According to the data of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, only 1997, the total value of products returned due to unqualified technology reached 67 million US dollars. 1from 1997 to 2000, the total value of export products blocked by technical barriers in developed countries reached 70 billion US dollars, accounting for nearly 25% of China's total export. Generally speaking, after China's entry into WTO, there are fewer negotiations on trade in goods and more on trade in services. The biggest obstacle in the service trade negotiation is the non-tariff barrier, and the most difficult one is the technical barrier. Because the standards of developed countries are formulated early and there are many clauses, many developing countries cannot meet these standards, so they are at a disadvantage in the competition.
China's accession to the WTO is to share the relevant equality provisions stipulated in it, but it does not mean that China will compete with developed countries at a very fair starting point.
Cognition of Non-tariff Barriers
Since the Maragui Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1986, trade in services, market access, investment protection and investment policies, including the Internet, have been put on the negotiation agenda of member countries.
Seeking equal competition in trade simply from the reduction of tariffs has lagged far behind the development of the times, that is, non-tariff barriers. At present, some policies and regulations implemented in trade management or trade protection, such as licensing issues, quota restrictions, trade protection and investment policies, are called non-tariff barriers.
China has signed a list of concessions to join the WTO, and made commitments on quota and license terms. The textile quota between China and the United States will be implemented until 20051February, with a five-year transition period; Both active and passive licenses for silk products and cotton products with the EU will be implemented until 2008. These are limited in time, and these protective measures must be reduced or reduced or banned after the expiration. At present, China, the United States and the European Union have not signed a mutual recognition agreement on market quality testing. The inspection report issued by the General Administration of Quality Inspection and Quarantine on China's export products will not be recognized by the customs of the importing country.
In this case, what should the export enterprises do?
How to deal with technical barriers
The data of product quality standards in technical barriers, such as100000 formulated by the European Union, among which only German industrial standards have10.5000. There are more than 9,000 industrial standards and 400 agricultural products standards in Japan.
The main manifestation of technical barriers is product testing and certification. Product certification actually includes product testing and product certification. Not all products need to be certified for export. Some products are exported with the test reports of relevant laboratories, and it is enough to show that the products have reached the national import standards through data analysis. Some products must be certified and compulsory, such as the analysis of UL, FCC, color fastness and flame retardant clauses in textiles in the United States. The FDA of the United States is the most stringent in terms of restricting food imports. Even so, as long as the test report proves that the product quality meets the FDA standards, it can enter the American market for sale. If the product is not sent to a laboratory approved by FDA for testing, the enterprise is not sure whether its product can meet the standards stipulated by FDA. If the exported products have arrived at American ports, they will be temporarily tested in case of FDA spot check, and only the storage fee of the products during the testing period will increase the cost. Therefore, even if it is not mandatory to require testing and certification, export enterprises should put this work ahead and hold the testing report in their hands. Once I encounter difficulties in customs clearance, I can show the inspection report to prove that my quality has reached the specified quality index. Enterprises must go to the United States, the European Union and other relevant laboratories to do product testing, because the United States and the European Union do not recognize the testing reports issued by our laboratories. Product certification is the certificate equivalent to the quality certificate issued by the relevant departments. The compulsory certification items for issuing product certification include UL in the United States, FCC and CE in the European Union. If you export mobile phones and walkie-talkies, you must obtain FCC certification.
