Mushroom (scientific name: Pleurotus ostreatus; Also known as Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus ostreatus in Taiwan Province Province) is a kind of Pleurotus ostreatus belonging to basidiomycetes, which is a very common gray edible fungus.
Pleurotus ostreatus is rich in nutrition. Every100g product contains 20-23g of protein, with complete amino acid components and rich mineral content.
Chinese medicine believes that Pleurotus ostreatus is warm and sweet. It has the effects of expelling wind and cold, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals. Can be used for treating lumbago and leg pain, numbness of hands and feet, and meridian obstruction. The proteoglycan in Pleurotus ostreatus has a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cells and can enhance the immune function of the body.
There are many methods to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus at present. There are international leading technologies such as indoor seedbed cultivation, intercropping of corn or soybean with Pleurotus ostreatus, plastic greenhouse cultivation, conventional biochemical and high-temperature reaction for ripening at room temperature, and anti-pollution dual treatment to improve the culture medium without cooking and infection.
Indoor seedbed planting
Mushroom house building
Existing empty rooms and basements can be transformed into mushroom rooms. You can also build a new mushroom house if you have the conditions. Mushroom room should face south and be located in a place with high terrain, close to water source and convenient drainage. The area suitable for indoor cultivation in mushroom house is 20 square meters. The roof and walls should be thick, and the layout of doors and windows should be reasonable, which is conducive to heat preservation, moisture retention, ventilation and light transmission. It is best to brush the interior walls and floors with lime and polish them with cement for disinfection. In addition, a simple mushroom house can be built, that is, a semi-underground mushroom house with a distance of 1.5-2.0 meters from the ground. In order to make full use of the space in the mushroom house, a bedstead can also be set in the mushroom house for cultivation. Bedframes are arranged north and south. Don't lean against the surrounding walls. There is a 60 cm wide walkway between the bedsteads. The upper and lower floors are 50 cm apart, and the lower floor is 20 cm from the ground. Do not take the upper floor over the window, so as not to affect the light. The width of the bed surface shall not exceed 1 m, which is convenient for management. Spread wooden boards, bamboo poles or straw curtains on the bed surface.
Disinfection of mushroom house
The mushroom house should be disinfected before use, especially the old mushroom house, and it should be thoroughly disinfected. So as to reduce the contamination of miscellaneous bacteria and the occurrence of pests. The disinfection method is as follows:
(2) 100 m3 mushroom house was fumigated with 1 kg formaldehyde and 0.5 kg potassium permanganate for 24h.
(3) Spraying 5% carbolic acid solution. (4) spraying 800 times of dichlorvos.
Nutritional preparation
Raw materials such as sawdust, cottonseed hull, waste cotton, rice straw, bagasse, corn cob, corn stalk, peanut hull, bean stalk powder and so on can be used to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus. However, in order to obtain high-yield and high-quality cultivation effect, it is necessary to add appropriate amount of auxiliary materials such as bran, rice bran, gypsum and calcium superphosphate. The following are several commonly used formulas and their preparation methods.
(1) 99% cottonseed hull and 1% lime. Dissolve lime in a proper amount of water, pour it evenly on the cottonseed hull, pour the water, step on it and stir until the cottonseed hull contains a proper amount of water evenly.
(2) straw 99%, lime 1%. Grow the straw to 5cm, soak it in 1% lime water for 5-6h, then take it out and drain it, and then carry out dead sowing.
(3) Mix 89% sawdust, 1% lime, 10% wheat bran and dry materials, add water and stir evenly until the water content is about 60%.
(4) 90% corncob powder, 9% rice bran and 0/%lime/kloc. Mix the dry materials, add water and stir evenly until the water content is appropriate.
(5) Crushing corncob or cornstalk, soaking it in clear water or 1% lime water for 1 ~ 2 days until it is completely absorbed, taking it out and draining the water, then paving it into mushroom beds and sowing it in layers.
