First, beware of "Disulfuron Reaction" In the window of the infusion room of the emergency department of Union Medical College Hospital, you will find an eye-catching warm reminder "Please don't drink alcohol during the cephalosporin treatment and within one week after the end!" Is there a contradiction between injection and drinking? Patients are often curious to ask, especially on holidays, when the entertainment between relatives and friends increases, it is common to raise a glass and propose a toast. If it weren't for the doctor's kind reminder before treatment, I'm afraid a few people would have drinking problems for this reason. It turns out that medical research has found that after taking cephalosporins, drugs can not only kill bacteria, but also lead to the decline of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in human body. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the key substance for human body to metabolize alcohol, and its activity decreases, just like a crack in a dam. Even if the water level rises a little, there is a danger of dam break. So as long as you use cephalosporin, no matter how much you have drunk before, as long as you touch a little wine in the near future, you can have a drunken-like reaction in a short time. Symptoms are mostly chest tightness, shortness of breath, laryngeal edema, cyanosis of lips, dyspnea, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, weakness of limbs, facial flushing, hyperhidrosis, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lethargy, hallucinations and trance, which is called "Disulfuron reaction". Only after the drug is completely excreted from the human body, when drinking, will there be no "one gulp" situation, and the alcohol consumption will naturally recover. Therefore, generally speaking, during the use of cephalosporins, patients should abstain from drinking, and because cephalosporins are still excreted in the human body for a period of time after stopping the drug, they must still abstain from drinking within 7 days after stopping the drug to avoid adverse reactions. Some scholars have pointed out that even if alcohol is used to disinfect the skin, a small amount of alcohol can be absorbed into the blood circulation through the skin and can react with such drugs. Therefore, especially for patients with heart disease or cerebrovascular disease, alcohol disinfection should be avoided when giving such drugs to patients. Second, it's spring, so beware of spring sickness. The temperature begins to rise slowly in spring, but it takes a long time for the climate to warm and cool in early spring, so it is often difficult for the human body to adapt to the changes of the external climate. Especially infants and the elderly, will be attacked by various popular viruses if they are not careful. Many patients with chronic diseases such as asthma, bronchitis and stomach diseases will also get worse, and malignant sudden cases such as myocardial infarction will also increase significantly. In addition, spring is also a frequent season for respiratory diseases such as epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, mumps, scarlet fever, measles and chickenpox, so we should pay attention to strengthening prevention. Daily attention should be paid to opening the window for ventilation and drying clothes and quilts frequently. 12 In the sunshine from noon to 2 pm, ultraviolet rays have the strongest intensity, the shortest wavelength, the strongest bactericidal power and the least bacteria in the air. Not only clothes and quilts should be aired frequently, but children's toys, books and rags should also be taken out of the house and often basked in the sun, which is of great significance for disease prevention. In addition, we should strengthen observation. Once patients with sudden high fever, headache, convulsion, jet vomiting, skin and mucous membrane bleeding are found, meningitis should be highly suspected and timely diagnosis and treatment should be paid attention to. People who have had close contact with meningococcal patients should actively take preventive measures. In spring, we have to talk about bird flu, which is short for bird flu. It is an infectious disease caused by a subtype of influenza A virus (also known as avian influenza virus), and has been designated as a Class A infectious disease by the International Bureau of Animal Diseases, also known as true chicken plague or European chicken plague. At present, it has been found that the viruses that can cause human infection with avian influenza are H5N 1, H7N7 and H9N2 subtypes. Patients infected with H9N2 subtype usually have only mild symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, and some patients even have no symptoms. The main manifestation of patients infected with H7N7 subtype is conjunctivitis. Severe patients are generally infected with H5N 1 subtype virus. The patient developed acute onset and early symptoms similar to common flu. Fever is the main cause, and the body temperature is above 39℃, with a heat course of 1-7 days, usually 3-4 days, and may be accompanied by runny nose, stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, headache, muscle aches and general malaise. Some patients may have digestive tract symptoms, such as nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and watery stools. Severe patients develop rapidly, and there are many complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, renal failure, sepsis, shock, Raynaud's syndrome and so on. If you find similar symptoms, you should go to the hospital in time. People who are in close contact with live birds should wear protective clothing and masks, be vaccinated with flu vaccine in time, be thoroughly disinfected before and after work, and wash their hands. In addition, eat more foods and drugs that are rich in vitamin C and help improve immunity, and exercise properly. Early spring is also a frequent season for some intestinal infectious diseases, such as bacillary dysentery, viral hepatitis and typhoid fever. According to the incomplete statistics of the health department, about 40% of viral hepatitis occurs in February-May every year, especially in early spring. Overeating in spring can easily