Signed cooperation with American authoritative organization (American Standards Consulting Center) ... > >
Question 2: What are the non-tariff barriers facing China at present? In international trade, tariff barriers used to be an important means of trade protection, and major developed countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan all relied on tariff barriers to protect the development of their industries in the process of development. However, with the increasingly serious global ecological and environmental problems, the conflict between environment and trade is becoming more and more fierce, which makes trade protectionism gradually shift from traditional tariff barriers to non-tariff barriers. As a new type of non-tariff barriers, green barriers have emerged and become a tool for developed countries to restrict the import and export trade of developing countries in the name of protecting the environment. Green barrier is the abbreviation of green trade barrier, also known as environmental barrier. It refers to a series of harsh environmental protection laws and standards that are higher than internationally recognized or unacceptable to most countries, and measures taken by some countries to restrict or prohibit the import of foreign goods under the pretext of protecting ecological resources, environment and human health in international trade. For example, the United States refused to import gasoline from Venezuela because the amount of lead (Pb) exceeded its own regulations; The European Union prohibits the import of Canadian leather products because the traps used by Canadian hunters capture a large number of wild animals. In 1990s, European countries banned the import of refrigerators containing freon, which led to a 59% decrease in the export of refrigerators in China. These are all a series of events caused by green barriers. (2) The characteristics of green barriers (1) are reasonable. The emergence of green barriers is the result of the continuous development of the environmental protection movement. Its purpose is to protect the country's natural resources, ecological environment and people's health, and it is a measure to protect the country's environment and achieve sustainable development. With the concept of sustainable development deeply rooted in people's hearts, people's requirements for environmental protection are getting higher and higher, and they are more and more sensitive to environmental problems, which makes people's consumption concept gradually change from pure consumption to green consumption. Green barrier is to grasp people's psychology of caring about the ecological environment and put on a reasonable coat for themselves. (2) falsehood. Green barriers are generally under the guise of protecting the earth's ecological environment and human health, which seems reasonable, but in fact they create trade barriers and are a new type of trade protectionism. On the surface, the standards of green barriers formulated by developed countries are treated equally, but in fact, their standards are flexible and changeable, and whether the standards are right or wrong is even more unreasonable. And most of the barriers are set for developing countries, so they are very deceptive. (3) imbalance. Green barriers are usually set by developed countries for developing countries, so they are extremely unbalanced. It is very unfair to demand developing countries by the technical standards of developed countries, which is a kind of discrimination against developing countries with relatively backward technology, and its purpose is to restrict the exports of developing countries. (4) concealment. Green barriers are often hidden in various trade laws and regulations and international conventions, and become the best excuse for importing countries to refuse foreign products. Compared with other trade restrictions, it has more brilliant points: on the one hand, it has formulated complex and diverse standards, which are difficult for exporting countries to deal with; On the other hand, it is very hidden, avoiding discrimination, friction, disputes and other issues, making exporters feel difficult to argue. (5) timeliness. Green barriers can only be effective for a certain period of time, and it is impossible for the implementers to permanently keep the products of a particular exporter out of the country. If the exporter's products can't meet the requirements of the importing country on environmental protection measures, and their products are rejected, after a period of technological transformation and a series of green measures, the environmental standards and other technologies of their products will inevitably gradually meet the requirements of the importing country on environmental protection, and then the original green barriers of the importing country to the products will no longer exist. Therefore, the green barrier implemented for a certain product has certain timeliness. 2. Background and Reasons of Green Barriers (1) The deterioration of the world ecological environment is the basis of human survival and development. All human activities are inseparable from the natural environment, but human society has intentionally or unintentionally destroyed the ecological environment while developing. At present, the ecological environment problem not only affects the quality of human life, but also affects the basis of human existence, and even develops to the point of destroying some human civilizations and threatening human survival. When the ecological environment reaches its limit, it will take terrible revenge on mankind. Every minute, 28 people in the world die from environmental pollution, and15 million people die every year. 800 million people get sick from drinking polluted water, and 25 thousand people die every day. Due to environmental deterioration, by the end of this century, 14 countries will be unable to feed themselves, and 28,000 people will become ... >; >
Question 3: How can China's foreign trade enterprises overcome these barriers? As a new form of trade protectionism, technical barriers to trade are prevailing in various countries (especially developed countries) at a relatively fast speed, which poses a huge challenge to China's foreign trade. If they are not handled well, our foreign trade interests will suffer serious losses; On the other hand, technical barriers to trade do play a great role in protecting resources, environment and human health. Objectively, it is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of our society and economy.
On the basis of understanding the positive and negative effects of technical barriers to trade, we should combine its actual impact on China's foreign trade transactions and social development, study with a positive attitude, and take correct countermeasures to deal with technical barriers to trade. Its basic principles are: limit its disadvantages and minimize its damage to China's foreign trade; Make use of its positive side, turn pressure into motivation, and realize the sustainable development of society.
(a), from the macro perspective, we should start from the following aspects:
1 China joined the WTO as a developing country, so we should make full use of the preferential treatment given to developing countries by the WTO in foreign trade. Considering the actual situation of developing countries, especially the least developed countries, many agreements under the WTO Agreement stipulate that developing parties should be given special and differential treatment. For example, as stipulated in Article 12 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, members should give more preferential treatment to developing country members in the process of implementing the Agreement. For example, "at the request of a developing country member, the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade may decide to exempt the country from fulfilling all or part of its obligations under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, but it should be specified and time limited at the same time." Considering that for a long time, there is still a big gap between China's productivity level and the level of science and technology compared with developed countries, so we should actively carry out diplomatic actions to win relevant preferential treatment. So as to provide greater room for maneuver for the development of China's foreign trade.