(6) Peanut shell, peanut stalk 78%, bran 20%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%. Firstly, dry and crush peanut shells and stalks, dissolve sugar in a small amount of water, and mix with dry materials evenly, then add clean water and mix evenly until the water content is about 58%.
(7) 50-69% of bagasse, 30-49% of sawdust and 0/%of lime/kloc. First, stir the dry material evenly, then add clean water and stir evenly until the water content is appropriate.
(8) Bean straw powder 33%, cottonseed hull 33%, sawdust 32%, calcium carbonate 1%, sugar 1%. Dissolve sugar in a small amount of water and mix it evenly with dry materials, then add clear water and mix it evenly until the water content is appropriate.
Among the above eight formulations, 0. 1 ~ 0.2% carbendazim and 0. 1% dichlorvos were added during mixing to kill some miscellaneous bacteria and pests. Especially when the temperature is high, the effect of increasing yield is more obvious by sowing and adding proper amount of bactericide and insecticide to the culture medium.
sow seeds
There are many sowing methods of Pleurotus ostreatus, such as mixed sowing, hole sowing, layer sowing and covering sowing. The following mainly introduces layer broadcasting. Spread a layer of plastic film on the bed surface, spread a layer of nutrients on the plastic film, about 5 cm thick, spread a layer of strains, spread a layer of nutrients, spread a layer of strains, and finally flatten and compact. The bed surface should be flat and turtle-backed.
Generally, the material per square meter of bed surface is about 20kg, and the thickness is 10- 15cm. Before sowing, the strain should be taken out of the bottle or plastic bag, put into a clean basin, broken into jujube-sized pieces with washed hands, and then sown into the material. After sowing, the surface of the material is covered with a plastic film, which is beneficial to moisture retention and can also prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria. Sowing time, usually from the end of August to the end of April of the following year, can be sowed. However, spring sowing should be early and autumn sowing should be late, and the temperature below 65438 05℃ is the suitable period for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation.
operate
(1) Management of spawning period: The management of mycelium growth and development stage is mainly to adjust temperature, keep moisture and prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria. To prevent contamination by miscellaneous bacteria, the room temperature should be controlled below 15℃ within 10 days after sowing. Two days after sowing, the strain began to germinate and gradually grow around. At this time, the temperature change in the culture material should be checked several times a day, and the material temperature should be controlled below 30℃. If the material temperature is too high, the film should be uncovered and ventilated to cool down, and then the film should be covered after the temperature drops. There is no need to tilt the film after the temperature of the material is stabilized. After 10 days, hyphae grow all over the material surface and enter the material layer. At this time, the room temperature can be raised to 20-25℃. If contamination by miscellaneous bacteria is found, it can be sprinkled with lime powder or wiped with 0.3% carbendazim. During this period, the relative humidity of the air will remain at about 65%. In general, hyphae will grow all over the culture material 20-30 days after sowing.
(2) Management of fruiting period: after hyphae are full of culture materials, the doors and windows of the mushroom house and the plastic film are opened at the lowest temperature of 1 hour every day, and then covered, so as to increase the temperature difference between the material surfaces and promote the formation of fruiting bodies. It is also necessary to spray water according to humidity to adjust the relative humidity of indoor air to above 80%. When the mycelium reaches physiological maturity and meets suitable temperature, humidity, air and light, it will twist into many gray millet-like bacterial buds. At this time, it can be sprayed into the space to keep the relative humidity of indoor air at about 85%. Do not spray water on the surface of the material to avoid affecting the development of mushroom buds and causing the death of young mushrooms. At the same time, plastic film should be erected, which is ventilated and humid, and the indoor temperature can be kept at 15- 18℃. After the bud pile is formed, it grows rapidly. After 2-3 days, when the stem is elongated and a gray-black or brown oblate original cap is formed at the top, a small amount of water can be sprayed on the surface of the material to keep the relative humidity of indoor air at about 90%. Keep the temperature at about 65438 05℃
Superficial application
During the vigorous growth period and the late fruiting period of edible fungi, the nutrients in the culture materials are exhausted, and timely topdressing during this period can significantly improve the yield and quality of edible fungi.
