first, land selection and soil preparation
Paddy fields with abundant sunshine and fertile soil should be selected as nursery places. First, drain the water, apply 35~.4kg of decomposed manure or compost per mu, plough it into the soil as base fertilizer, level the field after three plows and three harrows, and open a trail to make a seedbed with a bed width of 1.2m, a bed height of 15em and a flat bed surface. The trail is 4cm wide. Sow the whole seedbed when the topsoil is slightly dry. Paddy fields with abundant sunshine, convenient irrigation and drainage, and deep and fertile soil layers should be selected as planting sites. Early and middle rice are the best crops. After the previous harvest, deeply cultivate the soil for 25em, and apply 35~4kg of manure or 2~25kg of green manure as base fertilizer per mu. After three times of plowing and harrowing, it is fully refined and leveled. Then ditch around the field to facilitate irrigation and drainage.
second, the propagation method
Alisma orientalis is mainly propagated by seeds, and seedlings are raised first and then planted.
1. Seedling raising
(1) Seed-treated Alisma orientalis seed coat contains pectin and hemicellulose, which is not easy to penetrate water. Therefore, before sowing, seeds should be put into cloth bags and soaked in clean water for 1~2 days to accelerate germination. Then take out the air and dry the water before planting. (2) Sowing time The suitable sowing time varies from place to place, and it is better to sow from mid-June to mid-July. Early sowing is easy to pull out the moss and blossom; If it is too late, the growth period will be too short and the yield will be low.
(3) The sowing method is usually broadcast. Choose a sunny day, mix the treated seeds with 1 times of plant ash or fire soil ash, evenly spread them on the bed surface, and then gently sweep the bed surface with a bamboo broom to make the seeds closely connected with the soil. When the topsoil on the bed surface is slightly cracked, it will be irrigated with shallow water. Irrigation should not be too full to prevent seeds from drifting. The amount of seeds used per mu is about 1kg, and the cultivated seedlings can be planted in the field for 25~3 mu.
(4) Seedling management Alisma orientalis is planted in summer high temperature season, when the temperature is high and the light is strong, which is unfavorable for seedling growth. Therefore, after sowing, we should set up a shed for shade, the height of the shed is 5cm, the roof of the shed should be covered with roller blinds, and the curtains should be covered in sunny days and rainy days, so that the seedlings can shade during the day and absorb dew at night. With the growth of seedlings, the shading time should be gradually shortened. After 2 days of emergence, when the seedlings are as high as 1cm, remove the shade shed and increase the light intensity to make the seedlings grow healthily. Irrigation should be done every morning or evening after sowing, and the water surface should be about 2cm higher than the bed surface. After soaking for 1~2 hours, drainage should be carried out immediately, but the ditch must always be filled with water to keep the seedbed with high humidity. When the seedlings are up to 3cm, the bed surface should always keep a layer of shallow water, the water depth is not more than the tip of the seedlings, and the water will be drained immediately after the rain, and a layer of shallow water will still be maintained.
when the height of the seedlings is 3-4 cm, weeding should be carried out between the seedlings, and the over-dense weak seedlings should be pulled out, and the row spacing should be kept at 2-3~4cm. Generally, weeding should be carried out for 2-3 times. Combine weeding with thinning seedlings and topdressing twice. For the first time, apply 1kg of decomposed and thin human and animal manure water per mu, or 5kg of ammonium sulfate to soak the seedbed with 1kg of water. Do not touch the seedling leaves to avoid fertilizer damage. The second time, after 2 days, the amount of fertilizer can be slightly increased, and the method is the same as the first time. Before each fertilization, all the water in the field should be drained, then fertilization should be carried out, and seedlings should be raised in shallow water after it is submerged.
2. The growth period of planting Alisma orientalis in the field is only about 15 days, which has a great relationship with the growth and yield of the plant. Too early planting is easy to form a large number of tillers and flowering, which reduces the yield and quality: too late, the temperature drops, the growth period is short, the plant is stunted and the yield is low. Generally, it is advisable to transplant after beginning of autumn in August and before the summer. Transplanting should be carried out after 3 pm on cloudy or sunny days. Select stout seedlings with a height of about 15cm, and plant them with the row spacing of 25~3cm, and plant 7~9 seedlings per mu. Seedlings should be planted correctly, stably and shallowly. Generally, it is better to plant 3~4cm in human soil to prevent the seedling core from sinking into the mud.
Third, field management
1. After supporting and replanting seedlings, check the next day and find lodging seedlings, which should be righted; The missing seedlings should be supplemented to ensure the whole seedlings.
2. intertillage weeding and topdressing Alisma orientalis generally needs to plough, weed and topdressing 3-4 times during the growth period. The three are carried out continuously at the same time. Topdressing first, then weeding. The first topdressing was carried out on the tenth day after planting, and about 1kg; of decomposed human and animal manure was applied per mu; The second time in mid-September, 1 ~ 15 kg of ammonium sulfate was applied per mu; The third time in early October, 2kg of water manure or 15kg of urea was applied per mu, in which the third fertilization was the key to promote the growth of trees, grow healthily and win high yield; For the fourth time, in late October, 1kg of decomposed human and animal manure water or 1kg of ammonium bicarbonate were applied per mu. After each topdressing, weeding was carried out, and the yellow dead leaves at the base were peeled off and stepped into the mud. When each topdressing weeding was carried out, water was drained first, and after the construction was completed, the tuber growth was promoted.