2. According to Article 1 1 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, each member has the obligation to provide technical assistance to other members, especially developing countries, in drafting technical regulations, establishing standardization bodies and conformity assessment. Therefore, China should strengthen technical exchanges with countries (especially developed countries), strive for their technical help, and establish technical regulations, technical standards and conformity assessment systems that are suitable for all parties. On this basis, a mutual authentication system is established to reduce the trade cost.
3, on the basis of the existing international standards, combined with the actual situation of our country to develop our own standard system. We can't passively deal with the technical barriers of other countries, but should take the initiative to formulate technical standards that can be recognized by all countries according to the rights granted to us by WTO and the relevant preferential and relaxed terms, and establish our own standard system. Considering the limitation of capital and technology in China, we should first grasp the key points and establish a standard system for industries that are related to the lifeline of China's foreign trade, such as home appliances, textiles and tea. On the one hand, these commodities have comparative advantages in foreign trade, with more exports, higher profits and abundant funds, plus mature technology, so they have various conditions for formulating standards; These commodities account for a large proportion in China's foreign trade. If they are attacked by the technology trade war, it will bring a fatal blow to China's exports. Take China's textile export as an example. At present, China is the largest textile producer and exporter in the world, with the total fiber processing reaching 1/4 and textile and garment exports accounting for more than 1/8 of the world. After China's accession to the WTO, China's textile and garment exports are facing the strong challenge of green barriers. If international sanctions are imposed, many domestic enterprises producing textiles will close down. Recently, China has formulated the JBZ 30-2000 standard, which is equivalent to the international version of OKO-TEX100 in 2000. This is the first eco-textile standard in China that is in line with international standards. The formulation of this standard has greatly promoted the development of China's textile foreign trade. Many enterprises have obtained green passes to the international market.
4. Actively carry out "combined vertical" diplomacy. In the formulation of various multilateral agreements and standards held in the WTO, we should unite with other third world countries and strive for more agreements and standards that are beneficial to China and other developing countries. At the same time, it refuses to accept various treaties that are beyond its capacity.
5. Be familiar with WTO rules and relevant laws, various international trade treaties and international practices, and use them as a weapon of struggle. Discriminatory technical barriers unilaterally set by the importing country on the pretext of environmental protection and quarantine, or the importing country will ...... > >
Question 4: How to bypass the non-tariff barriers between countries and make the world trade freely carry out 5-point entrepot trade is your best choice! Ha ha! Want to avoid barriers only through this kind of compensation! I am a full-time third-country entrepot. Interested in seeing my space. There may be something you want to see! thank you
Question 5: What are the measures of non-tariff barriers? What is the impact on international trade? Since its establishment on 1995 1 month 1 day, the World Trade Organization has always implemented the principle of reducing tariffs and other trade barriers and eliminating discriminatory treatment in international trade relations to achieve stable, coordinated and sustainable development of global trade. Nearly 80% of the existing WTO members are developing countries. In order to avoid the further widening of the economic gap between developed and developing countries, the WTO emphasizes that the production of its members can only be protected through tariffs, and trade policies with exception clauses are allowed while administrative interventions such as quantitative restrictions are not allowed. This paper focuses on the innovative application of relevant non-tariff measures by member countries under the WTO background, and analyzes the causes of these measures, and then points out the influence of the abuse of some non-tariff measures on the trade protection mechanism under the WTO framework.
I. New Forms of Non-tariff Barriers in the WTO Context
Under the background of WTO, trade protection has the characteristics of unified form, open measures and legal differential treatment. When applying non-tariff barriers to protect their own markets and industries, each member country will inevitably innovate in order to minimize the possibility of retaliation by other countries and achieve the purpose of protection to the maximum extent.
1. Safeguards. WTO inherited Article 19 of GATT to implement safeguard measures-emergency measures for the import of certain products. Safeguard measures usually take the form of raising tariffs, implementing quantitative restrictions or taking the form of combining tariffs and quantitative restrictions, such as tariff quotas. In fact, not all countries need to temporarily protect domestic industries in the implementation process.
