The word "sand" in Russian czar (царь) comes from the transliteration of Caesar in Latin, and царь means "emperor". Chinese transliteration, translated into "tsar".
In medieval Russia, the title of czar refers to the supreme ruler, especially the emperor of Byzantium. After 1240, it refers to the Great Khan of Mongolia.
/kloc-In the 5th century, there was a saying in Russia that the Grand Duke of Moscow was the heir of the Byzantine emperor. After Constantinople fell into the hands of the Turks, the power of the Byzantine Empire and the emperor fell into the hands of the Grand Duke of Moscow. During Ivan IV's reign, the title of Grand Duke was not strong enough, so Ivan IV was crowned as czar in June 65438 +0547+10/October 65438 +06.
In addition, the early emperors of Bulgaria and the kings of Bulgaria in the 20th century also called themselves Tsars.
In medieval Russia, the title of czar refers to the supreme ruler. Early Russians believed that the Byzantine Empire was the heir of the Roman Empire and the center of the universe. Russians respect the Byzantine monarch as the "Tsar", while the Russian Grand Duke is the minister of the Byzantine Tsar. On the other hand, they also called the Old Testament characters czars.
/kloc-In the 3rd century, the appalling rule of Mongolian Tatars, coupled with the powerful Mongolian Khan marrying the Byzantine princess as the queen, made the Russians call the Mongolian Khan the "Tsar" instead, and the Russian Grand Duke was the minister of the Mongolian "Tsar" (that is, the Mongolian Khan).
However, with the decline of Mongols, Russians are no longer willing to call Mongolian Khan Tsar, but they never dare to formally call themselves Tsar.
1547 65438+1October 16, the grand duke of Moscow, Ivan IV, made an important speech, upgrading the grand duke to czar, with the title of czar Russia (kingdom period). Ivan IV broke all the power restrictions on the tsar, and the feudal regime was changed to the tsar's autocratic regime, so Ivan the Great became the first tsar. After Peter I (Peter the Great) upgraded the czar to emperor in 172 1 year, Russia officially became an empire, but czar and czar Russia were generally referred to as the monarch and country of the Russian empire.
In Bulgaria, the Bulgarian emperor Simon I (Simon the Great) upgraded Dagong to czar in 9 13, and changed his title to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In 925, the Eastern Roman Empire was forced to be awarded the title of "Emperor of Bulgaria and Greece", that is, to become emperor, which was once called the Bulgarian Empire. Special attention: "The Emperor of the Greeks" is the title of the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Saying that the czar is a Russian transliteration of Caesar is actually a kind of attachment. The word czar first appeared in Bulgaria in Europe in the 10 century. Simon the Great fought against the Eastern Roman Empire all his life, and naturally he would not worship Caesar, the de facto founder of the Roman Empire. It is even more impossible to use the word Caesar as his title and king's position. Simon the Great was later regarded as the emperor by the Eastern Roman Empire, which also showed that the czar was a king, not an emperor.