Manure: Dry pig manure and cow dung are crushed, pre-moistened, piled with lime water supernatant for 15 days, 50% fertilizer mud and a small amount of plant ash are added, and mixed evenly. When the output of edible fungi drops sharply or dead mushrooms appear, clean the bed surface, remove the old roots and spread manure on the bed surface.
Straw juice can make the edible fungi grow healthily by using decomposed and sun-dried grass, adding 100 times of water to get juice, and cooling and spraying.
Cotton seed juice: add 10 times of water to cotton seed, cool it and add 3 times of water to smear it.
Take 10 kg moldy soybean (4660,-12.00, -0.26%) as food liquid, cleaning, soak, adding 50-60 kg water, boiling, filtering the soup, adding water to 200 kg, and spraying; Chop 10 kg carrot, add 15 kg water, cook for 30 minutes, filter to get juice, add 3 times of water to make 25% carrot juice, and spray; Add 1 kg solid glucose into 100 kg water, dissolve to obtain 1% glucose solution, and spray directly.
Mushroom root soup: take 5 ~ 10 kg of mushroom root, wash it, add water 10 ~ 15 kg, boil it for 15 min, add 50 kg of water to the clear liquid, stir it evenly and spray it to promote the growth of mushroom buds.
The dosage of the topdressing liquid is about 0.5 kg per square meter.
choose
When the cap of Pleurotus ostreatus is basically unfolded, the color changes from dark gray to light gray or grayish white, and spores are about to erupt, it is the best harvest time for Pleurotus ostreatus. At this moment
incline one's ear
The collected Pleurotus ostreatus has thick fruiting body, high yield and delicious taste. The method of harvesting is to hold the culture material in the left hand, hold the stem in the right hand and twist it gently. It can also be cut with a knife at the base of the stem near the surface of the material. In general, 3-4 batches of mushrooms can be harvested at one time. After each batch of harvest, clean up the dead mushrooms and stalks left on the bed surface to prevent the next batch from rotten mushrooms. Cover the film, stop spraying water for 4-5 days, then spray less water to keep the surface of the material wet. After about 10 days, bacterial buds grow again on the surface of the material. It is still managed according to the management method of the first batch of mushrooms.
Pleurotus ostreatus intercropping
1. Cultivation time: At the end of June, after shoveling for three times, plant mushrooms in the furrows of corn or soybean. Because the leaves and branches of corn or soybean grow luxuriantly in July and August, the ridges and ditches are well sealed and the humidity is high, which is just suitable for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting body.
2. Culture material: select whole-axis corncob or whole bundle of beanstalk, soak it in 2% lime water for 24 hours, then take it out, and control excess water for later use.
3. Cultivation method: planting two ridges and leaving one ridge empty as the working path. Clean the furrows first, then spread a layer of full-axis corncob or bean straw, sprinkle a layer of strains, then spread a layer of material and then sprinkle a layer of strains. Finally, step on it with your feet and cover it with a 2 cm thick soil or plastic film.
4. Management: After 20 days of inoculation, hyphae are full of culture materials. If it doesn't rain, mushrooms will grow in a week or so if heavy water is poured once in the arid area. Management methods and harvesting are the same as before.
Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus raw materials
1, strain selection and selection of excellent strains.
2. Strain activation and preparation of original strain
Strain activation: Inoculate Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium in PDA slant culture medium for activation culture, and keep it at 20-25℃ for later use.
Preparation of the first-class strain: transfer the activated strain to the slant of PDA, and culture at constant temperature of 20-25℃ to prepare the first-class strain for later use.
3. Preparation of Secondary Strain
Solid medium: corncob 55%, sawdust 30%, bran 10%, corn flour 5%, gypsum 1%, lime 1%.