2. Gray * * * domain. Grey measures refer to preferential rules of origin and * * * procurement policies, which are outside the multilateral binding rules of WTO and are widely used by most members as trade protection measures. Rules of origin refer to the laws, regulations and commonly used administrative orders adopted by countries to determine the country and region of origin of goods. * * * Procurement measures, according to the international algorithm, the total annual * * * procurement of countries accounts for 10% to 15% of GDP, accounting for about 30% of fiscal expenditure. * * * Procurement is directly related to the economic interests of domestic suppliers, which will have a significant impact on domestic industrial development and foreign trade.
3. Technical barriers to trade. Since the late 20th century, with the rapid development of science and technology, GATr signed the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in April 1979 in order to standardize the behavior of member countries in formulating, adopting and implementing technical regulations, technical standards and conformity assessment procedures, and then the Uruguay Round revised it, thus ensuring that the effectiveness of WTO on technical barriers will be truly universal and extensive.
4. Environmental barriers. With the increasingly acute and important environmental problems, the impact of environmental protection movement on international trade is deepening. At the beginning of its establishment, the WTO formally established the Committee on Trade and Environment, and made trade policy and environmental protection policy and sustainable development the priority tasks of the WTO. The general principles of WTO in dealing with trade-related environmental issues include Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Agreement on Sanitary and Animal and Plant Quarantine Measures and Agreement on Agricultural Products.
5. Labor standards. The General Assembly of the International Labour Organization, composed of representatives of employers and workers, is held once a year to discuss or adopt issues related to labor rights and interests, and its achievements are recorded in the form of international labor conventions and recommendations, forming a recognized "international labor standard". The content mainly includes the rights of workers, personal dignity, prohibition of labor discrimination, the growth of the next generation, the working conditions of workers and other related human rights issues, as well as the social welfare treatment standards related to trade benefits.
6. regionalism. The WTO inherits and develops the principle of 1947 GATT allowing exceptions, that is, not undertaking and fulfilling the promised obligations. These exceptions include that mutual benefits between economic and trade groups may not be given to other members outside the group. This exclusion of members outside the region by adopting various explicit or implicit protective measures has seriously hindered the development of multilateral trade and investment liberalization and affected the development of the world economy and the further expansion of economic and technological cooperation.
Second, the reasons for the prevalence of non-tariff barriers in the context of WTO
1. New trade protectionism promotes the frequent use of non-tariff measures. After the Uruguay Round negotiations, tariffs, as the main form of trade barriers, have been gradually reduced, while traditional non-tariff barriers have been gradually dismantled, so there is little room for using tariffs and traditional trade barriers to restrict imports. Despite knowing that it is trade protection, > >
Question 6: Impact of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers on international trade-Impact of tariff barriers on international trade: First, impact on consumers in importing countries, which increases the prices of imported goods and increases the burden on consumers. On the one hand, the demand of consumers has to be reduced because of the price increase; On the other hand, even if consumers don't have to buy imported goods at a higher price, they should also buy similar products at a higher price.
Secondly, tariffs can increase the tax revenue of importing countries, which is the direct driving force for importing countries to raise tariffs, but these revenues are entirely borne by their own consumers.
Thirdly, tariffs protect the sectors in the importing country that compete with imported goods. The high price brought by tariffs will inevitably make some consumers give up imported goods and choose domestic similar goods, which will promote the sales of domestic similar goods.
Finally, the imposition of tariffs will cause redistribution effects in importing countries. Under the condition that other conditions are relatively unchanged, theoretically speaking, the collection of tariffs will inevitably transfer the income of consumers to producers. After the collection of tariffs, the income of producers and * * * will increase, but the income of consumers will decrease, and the loss of consumers will be more than the income of domestic producers and * * *, and no one can get this part of the loss. Therefore, reducing tariffs, although the income of producers and * * * will be reduced, is a boon to consumers-the impact of non-tariff barriers on international trade: there are many names of non-tariff barriers, covering a wide range, so it is difficult to estimate its impact on international trade and related import and export countries, but it can be seen from the following aspects:
Influence on the development of international trade
Non-tariff barriers play a great role in hindering the development of international trade. Other things being equal, the degree of strengthening non-tariff barriers in the world is inversely proportional to the growth rate of international trade. For example, from the 1950s to the early 1970s after the Second World War, tariffs dropped significantly, and at the same time, non-tariff measures such as import quantity restrictions were greatly relaxed and cancelled by developed countries, thus promoting the development of international trade to a certain extent. From 1950 to 1973, the average growth rate of world trade reached 7.2%. On the contrary, after the mid-1970s, many countries adopted various forms of non-tariff barriers, which affected the development of international trade. From 1973 to 1979, the world trade volume grew at an average annual rate of 4.5%, and from 1980 to 1985, it dropped to 3.
