu Yuanzhang himself in the "Third Edition". Zhu Yuanzhang said: This rich man, who has been growing grain for 18 years, not only cheated in reporting drought, famine and ripe years, but also found out that he paid off plaintiffs and officials and asked them not to report himself as a "Hu Party". All these behaviors cannot escape my eyes. The rest of you should take a warning.
In the twenty-first year of Hongwu, the court ordered Suzhou to recommend local talents to Nanjing as officials. Among those recommended are a nephew of Shen Wansan and Shen Wansan's in-laws Molly (Mo Dan's grandfather). When refusing the imperial salary, Shen Wansan's nephew said such a trembling sentence to the imperial court: "My family has been forgiven by the emperor many times, which has far exceeded expectations. Now, how dare they accept the imperial salary? " The precarious anxiety is beyond words.
3. Who is Shen Wansan?
Mo Dan, the closest relative of Shenyang, has clearly told the world that Shen Wansan died in the Yuan Dynasty. The "Da Gao" series of books issued by the people of the whole country also mentioned the ending of Shen family slightly. In any case, later historians should not believe the strange plot that Shen Wansan helped Zhu Yuanzhang build Nanjing City, rewarded the emperor's army and was exiled to Yunnan when compiling the Ming history. But the fact is that they not only believe it, but also mention it repeatedly in many biographies.
This may be directly related to the tireless recording and rendering of these storylines by Ming Notes. For example, in the matter of killing the army, the "seven repairs" provide more vivid details, describing the dialogue between Shen and Zhu like this:
(Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to reward the army, and Shen Wansan offered to give the army money to Zhu Yuanzhang. ) Zhu Yuanzhang: "I have a million troops, so you can help them fight all over the world?" Shen Wansan: "Each army gets one or two gold." Zhu Yuanzhang: "Although this is what you want, you don't need it!" " ……
There are many similar embellishments in Notes on the History of the Ming Dynasty, so I won't go into details-even Wang Shizhen, who is determined to write a history of trust, inadvertently joined the army of embellishment.
It is worth noting that although Shen Wansan was rich, he was not a particularly famous figure for a period of time before and after his death. No one mentioned Shen Wansan among the celebrities in the south of the Yangtze River in Yuan Dynasty. In the 12th year of Hongwu's reign, he compiled fifty volumes of Suzhou County Records, which included all local celebrities in Suzhou, including Shenyang and Shen Wansan. It was not until the middle and late Ming Dynasty that Pan Jinlian was born from Jin Ping Mei that Shen Wansan became a famous historical figure in China.
The problem is that this nationally famous Shen Wansan, Shen Wansan, who helped Zhu Yuanzhang build a third of Nanjing and visited Zhu Yuanzhang's army, was finally confiscated by Zhu Yuanzhang and exiled to Yunnan, and was not really Shen Wansan. Who is the real Shen Wansan, the folk story of Shen Wansan, and the folk story of Shen Wansan?
What Shen Wansan's story bears is actually the collective memory of the original sin of wealth in Hongwu period.
The construction of Nanjing City is attached to Shen Wansan, which is directly related to Zhu Yuanzhang's forced relocation of wealthy families in Jiangsu and Zhejiang to "enrich the capital". When Zhu Yuanzhang was king of Wu, he began to take action against the rich families in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, forcibly moving a large number of rich families in Suzhou to Haozhou. After becoming emperor, this policy was continued and strengthened. For example, in the third year of Hongwu, more than 4,000 wealthy households in Suzhou, Hangzhou, Jiazhou and Huzhou were collectively forced to move to Haozhou; In the 13th year of Hongwu, more than 45,000 rich people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang were forced to move to Nanjing by Zhu Yuanzhang.
At the same time, the construction of Nanjing City is in full swing. Of course, the wealth brought by the rich to Nanjing will be used to prosper the capital. In the Ming Dynasty, unofficial history and his notes described many buildings in Nanjing, such as iron bridges, restaurants and water gates. , it seems that Shen Wansan's credit, this is the historical background. The specific plot in Shen Wansan's story is false, but the historical background outlined by the false plot is very real.
The false plot of Shen Wansan being demoted to Yunnan also has a real historical background.
After Yunnan was pacified in the 15th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang immigrated to Yunnan from the mainland to enrich the frontier. Rich households in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are an important part of immigrants. Xie, a member of Amin Dynasty, wrote a book called "A Brief Introduction to Yunnan", in which he said: "Emperor Gao decided to stay in central Yunnan and tried his best to move to the left and right of Jiangzuo, so there were few people in his native land and many people sent books. Clothing, manners, language, habits, and large-scale construction ... "
The "high emperor" is Zhu Yuanzhang, "good family" refers to the people who are guarding their own territory and the rich (the poor call it "left"), while "Jianye" is Nanjing. After Zhu Yuanzhang pacified Yunnan, a large number of well-behaved people and rich people moved to Jiangsu and Zhejiang to enrich the frontier, which eventually led to the situation that locals were in the minority and immigrants were in the majority; Influenced by immigrants, local living habits and cultural customs have also become roughly the same as those in Nanjing. In this fictional story, the old rich man Shen Man Wansan was exiled to Yunnan by Zhu Yuanzhang. In real history, groups of rich people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces were also rushed to the Yunnan border to get married and have children.
In Shen Wansan's false story, the fate code of the rich in Ming Dynasty is hidden. Ma Huanghou's phrase "People are extremely rich, but they are unlucky" reveals an inexplicable panic of "money is guilty". For this "rich is guilty", Fang Xiaoru's account in Xunzhizhai Ji is: "When there are giants in eastern Zhejiang, most of them are guilty." Wang Kun said in Garden Miscellanies that in the middle and late period of Hongwu, the giants of Sanwu "died or moved, and none remained". The bustling place was plunged into depression, "the city was bleak and the livelihood was thin", and all the people passing by were sad.
Shen Wansan's story is false and true.