Preparation of culture medium: according to the formula of secondary culture medium, prepare secondary seed culture medium with water content of 55%-60%, bottle and sterilize with high pressure steam for later use.
Inoculation culture: the first-class strain with the same size was quickly inoculated into the solid second-class strain culture medium and cultured at a constant temperature of 25℃.
4. Preparation of tertiary strains
Solid medium: corncob 77%, bran 20%, quicklime 1%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%.
Preparation of culture medium: according to the formula of three-level strain culture medium, prepare three-level strain culture medium with water content of 55%-60%, bag it, and sterilize it with high pressure steam for later use.
Inoculation culture: inoculate the long secondary solid strain into a fungus bag with a dry weight of 500g, the moisture content of the fungus bag is 60%, and the inoculation amount is one bag per bottle. Constant temperature culture at 20-25℃.
5. Making mushroom bags (raw material cultivation)
Formula of cultivation bag: corncob 80%, bran 15%, quicklime 4%, gypsum 1%, carbendazim 0. 1%.
Preparation of raw material culture medium: according to the culture medium formula of the cultivation bag, the mushroom bag is prepared, and the water content is 55-60%.
Inoculation and culture: Inoculate the well-grown third-grade strains into the seeds of raw material cultivation bags at the inoculation amount of 10% for spawning culture, and manage the fruiting after the mycelium grows for 25-30 days, and observe and record the quality and yield of each variety.
The cultivation process of Pleurotus ostreatus is relatively simple, and the mushroom bag does not need sterilization. Pleurotus ostreatus has alkali resistance. It is not suitable to control bacterial infection rate by raising PH value with quicklime. When the PH value exceeds 10, it will affect the inhibition of normal mycelium growth. Therefore, adding 4% quicklime makes the PH value of the culture medium about 8- 10. The function of gypsum in Pleurotus ostreatus culture medium is to increase calcium.
6. Result period management
(1) When small mushroom buds begin to appear in the mushroom bag, temperature and humidity are very important. Pleurotus ostreatus is a low-temperature variety, and the temperature should be 15- 18 and the humidity should be kept above 70. If the temperature and humidity are not maintained when the small mushroom buds appear, the small mushroom buds will dry up and die.
(2) The light should not be too strong, just keep the scattered light.
(3) Be sure to pay attention to ventilation on time to prevent bacterial pollution.
Plastic greenhouse cultivation
It can be cultivated in the border along the east-west direction, intercropped with tall vegetables (in the border between cucumber and bean rack), and cultivated as mushroom bricks or plastic bags. The preparation, sowing and management of culture materials are the same as before. Due to the influence of natural conditions, the temperature in the shed changes greatly, so it is necessary to adjust the temperature according to the climate change. When the temperature is high, cover the grass curtain during the day to avoid sun exposure and increase the temperature; Take off the straw curtain at night and open the film on the ventilation window to reduce the temperature in the shed. When the temperature drops, open the straw curtain during the day, use sunlight to increase the temperature, cover the straw curtain at night, and close the ventilation window to keep warm.
Pollution-free planting
1, cultivation methods and means Pleurotus ostreatus is a kind of edible fungus with strong vitality. As long as it grows under suitable conditions, it is faster than any other edible fungus. According to their biological characteristics, Nanyang cultivators have created many cultivation methods, such as bag cultivation, border cultivation, border cultivation, brick cultivation, box cultivation, pot cultivation and so on.
This paper introduces the most widely used method-clinker bag planting method.
2. The basic formula of clinker bag cultivation is 1, cottonseed hull 90%, bran 5%, lime 2%, phosphate fertilizer 1%, gypsum 1%, salt 1%, water content 60%, and PH value 7.5-8.0. When blending, first soak the cottonseed hull in lime water, then pick up the fermented 1-2d, and then add other auxiliary materials and mix evenly.
