Causes:

(1) Mechanical obstruction: any obstructive lesion of the bladder neck and urethra can cause acute urinary retention. Commonly, there are prostatic hyperplasia, urethral injury, urethral stenosis, vesicourethral stones, tumors, foreign bodies, pelvic tumors and so on.

(2)Dynamic obstruction: urinary reflex dysfunction, such as anesthesia, postoperative urinary retention, after anorectal surgery, as well as central and peripheral nervous system injuries, inflammation, tumors, etc. can cause acute urinary retention.

Treatment:

(1)Catheterization: strict aseptic operation, generally need not be retained, but the catheter should be retained for acute urinary retention such as prostatic hyperplasia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, coma, craniocerebral injuries, anal surgery.

(2) Suprapubic cystocentesis to draw urine or percutaneous cystocentesis can be used when catheterization fails.

(3) Suprapubic cystostomy.

(4) Management of primary disease.

Nursing points:

(1) Choose a catheter that is less irritating to the tissues, F16 size is preferred.

(2) The operation is formal, aseptic and gentle to avoid re-injury or infection.

(3) Urine should be released slowly, too much too fast cause rapid decompression in the bladder, resulting in bladder bleeding.

(4) Clean the urethra daily.

(5) Replace the sterilized receiver and drainage bag regularly.

(6) Continuous drainage intermittent opening and training of the forcing muscle function.

(7) Pay attention to skin care at the fistula.