lead to indigestion, acute gastric distension, gastric perforation and other diseases, and may even lead to acute pancreatitis, which will be life-threatening. Spring conjunctivitis is also a common allergic conjunctivitis, especially for male adolescents. When it happens, the eyes are strangely itchy, accompanied by burning sensation, which forces people to rub with their hands constantly, causing eyelid redness, conjunctival congestion, and sometimes tears and fear of light. At present, it is believed that the disease is caused by patients who are allergic to some substances floating in the air, such as pollen and dust, or are not adapted to strong sunlight. Therefore, dark protective glasses can be worn in spring and summer to reduce irritation and have a certain preventive effect. Once you get conjunctivitis in spring, you can choose to use 0.5% cortisone eye drops and 1% ephedrine eye drops. Everything comes into being in spring, and nature is full of vitality. People should go to bed early and get up early, do more outdoor activities and relax, which can promote metabolism, speed up blood circulation and improve disease resistance. However, public places are places where respiratory viruses and bacteria spread intensively, and infants and the elderly and infirm should try to avoid going. Third, don't let your headache linger until summer. Some people often have headaches in summer. The reason is that the temperature in summer can't climb up, and the fast pace of modern urban life forces people to devote themselves to intense work and study. Headache has become an "urban disease" with high incidence in summer. Relevant data show that the majority of headache patients in summer are white-collar workers and women. With the popularity of air conditioning, the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is large, and people do not pay attention to adjusting the temperature when entering and leaving the room, which will aggravate the severity of headache. In addition, lack of sleep, mental fatigue, emotional excitement, irregular life, etc. will all induce headaches. It is worth noting that whenever a headache occurs, many people choose a negative attitude of "forbearance is forbearance", which is not desirable. Headache is often a dangerous sign of many diseases. If it is not treated in time, it may even be life-threatening. Briefly introduce several kinds of headaches: 1 headache due to water shortage. In summer, the temperature is often higher than human body temperature, so sweat evaporates a lot. If you don't replenish water in time, the human body is easily dehydrated. When the human body is dehydrated, the cerebrospinal fluid will also decrease and the gap between the skull and brain tissue will increase. When the posture changes, especially when standing, the brain tissue will "sink" or "shake" slightly, which will pull the nerve roots and blood vessels of the brain and cause headache symptoms. For this headache caused by dehydration, a certain amount of normal saline can be injected to eliminate or alleviate dehydration. At the same time, patients should stay in bed and keep their heads down as much as possible. The key to prevent this headache is to replenish water in time. 2. Migraine. Migraine, also known as vascular headache, is a severe headache caused by paroxysmal vasomotor dysfunction of intracranial and extracranial blood vessels. Pain can be unilateral or bilateral, and the onset of pain is accompanied by symptoms of autonomic nervous dysfunction, such as pallor, nausea and vomiting. Some patients have visual symptoms about 30 minutes before headache, that is, flashing hallucinations, such as flashing black spots or "stars in front of their eyes." In order to reduce the occurrence of migraine, we should pay special attention to the combination of work and rest in summer, get enough sleep and avoid anxiety and tension. 3. Headache in summer. Summer is very hot, and people are eager to be cool, so the temperature of air conditioning is very low, the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor is too large, and it is impossible to adapt to going out. The heat in summer is easy to affect health; When the outside temperature exceeds 35℃, some people will wear halter tops with bare arms and back, but the skin will absorb the outside heat, and the body heat is not easy to dissipate. Results It caused headache, high fever, fatigue, polydipsia, hyperhidrosis, palpitation and other summer heat symptoms. The main preventive measures are proper heatstroke prevention and cooling. Ventilation can be used indoors to cool down. Of course, air conditioners and fans should not be blown directly. Take an umbrella when you go out and drink plenty of water, because when the ambient temperature exceeds 35℃, you can only sweat to cool down. 4. Sleep deprivation headache. The days in summer are long, and the sultry weather often affects people's sleep and rest, leading to lack of sleep, mental decline, headache, dizziness, listlessness, shortness of breath, laziness and weakness of limbs. Preventive measures are mainly to ensure sleep time. If the ambient temperature is too high and affects sleep, the temperature should be lowered appropriately to facilitate sleep, but the air conditioning temperature should not be too low. Generally, it is advisable to sleep at 26℃ and 27℃, but not below 24℃. There should be a nap time at noon, which can improve the efficiency of study and work and enhance the body's disease resistance. In order to prevent headaches, special attention should be paid to arranging regular schedules when it is hot in summer; Air-conditioned rooms should keep the air fresh and ventilated frequently; At the same time, avoid high temperature, strong light and noise. Once the headache comes, change to a cool and quiet environment, take a hot bath under the guidance of a doctor and take some painkillers. Four, the five misunderstandings of autumn diarrhea medication Autumn is the harvest season, especially before and after the Mid-Autumn Festival, there are many foods, and people are prone to overeating, especially abdominal pain and diarrhea. There are five misunderstandings in drug treatment of diarrhea. Myth 1: Abuse of antibiotics