2. Corn cob 65%, cottonseed hull 20%, bran 8%, peanut bran or rapeseed cake 3%, compound fertilizer 1%, gypsum powder 1%, lime 2%, and the PH value is 7.5-8.0. Mix corncob and other materials (pre-wetted cottonseed hull) to the size of peanuts, and stir while spraying water until the water content is 60%.
3. sawdust (screened) or rice straw (chopped) 85%, bran (rice bran and corn flour) 7%, peanut bran 3%, compound fertilizer 1%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%, lime 2%, water content 60%, and PH value 7.5-0. After the raw materials and auxiliary materials are fully mixed, they are stirred while spraying water until the water content reaches 60%.
3 raw materials should be repackaged quickly after disinfection and inoculation. Filled with 45cm× 20-27cm× 0.04cm polypropylene plastic pipes, each pipe is filled with 1.8-2kg dry material, compacted properly, with 7cm left at both ends, then the sleeve is sealed with film, and then the film and sleeve are tied tightly with rubber bands. Sterilizing with high pressure steam of 65438 0.47× 65438 0.05 Pa (65438 0.26℃) for 65438 0.5-2 hours; Or sterilize at normal pressure at 65438 000℃ for 8-65438 02h.
Inoculate in a sterile room or an inoculation box. Generally, about 18 bags of bacteria can be inoculated in a 750ml bottle (inoculated at both ends of the bag).
4. The mycelium culture site should be dry, the air should be fresh, the darkness should be kept as far as possible, and the temperature should be controlled below 27℃. Culture bags are generally arranged in a single row, or in a "#" shape, with a layer of quicklime sprinkled on the surface. When the temperature in the material exceeds 30℃, it should be piled up in time. Check frequently 10d days after inoculation, and pick out the bags contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria in time. You can also build a bedstead to make full use of the space. Usually the distance between bedsteads is 50cm, and the aisle between bedsteads is 70cm. 1.5 days later, the upper and lower barrels were stacked to check the feeding situation of hyphae. It generally takes about 20-25 days for hyphae to grow out of the whole culture medium, and about 35 days for inoculation to form fruiting body primordium.
5. Mushroom production management: After the mycelium grows in the whole bag, it will be produced locally or moved to the mushroom production site. When mushrooms grow in situ, the original dense rows should be rearranged, and the row spacing should be based on the convenience of picking. Temperature control: Pleurotus ostreatus is a temperature-changing mushroom, and temperature-changing stimulation is beneficial to the formation of fruiting bodies. After the primordium was formed, the fruiting body grew faster when the temperature was 15-24℃. Humidity control: In general, the relative humidity of air is 65%.
6. Water spraying methods and quantities are different in different periods. In the early stage of fruiting body formation, spatial spraying and humidification were the main methods, and the ground was kept moist for a few times. When the fruiting body cap is larger than 3cm, it can be directly sprayed on the mushroom body, and the relative humidity of the air is about 85%.
7. Light control: The formation of fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus must be stimulated by light. After the hyphae are full of bags, appropriate scattered light should be given, but not direct sunlight. The light that you can read the newspaper at ordinary times is enough.
8, in places such as civil air defense fortifications should be installed lighting to increase the light. Ventilation: The fruiting body needs enough oxygen in the process of formation, growth and development, so it needs to strengthen ventilation. Generally, windows can be properly opened in mushroom growing areas, and artificial air supply is needed for air defense works or basement cultivation. Ventilation is not only beneficial to the formation and development of fruiting bodies, but also can reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria.
9. Pleurotus ostreatus should be harvested in time, usually seven ripe, the edge of the mushroom lid has not been fully unfolded, and the best harvest is when the spores have not popped up.
10. After harvesting, remove the dead mushrooms, stalks and fragments on the feed surface, spray water or nutrient solution once to make the feed surface smooth and restore the growth of hyphae10-15d; When the primordium of fruiting body appears on the material surface again, the above mushroom production management is repeated. Generally, 4-5 tidal mushrooms can be harvested.