Prunus mume planting technology
Seedling requirements
The cultivation of Prunus mume seedlings requires pure varieties, which are grafted by superior tree cuttings and plum rootstocks, with robust seedlings, full branches and axillary buds, seedling height of more than 8cm, rhizome thickness of more than .8cm, complete main lateral roots, many fibrous roots, no pests and diseases and strong stress resistance.
planting time
Prunus mume is generally suitable for planting in spring, autumn or rainy season. According to the actual climate conditions of Eryuan, it is suitable for planting in rainy season from July to August.
planting measures
1. planting density: for flat land or gentle slope with good soil conditions, 4m? 4m plant spacing, planting 42 plants per mu, for sloping land, in order to improve the early yield, we can plan close planting and adopt 3m? 4m plant spacing, planting 55 plants per mu.
2. preparation of planting pit: according to the standardized planting requirements, it is necessary to pull wires and fix points, that is, pull wires and fix points according to the set plant spacing, horizontally and vertically, and the specifications of planting pit require 8cm? 8cm? 8cm, when digging ponds, the topsoil and subsoil of the planting pit shall be placed separately. When backfilling, 25-3kg of farm manure shall be applied to each pond, and the soil and fertilizer shall be backfilled to about 35cm after being evenly mixed. Then, the cooked soil (topsoil) shall be downward, and the raw soil (subsoil) shall be upward, and backfilled to 2-3 cm above the ground, and a circular tree tray shall be prepared.
3. Planting method: First, determine the center of the planting pit as the planting point, and then dig a hole 3cm deep and 4cm wide. Secondly, after the selected grafted seedlings are untied, the seedlings are placed upright in the planting holes, so that the roots are evenly distributed in the holes, the soil is lightly cultivated on the roots, the seedlings are gently raised after covering, so that the roots are stretched and fully contacted with the soil, and the soil is filled while treading tightly. Pay attention to that the grafting joint is exposed to the ground for 5-1cm, and the tree tray is 2cm higher than the ground. After pouring enough water for fixing the roots, the film is covered. If there are dead seedlings within one month, they should be replenished in time.
soil disturbance management
1. Expanding holes and improving soil
that is, improving the soil outside the planting pit. Generally, the basal fertilizer is applied in the autumn of the following year. After digging a hole at the edge of the crown, the basal fertilizer is backfilled and applied, accounting for 7% of the annual fertilization amount. With the expansion of the crown year by year, the basal fertilizer is applied to the outer hole to achieve the effect of deep soil ripening.
2. intertillage management
intertillage management mainly includes soil cultivation, root protection and intertillage weeding. Cause and effect Prunus mume has shallow root system and early defoliation, so we should pay attention to deeply turning over the mature soil and introducing roots into the soil to thicken the root soil layer, prevent exposed roots from sunburn and conserve water. Generally, in autumn, deep ploughing is combined with fertilizing soil, and weeding is carried out in time according to the local climate and the number of soil weeds, so as to keep the soil in the tree tray loose and grassless.
3, reasonable intercropping
1? Within 3 years, short-stem crops such as vegetables and beans or green manure can be intercropped between rows, so that gardens can be cultivated by gardens.
fertilizer and water management
1. plum tree fertilization
plum tree fertilization includes base fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer, post-flowering fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer and post-harvest fertilizer.
(1) Basic fertilizer is generally applied in autumn every year, and it is applied in August at the latest, so as to facilitate the absorption of roots. Fertilization accounts for 6% of the total annual fertilization? 7%, mainly farmyard manure, generally 5kg per plant, combined with 1kg phosphate fertilizer and .5kg nitrogen fertilizer, the young trees can be reduced as appropriate.
(2) Pre-flowering fertilizer is applied in the flower bud expansion period, usually in November? In December, .25kg of nitrogen fertilizer, .25kg of potassium sulfate and 1kg of decomposed cake fertilizer were applied to young trees. As a result, 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 1kg of potassium fertilizer and 1.5kg of decomposed cake fertilizer were applied to young trees, and the fertilization ratio was appropriately adjusted according to the fruit yield of that year.
(3) Fertilization after flowering: It should be applied to plum trees with weak tree vigor and a large number of flowers, but it is not necessary to apply it to plum trees with sufficient basal fertilizer and strong tree vigor, and the fertilizer is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer.
(4) fruit-strengthening fertilizer: it is applied during the fruit expansion period, generally 2kg of phosphate fertilizer and 1.5kg of potash fertilizer are applied to the young trees in the first half of April, and it is not necessary to apply them.
(5) post-harvest fertilizer: after the fruit is harvested, it is mainly nitrogen and potash fertilizer, 15kg of manure fertilizer and .2kg of urea are applied to the young trees, and the bearing trees are determined according to the age and fruit yield.
2. Water management
According to the physiological water demand of plums, irrigation should be combined with fertilization, and at the same time, attention should be paid to drainage. The garden should be made into deep furrows and high ridges in rows, so as to keep the garden well drained and free from water accumulation.
