Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed as a general to conquer foreigners and established a shogunate in Edo. When the third generation general Tokugawa Guang Jia arrived, the shogunate organization had been basically completed. The territory of the shogunate accounts for about a quarter of the national land, and the rest is owned by Daming (a vassal state), which is called a vassal state. The general is the supreme ruler of the country. Under him, he decides policies, manages government affairs, and is responsible for controlling the court, name and diplomacy. In addition, if the year is assigned to take charge of the territory of the shogunate and the ministers directly under it, there are also temple fairs, Edo-machi and Kenting III, which are responsible for the temple fairs, finance, Edo municipal government and litigation of the territory directly under the shogunate respectively. The shogunate set up county representatives or officials in the direct jurisdiction, and directly controlled farmers through land survey, village year tribute inheritance system and five-person system. General Tokugawa is more powerful than Kamakura and Muromachi. Daming is the ruler of various vassal States, with family members and seniority. , directly rule the people, and have the administrative, judicial and annual tribute collection rights of the territory. The shogunate set up visiting ambassadors and inspectors named Yan Fu to supervise the vassal States, and took measures such as visiting names and renaming them to control them, but the vassal States still had relative independence. As a result, a political system was formed under the control of General Tokugawa. At the end of 17, due to the development of commodity economy, the wooden model system was in crisis, which was characterized by financial difficulties and frequent peasant uprisings. In order to cope with the crisis, the shogunate successively carried out reforms such as enjoying insurance, leniency policy and natural insurance from1mid-8th century to11940s, but they all ended in failure. 1854 after the founding of Japan, the national crisis intensified the crisis of feudalism. Driven by the reformist warriors at the lower level, the powerful princes in the southwest, such as Shama and Changzhou, gradually adopted different policies from the shogunate, colonized and prospered, and resisted foreign enemies. Under the pressure of the peasant uprising at the end of the curtain and the anti-curtain movement centered on the powerful princes in southwest China, such as Sachang, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the general of15th generation, was forced to announce his "return to major policies" at the end of 1867. 1867 65438+On February 9th, the clique launched a coup of "restoring the past to the ancients" and announced the abolition of the shogunate system. The newly established Meiji Emperor's government completely defeated the shogunate forces through the Chen Wu War of 1868 ~ 1869. At this point, Japan's feudal shogunate politics ended.
Chronology of edo shogunate:
1603- 1867
0 1. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603.2.12-1605.4.6438+06).
02. Hideyoshi Tokugawa (1605.4.16-1623.7.27)
03. Tokugawa Guang Jia (1623.7.27-1651.4.20)
04. Tokugawa Jiagang (1651.8.18-1680.5.8)
05. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1680.8.23-1709.1.10)
Tokugawa Ienobu (1709.5.1-1712.10.14)
07. Tokugawa Kaji (1713.4.2-1716.4.30)
08. Tokugawa Yoshinori (1716.8.13-1745.9.25)
09. Tokugawa Kazuo (1745.1.2-1760.5.56438+03).
10. Tokugawa Kaji (1760.9.2-1786.9.8)
1 1. Kazuo Tokugawa (1787.4.15-1837.4.2)
12 Tokugawa IeYoshi (1837.9.2-1853.6.22)
13. Tokugawa Yoshiki (1853.10.23-1858.7.4)
14. Tokugawa Jiamao (1858.12.1-1866.8.11)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1866.12.5-1867.12.9)
Post station system of edo shogunate
Superior position
The position directly under the general is appointed from the name of the spectrum generation. Compared with the collateral governors, the shogunate did not give them high salaries, but gave them the right to participate in the shogunate planning.
Dalao
The temporary highest position of the shogunate. Although it covers government affairs, it only participates in basic and important policy decisions. The quota is one, which is monopolized by Doi, Sakai, Horita and Seiichi.
Laozhong
The highest permanent post, covering behind-the-scenes politics. The number of places is four to five, and the first person to take office in the middle or someone with special family background such as royal family is the middle chief.
Kyoto office generation
Guards in Kyoto, surveillance in the name of the imperial court and Kansai, and direct jurisdiction around the capital. It is an important post in the work establishment, second only to the old middle school.
Side users (1)
General, the highest position in the Guards. Convey the general's orders to Lao Zhong, and convey Lao Zhong's report to the general. (1) often holds the power.