Many patients use antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole or norfloxacin as soon as they have diarrhea, whether they like it or not. In fact, this practice is wrong. There are two types of diarrhea: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious diarrhea can be caused by improper diet, food allergy, lifestyle change, climate change and so on. Antibiotic therapy is ineffective for this kind of diarrhea, and some digestive or diet therapy should be taken. Even infectious diarrhea (mostly caused by Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus). ), when choosing antibiotics, we must first make clear the types of pathogenic bacteria, and then choose the most sensitive antibiotics for treatment. Antibiotics should not be abused.

Myth 2: Abuse of antidiarrheal drugs

Some patients use antidiarrheal drugs immediately after diarrhea, which is unscientific. Because in the early stage of the disease, diarrhea can excrete pathogenic bacteria and their toxins and harmful substances entering the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the toxic effect on the human body. If you use antidiarrheal drugs at this time, it is undoubtedly behind closed doors. Of course, if diarrhea is frequent, lasting for a long time, and dehydration symptoms appear, antidiarrheal drugs can be used as appropriate on the premise of systemic application of antibiotics and correction of water and electrolyte disorders.

Myth 3: Abuse of painkillers

Some diarrhea patients often use 654-2 and belladonna tablets to stop abdominal pain. In fact, this is not appropriate. The use of painkillers may cover up or aggravate the condition, and if it is glaucoma in the elderly, it will also induce or aggravate glaucoma. For patients with mild abdominal pain, hot water bottles can be used to compress the abdomen to relieve abdominal pain, and those with severe abdominal pain should use painkillers under the guidance of a doctor.

Myth 4: Frequent dressing change

Some diarrhea patients are eager to treat their diseases. After taking 1 ~ 2 days, I was eager to change other drugs. In fact, it takes a process for any drug to work. If it is not used according to the prescribed course of treatment, it will certainly not achieve the effect. Moreover, frequent replacement of antibiotics can easily make the body resistant to drugs, but it will have adverse consequences. Therefore, drugs must be used according to the prescribed course of treatment, and frequent dressing changes are not allowed at will.

Myth 5: Stop taking drugs prematurely.