Pruning Prunus mume
(1) Pruning: Prunus mume generally adopts natural happy shape or evacuation layered shape
1. Pruning method of natural happy shape:
(1) Fixed trunk: After planting, the trunk is cut and left about 6cm to fix the trunk.
(2) selecting the main branch: select and leave the first main branch in the plastic band 3cm below the cut, with a distance of 15? Leave the second main branch at 2cm, and the distance is 15? Leave the third main branch at 2cm, the three main branches will grow healthily and distribute evenly in three directions, and cut off the rest branches.
(3) Leave lateral branches: generally, leave 2? 3 strong branches as lateral branches, pay attention to the staggered branches, and make full use of space to increase the bearing area.
2. evacuation layered shaping method: leave 5? Seven main branches are distributed in layers on the central trunk, divided into 3? Four layers are arranged, and the height of the tree is controlled at 3? 4m。
(2) pruning: including winter pruning and summer pruning (pruning in growth period).
1. Pruning in winter: after defoliation and before flower buds sprout, the methods include short pruning, branch thinning, long spreading, shrinking pruning, opening angle, etc. Plum trees mainly bear medium and short fruit branches, and when pruning in winter, try to cut them as little as possible, and cut them lightly and put them long, so as to facilitate the formation of medium and short fruit branches and early fruiting.
2. Pruning in summer: in spring and summer, bud removal, pinching and twisting, supporting and bending branches are carried out, and attention should be paid to timely and moderate pruning.
3. Pruning methods of plum trees of different ages:
(1) Pruning of young trees: focus on cultivating backbone branches, balancing tree vigor, not doing too much pruning, lightly pruning and keeping dense branches, and keeping more auxiliary branches to increase the amount of branches and leaves as much as possible.
(2) Pruning of mature trees: maintain the growth power of main branches, and pay attention to the proper collocation of auxiliary branches. Mature trees are easy to produce strong branches from the hidden buds at the lower part of the backbone branches. If the branches are balanced and robust, they should be screened out as soon as possible to reduce nutrient consumption and disturb the tree. If the backbone branches are aging or missing, appropriate strong branches can be left for renewal or cultivation as a branch group, and pinching and twisting tips should be carried out in May to facilitate the formation of short fruit branches in that year.
(3) Regeneration of aging trees: For plum trees with aging tree potential, some side branches and auxiliary main branches should be thinned out every year to make them ventilated and transparent, so as to promote the emergence of hidden buds into growth branches and then re-cultivate new side branches and branch groups.
(4) Pruning of laissez-faire trees: improve the tree structure, rejuvenate the branches, and enhance the growth of the main lateral branches to cultivate the bearing branch group. The first pruning of laissez-faire trees should be carried out immediately after fruit picking. The specific methods are: thinning out a part of the central and upper parts of the crown to produce dense branches, and the rest are not finely pruned. The wounds formed by cutting off the big branches must be shaved, disinfected and coated. Continue to sift out the big branches in the following year, 2? After 3 years, the twigs were cut and retracted to update the branch group. For the bare part of the backbone branches, strong branches are produced by using hidden buds, and new branch groups are cultivated in appropriate positions.
pest control of plum
In rainy season, plum trees are susceptible to scab, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf shrinking disease, etc. The pests are mainly aphids, longicorn beetles, mustard beetles, etc., so it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control.
(1) Disease control
1. Physical control
(1) Strengthen cultivation management, strengthen tree vigor and improve disease resistance of plum trees.
(2) Cut off diseased branches in time and destroy them centrally.
(3) reasonable pruning, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, ditching and drainage, and reducing humidity.
2. Chemical control
(1) Chemical pesticides or biological pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue are selected for control. Generally, sulfur mixture and Bordeaux mixture can be selected for prevention, and carbendazim or 7% thiophanate methyl is used for spray control at the initial stage of the disease.
(2) pest control
1. control of longicorn beetles
(1) cut off the leaves of insect branches and destroy them centrally during pruning.
(2) Artificial killing of longicorn beetles.
(3) The trunk was painted white to prevent the adults of longicorn beetles from laying eggs.
(4) Put a cotton ball soaked with dichlorvos solution in the insect excrement discharge place and seal it, so as to poison the larvae.
2. Prevention and control of aphids
(1) When pruning, cut off the leaves of insects and focus on destruction.
(2) Using yellow boards to trap and kill aphids.
(3) Pay attention to protecting natural enemies.
(4) at the early stage of leaf development, spray with 1% 15 times liquid.
3. Scale insects
(1) Brush off the overwintering adults on the branches with a hard brush or a steel wire brush during the dormancy period of fruit trees, cut off the severely damaged branches, and then spray acaricide or quickly kill them.
(2) Protect and utilize natural enemies.
(3) Before the nymph secretes the wax scale shell in the stage of dispersion and transfer, the control effect is better with chemicals. The commonly used chemicals are: Kung Fu EC or 2% sodium methomyl 3-4 times solution; 4% omethoate or 5% dichlorvos 8-1 times solution.
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