Influence on commodity structure and geographical direction
Non-tariff barriers also affect the transformation ratio of international trade commodity structure and geographical direction to a certain extent. After World War II, the general trend of products affected by non-tariff barriers is that the trade of agricultural products is more affected than that of industrial products, the trade of labor-intensive products is more affected than that of technology-intensive products, and the affected countries are developing countries and socialist countries with more and more serious degrees than developed countries. These phenomena have seriously affected the changes in the commodity structure and geographical direction of international trade, and greatly damaged the development of foreign trade in developing countries and socialist countries.
Impact on importing countries
For importing countries, tariff barriers can restrict imports and protect their own markets and production, but they will also cause the domestic market prices of importing countries to rise. For example, if the importing country adopts direct import quantity restriction measures, it will not increase imports regardless of the price increase or decrease abroad or the domestic demand, which will cause the price difference between home and abroad to widen and increase the domestic price of imports, thus protecting the production of similar products in the importing country, which can play a role in protecting and promoting the production and development of related products in China under certain conditions.
However, the strengthening of non-tariff barriers will make consumers in importing countries pay a huge price, they will have to pay more money to buy the goods they need, and the cost and export price of domestic export goods will also increase due to the price increase, weakening the competitiveness of export goods. In order to increase exports, * * * only take export subsidies and other measures, thus increasing the national budget expenditure and increasing the tax burden of the people.
Impact on exporting countries
The strengthening of non-tariff barrier measures by importing countries, especially the direct import quantity restriction and the fixed import quantity, will seriously affect the export quantity and price of exporting countries, resulting in the decrease of export commodity growth rate or export quantity and the decline of export price. Generally speaking, if the supply elasticity of export commodities in exporting countries is greater, the price of these commodities will be less affected by non-tariff barriers in importing countries. On the other hand, if the elasticity of supply of export commodities in exporting countries is small, then these suppliers ... >; >
Question 7: How to break through the restrictions of non-tariff barriers on import and export trade? It's worse not to subsidize, so subsidize, or the international market will be worse in the future.
If you don't resist their market, it will be occupied.
5. Devaluation is good for export.
Question 8: How to break through the restrictions of non-tariff measures on import and export trade Abstract: Technical barriers to trade, as a powerful non-tariff barrier with rationality, discrimination and concealment, have objectively become a huge obstacle to China's export trade. How to improve the competitiveness of China's export products and use reasonable measures to break through foreign technical barriers to trade to protect China's export market and economic security is a challenge. What's the matter with you?
Keywords: China technical barriers to trade countermeasures competitiveness
Technical barrier to trade (TBT)
Technical barriers to trade refer to some compulsory or voluntary technical measures taken by a country or a regional organization on the grounds of safeguarding national or regional security, safeguarding human health and safety, protecting animal and plant health and safety, protecting the environment, preventing fraud and ensuring product quality. These measures have an impact on the entry of goods, services and investments from other countries or regional organizations into the country or region. TBT is an important part of non-tariff barriers and has become an important means for developed countries to restrict market access.
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) is not a completely new type of trade barrier. It has a long-standing role in promoting and restricting international trade, and relevant international organizations have also done a series of work in eliminating TBT. Since the 1960s, GATT has been working on the confirmation, regulation and cancellation of technical barriers to trade. 1974 reached the "standard list" in the Tokyo round negotiations; The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade was reached in the Uruguay Round negotiations, which stipulated the formulation, adoption and implementation of technical regulations and standards, inspection procedures of technical regulations and standards, information and assistance, etc., in order to internationalize and unify standards and reduce and eliminate technical barriers to trade. However, due to its rationality, concealment, discrimination and dynamic variability, TBT has become a powerful measure for all countries, especially developed countries, to protect domestic enterprises and markets and compete for international market share, and has become an obstacle for many countries, especially developing countries, to develop export trade.
