Nutrition
Carbohydrates
The six nutrients in Job's tears are complete. It has been determined that carbohydrates are the main energy-supplying material in Job's tears, with a content of about 65%, second only to rice, wheat, corn and other cereal crops, of which the main ingredient is starch, with uniform particle size and regular shape, mostly oval or truncated oval, the crystalline structure of starch granules belongs to the A-type, which is more difficult to pasting, less transparent, poor heat stability, but cold paste stability is stronger, easy to be digested by the human body, which can reduce the burden on the stomach and intestine, and benefit the human body. It can reduce the burden on the stomach and intestines, which is beneficial to the enhancement of physical fitness [4] .
Protein
The protein content is about 17%, which exists between the starch granules of the endosperm cells, of which 20% of the protein is divided into three major categories, i.e., serum proteins and glutenins, alcohol-soluble glutenins, and the rest of the proteins. The protein content in barley is higher than that in both rice and flour, which has important nutritional value and also important health care functions. 18 amino acids are relatively complete, of which the essential amino acids are about 4.99%, and the glutamic acid content in the seed kernel is high, which is the characteristic amino acid of fresh flavor, and glutamic acid is an important amino acid in the biochemical metabolism of brain tissue, so the barley protein is a high-quality protein [4] .
Fat
The fat content is about 5%, which is nearly 30 times higher than that of rice, which is mainly neutral fat (triacylglycerol>90%, triglycerides about 5%), and there are two kinds of oleosomal protein subunits (H - oleosin, L - oleosin) and one kind of oleosomal calpain. Job's tears have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, etc., accounting for 51.6% and 32.2% of the total fatty acids, respectively. These unsaturated acids have the functions of alleviating excessive cholesterol in the blood, enhancing the membrane permeability of cells, stopping the aging of myocardial tissues, and preventing atherosclerosis[4] .
Trace elements
Vitamins
Besides the three basic energy substances, Job's tears also contain a variety of essential trace elements, such as Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn and so on, of which the content of Ca, Mg is relatively high. Zn can activate peroxide dismutase (SOD) in the human body, and thus can remove lipid peroxide that is easy to cause aging; Fe and Mg are essential substances for a variety of basic cellular biochemical reactions in the body, and the content of Mg is 2-3 times higher than that of rice. Job's tears in the relatively small number of vitamin species, mainly vitamin B, and a small amount of VE, with smooth skin, reduce wrinkles, eliminate spots and other cosmetic effects, VB1 can also cure foot fungus, reduce skin inflammation and other reactions [4] .
Active ingredients
Polysaccharides
According to the study, barley polysaccharides can reduce blood glucose in diabetic mice induced by tetracycline, i.e., barley has the activity of lowering blood glucose, and according to the research, its principle may be to inhibit hepatic glycogenolysis, myoglycogenolysis and inhibit glycolysis; barley polysaccharides have the role of immune excitability, which can significantly increase the percentage of phagocytosis of macrophages and phagocytosis of the abdominal cavity of the immune-compromised mice. It can significantly increase the phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index of macrophages in immunocompromised mice, promote the formation of hemolysin and hemolytic vacuoles, and promote the transformation of lymphocytes. Job's tears polysaccharide can also scavenge -OH, -O2- and other free radicals in the body, and play an antioxidant role [4] .
Fatty acids and their ester compounds
The antitumor activity of barley oil has long been recognized, especially the Conlette injection made of barley oil has become a listed agent, which is used for the treatment of malignant tumors such as pancreatic cancer and colon cancer. After a large number of experimental studies, it is believed that its active ingredients are fatty acids and their esters. Japanese scholars Nakayama Munaharu used the acetone extract of Job's tears defatted by ether to feed mice with ascites carcinoma, which prolonged the survival time of the mice, and then learned that its active ingredients are acidic fatty acids, i.e., palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, after GC analysis.Another antitumor active ingredients, such as coixenite ester and monoinositol ester, have been isolated by Tokuta H, et al. The mechanism of anticancer of these active ingredients is generally to inhibit the expression of certain genes, such as the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, or inhibit the activity of certain enzymes, such as fatty acid synthase, etc., so as to achieve the effect of cancer inhibition [4] .
Phenolic compounds
Polyphenols are a class of compounds consisting of one or more aromatic rings combined with one or more hydroxyl groups, and the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring is very prone to lose hydrogen electrons, so phenolic compounds can serve as a good electron donor and thus play an antioxidant function. Phenolic compounds in Job's tears are combined with proteins and sugars through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic bonding interactions or *** valence bonding, etc. According to the degree of binding, they are mainly categorized into free and bound types. Free phenols mainly contain free-type flavonoids, phenolic acid, stilbene, lignans, etc. Bound phenols mainly include proanthocyanidins, insoluble phenolic acids, condensed tannins, etc., which are tightly bound to other matrices such as cellulose and lipoproteins, which are components of cell walls. Phenolic compounds in Job's tears are extracted by the forintol method, and their main components are p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillin, salvinorin, rutinoside, etc. A number of intracellular or in vitro studies have proved that these substances have a strong scavenging ability for free radicals, which can play an antioxidant role and can be utilized in functional foods or preservatives; in addition, the flavonoids in Job's tears (e.g., shengqiaoxue) can inhibit the release of histamine and play an anti-inflammatory effect [1]. In addition, the flavonoids in CAU (e.g. saccharin) can inhibit the release of histamine, which has an anti-inflammatory effect [4].
Coix lacryma
Coix lacryma
Other active substances
Coix lacryma, in addition to the above active ingredients, there are a variety of other things, such as indeno compounds, bacteria, yeasts, fungi and so on, have antibacterial effect; feruloyl soybean stanols and feruloyl cauliflower stanols and other stanols can suppress the formation of the luteinizing hormone in the body, thus promoting ovulation, intractable anovulatory disease patients to take coix lacryma as the main medicine. After taking the medicine of the main drug of Job's tears, it can significantly improve the patient's symptoms; the ceramides in Job's tears can be involved in cell function, regulate cell growth and variation, have moisturizing and anti-aging effect on the skin, and can be used in the cosmetics of skin essence to enhance the anti-aging function of the skin, make the skin smooth and meticulous, and significantly reduce the formation of facial wrinkles
.