Osaka Seidai
The task of the Osaka Garrison and the monitor of Kansai Daming is to cover the shogunate (2) on duty in Osaka.
Temple fair pursuit
Throughout the country, monasteries and shrines, and the management departments of monasteries and shrines are responsible for religious control. Plus the three highest realms that Kanding and Maji pursue.
Player fan
Responsible for the etiquette in the temple. At the beginning of the year, famous people met the general and were responsible for conveying it.
If you send it in a few years.
As the master, the flag book should be unified. The number of places is three to five.
middle position
The middle position is appointed from the senior and intermediate flag books.
Gaojia
Dominated by the old China, he was in charge of the ceremonies and ceremonies of the shogunate. Responsible for receiving imperial envoys, courtiers, envoys who passed the palace, etc. Salary 1500 stone, but rank tied with Daming.
Omf
Led by the old China, as the eyes and ears of the old China, it carried out the supervision of Daming, Confession and Gaos thought.
Ma Ji's pursuit (3)
Dominate Edo Town (4), in charge of administration, fire protection and justice. Give priority to the old, higher than the position that can be determined.
Determined to pursue
In charge of the civil affairs and taxation of the royal territory, the operation of the shogunate finance, the litigation of the royal territory, etc. There are many subordinate positions, and they also serve as county representatives and officials. Old China prevailed.
Dafantou
In view of the vigilance of Edo City and Edo City, he commanded and worked as a pioneer in wartime. There are four team leaders, with 46 people under the head of Dafan, and there are also people with the same strength below. Old China prevailed.
Liu shouju
When the general is out of the city, he is responsible for the security of Edo City. In the early days of the shogunate, this was a very authoritative and important position. Since the general did not leave Edo, it has become an idle position. Old China prevailed.
Pursuit in distant countries
The general term for the pursuit under the jurisdiction of the state. In charge of civil affairs and justice. Kyoto, Osaka, Junfu, Nagasaki, Horiba, Nara, Yamada, Nikko, Sato, etc. Old China prevailed.
Xiao Pu asks Group (7) to dominate.
Unemployed people are headed by Qi Ben and the royal family (Xiao Pu invited the group). Old China prevailed.
Please follow it.
Labor service is a civil engineering in Edo City. Also responsible for the management of Sheung Shui in Kanda and Yuchuan. Giving priority to the old and the middle, plus doing things and doing small things, is called the pursuit of the next three.
Academy fantou
He is in charge of the academy, and is responsible for the vigilance of various doors in Edo City and the vigilance before and after the general's trip. There is a ball under the fan head, and there is a ball under it. If you send it in 2008.
Group fan head
Leading this little sex group. The task is roughly the same as that of the academy. Below Fan's head is the head of the group, and below is the subsidiary of the group. If you send it in 2008.
Pu, please follow.
Responsible for the construction and repair of the harem, Dong Ruishan and aristocratic mansion. If you send it in 2008.
Mufu
As the eyes and ears of Ruonian Post, supervise the flag book and the royal family.
In order to hold these positions, there must be family standards. This is called high service. In other words, the position is determined according to the family fortune. Therefore, no matter how excellent people are, they can't hold important positions, which brings the rigidity of the organization. And get rid of this drawback, it is the eighth generation of general Ji Zongbao's institutionalized high-foot system. Even if the family background of the talent you want to use does not reach the service level, you can fill that job and open up ways to appoint talents. This system continued until the end, which is conducive to the use of outstanding talents. However, in a huge organization, there is also a hidden crisis.
Translator's note:
(1), the general is responsible for conveying the general's orders to Lao Zhong, and Daming and Qiben are responsible for housekeeping and accounting.
(2), namely civil servants and staff.
(3) Town policy: The edo shogunate is located in Edo, Kyoto, Osaka and Fujun, and is in charge of the administration, justice and fire control of the city.
(4) Town side: low-ranking officials and detectives (under the Edo-era town government chief).
(5) Heli: This is to assist the first mate in his work. The positions of arresting officers and police chiefs in the Edo era (under "chasing" and above "concentricity"). Similar to a teacher in China.
(6), concentric: (Edo era) junior police officers.
(7) General invitation: architecture. Architecture. Repair.