3. Irrigation drainage should be irrigated in shallow water during the growth period. Keep the water depth 2~3cm after transplanting, and keep the water depth 3~7cm after weeding for the second time. After mid-November, drain the field water gradually to facilitate harvesting.
4. Picking flower stalks and smearing side buds. In late September, after the second weeding, Alisma orientalis gradually plucked flower stems and sprouted side buds, which consumed nutrients and affected the yield and quality. Therefore, except those who kept seeds, others should remove flower stems and wipe off side buds in time.
IV. Pests and diseases and their control
1. The main disease is Alisma orientalis white spot. The disease started in July, and the damage was serious from September to October. At the beginning of the disease, the lesion on the leaves is small, round and reddish brown. After the lesion is enlarged, the center is gray and the periphery is dark brown. The diseased spots on the petiole are dark brown and prismatic, the center is slightly sunken, gradually extending and connecting with each other, and finally the petiole is yellow, resulting in plant death. Prevention and treatment methods: ① At the initial stage of the disease, spray with 1: 1: 1 Bordeaux solution or 65% zineb 4-5 times solution once every 7-1 days for 2-3 times continuously. ② Strengthen field management and select disease-free fields to keep seeds. (3) Before sowing, the seeds are soaked in 8 times of 4% formalin for 5 minutes, cleaned and dried before sowing.
2. Insect pests
(1) Spodoptera armigera mainly damages leaves with larvae, resulting in nicks and cavities. The larvae pupate on the back of leaves when they are mature. Prevention and control methods: ① When pests occur, use 1% pyrethroid 2~3 times solution, or 4% omethoate 1 times solution, or 9% trichlorfon crystal 1 times solution to spray and kill. ② Install black lights in the field to trap and kill moths.
(2) Alisma orientalis _ Aphids damaged seedlings from July to August. Black wingless adults gather on the back of leaves and flower stems to absorb juice, which leads to yellowing of leaves and affects tuber development, flowering and fruiting. The more arid and sultry it is, the faster the adult reproduction will be, which will do more harm to Alisma orientalis, and when it is serious, it will cause no production, so it must be prevented in time. Prevention and control methods: ① Spraying 4% dimethoate EC with 2 times solution once every 7 days for 3~4 times in succession. ② Spraying 15~2 times of 4% dimethoate EC or 1 times of 5% marathon EC once every 5~7 days for 3~4 times.
5. harvesting and processing
1. seed reservation
(1) before harvesting Alisma orientalis, select plants with strong growth, no pests and diseases and hypertrophy of tubers as seed plants in the field. Dig up separately when harvesting, cut off the withered stems and leaves on the ground, transplant the tubers into the wet land, and plant them obliquely into the soil, with a depth of 7~1cm, which should not be too deep or too shallow. If the tubers are too deep, they will rot easily, and if they are too shallow, they will be vulnerable to freezing injury. After planting, cover the straw to keep warm and prevent freezing. After beginning of spring in the following year, each tuber can sprout more than 1 new buds. When the new buds grow into seedlings of about 2cm, the mother tuber is dug up, cut into individual plants according to the number of new seedlings, and transplanted in a paddy field with abundant sunshine and fertile soil, with the spacing between rows and plants of 3-4 cm. Strengthen management after planting, and the fruits will mature in July and August. When the fruit is yellow-brown, it is cut in batches. Then tie the branches into small sticks, put them in a ventilated and dry place to dry in the shade, and thresh them. Sow in the following year.
(2) Before harvesting Alisma orientalis, select the seed plants according to the above method, then dig up, remove the stems and leaves, plant the tubers in fertile paddy fields, after germination and emergence in the next spring, remove the lateral buds, leaving only the main buds for them to blossom and bear fruit. After harvesting, put them in a ventilated and dry place for ripening, drying in the shade and threshing.
As mentioned above, the medium-mature seeds of Alisma orientalis have the highest germination rate, good seedling growth, high yield and good quality. The standard of medium-mature seeds of Alisma orientalis is that the seeds are about to mature and are yellowish brown. Therefore, when the seeds are harvested, threshed and cleaned, red, green and black seeds should be eliminated, because red is an old seed, green is immature, and black is a shriveled seed, leaving only yellowish brown seeds. After the seeds are selected, they are packed in cloth bags and stored in a cool, ventilated and dry place. The seeds produced by tuber seed retention have strong vitality and high germination rate, but the yield is not as high as that of ramet seed retention.
2. The harvested Alisma orientalis can be harvested in late December of that year when the stems and leaves on the ground are yellow. If the harvest is too early, the tuber powder is insufficient and the yield is low; Too late, the terminal bud of tuber has germinated, which affects the quality of medicinal materials. When harvesting, dig up the tuber and peel off the residual leaves, leaving a terminal bud with a length of about 3cm in the center of the tuber to avoid the juice overflowing inside the tuber during drying.
3. After the processed tubers are shipped back, remove the fibrous roots and immediately expose them to sunlight or bake and dry them. Then put it into a collision cage and knock off the remaining fibrous roots and coarse skin to make the tuber smooth and yellowish white. Generally, it can produce 15~2kg of dry goods per mu, and it can reach 25kg at high yield. During storage, insects should be prevented. It is better to be large, solid, smooth, yellow and white, and full of powder.
Hehe, first of all, for reference only.