China is a developing country, with low overall economic development level, backward export commodity structure and low product grade. At present, technical barriers to trade have become the main obstacle to the development of China's export trade. According to China National Intellectual Property Administration's introduction at the 2002 academic annual meeting of China Association for Science and Technology, 80% of the current world trade barriers come from technical barriers to trade. In recent years, 60% of China's export enterprises have been subjected to foreign technical barriers to trade to varying degrees, affecting 25% of China's total exports. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Commerce, in 2002, 2 1 products of six major industries, such as electromechanical and light industry, suffered from technical barriers to trade, with 7 1% blocked enterprises, 39% blocked products and a loss of17 billion US dollars. Technical barriers to trade have reduced the international market share, lost trade opportunities, withdrawn from the market, weakened the competitiveness of products, and reduced the confidence of foreign consumers in some products of China, especially agricultural products and foods, which has brought long-term negative effects to China's exports. Therefore, it has become an important topic to study the countermeasures of technical barriers to trade in order to promote the development of China's export trade.
Countermeasures against technical barriers to trade
Implement the standardization strategy in line with international standards
In practice, popularizing and using international standards is the fundamental way to reduce international trade friction, break through technical trade barriers and expand commodity exports. By the end of 200 1 year, of the 44 national standards 19744, only 862 1 adopted international standards and advanced foreign standards, with an adoption rate of only 43.7%, while the majority of WTO members adopted about 70%. In this 862 1 standard, most of them are equivalent or non-equivalent, and the proportion of equivalent adoption is only about 10%. The following measures should be taken: ① Transformation standard. Organize special manpower and material resources to seriously study and actively promote the use of international standards or advanced standards of developed countries, and convert them into equivalent standards in China, so as to determine the direction and purpose of enterprise production and technological transformation, promote the technological progress of enterprises, and then improve the product quality and technical level of enterprises; ② Actively participate in the formulation of international standards. At present, many international standards are transformed from the national standards or enterprise standards of developed countries, which fully reflect the interests and economic and technological level of developed countries, while few international standards are led by China, which is unfavorable to China, and actively participate in the formulation and revision of international standards ..... > >
Question 9: How to Deal with Anti-dumping Barriers China enterprises should take the initiative to establish anti-dumping awareness and understand dumping and anti-dumping related knowledge. Enterprises should consider the factors of dumping and anti-dumping when developing markets and formulating product price strategies, and understand the anti-dumping laws and regulations of exporting countries. Although the Agreement on Establishing the World Trade Organization is an agreement signed between * * *, it regulates the behavior of enterprises. Export enterprises should abide by the rules of the game, especially the rules of the WTO. As the WTO anti-dumping agreement is the main basis for anti-dumping prosecution among member countries, enterprises must understand the WTO anti-dumping mechanism as soon as possible. In case of foreign anti-dumping investigation, you should at least know the following contents:
1, the relevant legislative provisions of the countries subject to anti-dumping and the relevant provisions of the WTO;
2. The general anti-dumping procedures in the world and the anti-dumping procedures in the countries that have been subject to anti-dumping;
3. The basic characteristics and main problems of anti-dumping of China's export products abroad.
Question 10: Find several cases of China enterprises encountering non-tariff barriers and search for news online.
One is that Zhongce Rubber has been sued by the United States for dumping. If there is news on the Internet, it should be found.
The most typical technical barriers to trade are Huawei and ZTE, which were accused by the United States of endangering US national security, and refused to enter the US market. This matter has been on the news for a while, so search for it yourself.
Huawei was sued by CISCO in 2003. At the beginning of 2003, Cisco, an American communication equipment manufacturer, sued China Huawei for copying Cisco's software from its routers sold in the United States. You can also learn about it.
There is also our neighbor Japan, which officially implemented the Seedling Amendment Law in July 2003. This law stipulates that if Japanese plant sources are used to produce or improve agricultural products without paying patent fees, the individual infringer will be fined less than 3 million yen or imprisoned for less than 3 years; When a corporate enterprise infringes, it can be fined up to 1 100 million yen. Many seedlings of fruits, spinach and flowers exported from China, such as green onions, ginger and garlic, were introduced from Japan or improved from this variety. The Seedling Amendment Law will have a great negative impact on the export of agricultural products from China to Japan.
There are too many technical barriers to trade, which have not been in the news recently, and the European Union has raised food standards (in fact, it is more stringent now). Many foods on our side, such as instant noodles, were detained by the EU Customs and ordered to be returned, because the food did not meet the EU standards. . . . . .