A small number of diarrhea patients often take medicine according to symptoms, that is, take more medicine when diarrhea is serious, take less medicine when diarrhea is mild, and stop taking medicine when it improves slightly. This can easily lead to incomplete treatment, lead to recurrence of diarrhea or turn into chronic diarrhea, and bring many difficulties to treatment. 5. Beware of the invisible killer in winter-carbon monoxide poisoning is the high season of carbon monoxide poisoning every winter, so cases of being killed are not uncommon. The most common causes of poisoning mainly include installing a gas water heater in a semi-enclosed space or not paying attention to ventilation when heating with a coal stove. The reason why carbon monoxide can poison people is mainly because it can combine with hemoglobin in red blood cells to form carboxyhemoglobin, replacing oxygenated hemoglobin formed by the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin under normal circumstances, so that hemoglobin loses its function of transporting oxygen. At this time, the oxygen content in the blood dropped significantly. The brain is one of the organs that need oxygen most. Once the oxygen supply is cut off, it will soon cause coma and endanger life. The symptoms of mild poisoning are mainly headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, chest tightness and palpitation. Symptoms of moderate and severe poisoning are often accompanied by drowsiness and even coma. So once carbon monoxide poisoning happens accidentally, how can we rescue it on the spot? The key to rescue is to get the patient out of the poisoned environment quickly, move to a place with fresh air, breathe fresh air and untie the neckline. But pay attention to keep warm and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. Symptoms of patients with mild poisoning can be relieved after most hours. If the condition is serious, in addition to the above treatment, the patient should be sent to the hospital for emergency treatment immediately. Sixth, the first aid of stroke cerebrovascular accident Stroke cerebrovascular accident is a common and frequently-occurring disease of the elderly, and it is more prone to illness when the weather is cold. This has a lot to do with the cold weather and the poor adaptability of the elderly. In addition, the elderly have high blood pressure, which causes a stroke. A particularly dangerous situation. In addition, during the Spring Festival, due to some unhealthy lifestyles of patients with chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension, such as playing mahjong all night, surfing the Internet and watching TV, the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents in winter rose sharply. Therefore, it is necessary to take precautions as early as possible and not to take it lightly. Whether stroke patients are rescued in time at home and treated properly after onset is very important to the prognosis of patients. The following points should be paid attention to when giving first aid to stroke patients at home: 1. Someone at home is suddenly ill, so don't be nervous. Stay calm and contact the emergency center immediately. 2, stroke patients if conscious, should prevent patients from excessive tension and anxiety, at this time should let patients lie flat, avoid shoving, and try to comfort patients. 3, pay attention to the correct way to carry the patient, it is best to 2 ~ 3 people put the patient on the bed at the same time, head slightly raised, so as to avoid vibration; Secondly, loosen the patient's collar and take out the false teeth. When the patient vomits, his head should be tilted to one side to avoid inhaling vomit by mistake. You can wrap a clean handkerchief around your finger and put it into the patient's mouth to remove vomit, so as to prevent choking caused by blocking the airway. If the patient has a seizure, use chopsticks or small wooden strips to wrap gauze between the patient's upper and lower teeth to prevent biting the tongue. 4. Before sending patients to the hospital, try to reduce the number of mobile patients. When transferring patients, they should be carried horizontally on a stretcher. If the patient is carried down from the upstairs, head up and feet down, it can reduce brain congestion. On the way to the hospital, family members can gently hold the patient's head with their hands to avoid head bumps. 5. Pay attention to the patient's warmth during transportation. Seven. Firecracker Injury It is especially festive to set off firecrackers on the family first aid festival, but if you are not careful in the process of setting off firecrackers, it is easy to be extremely sad and cause injuries, especially in rural areas. Judging from the age of the injured, children account for the majority. It is very important to master the methods of family first aid. 1. If you accidentally hurt your eyes, please don't rub and rinse them. Drop an appropriate amount of anti-inflammatory eye drops, gently wrap them with a clean towel and go to the hospital for treatment. 2. If hands or feet are injured by firecrackers and bleed, local pressure should be applied to stop bleeding, with special emphasis on not rubbing with drugs. 3. If there is a broken finger, the residual limb should be bandaged, wrapped in a clean plastic bag (or plastic wrap), then wrapped in a clean towel, stored in a cold box, and then immediately went to the hospital for treatment.