2. Seedling commonly used seedling method. Sowing seedlings can obtain a large number of osmanthus seedlings, seedling growth, developed root system, strong life, long life, especially the trunk is well developed, suitable for use as street trees or shade trees. Henan Diaochuan more than this method to cultivate single stem osmanthus seedlings. Sowing commonly used wide strip sowing, row spacing 20 to 25 cm, width 10 to 12 cm, 20 kilograms of seed per mu, per mu of real estate osmanthus seedlings 2.5 to 30,000 plants. Before sowing the seed umbilicus to one side, covered with one or two centimeters of fine soil, and then covered with a thin layer of straw, spraying water to the soil wet, in order to prevent the soil from knotting and reduce water evaporation. When the seeds sprouted out of the soil, uncover the grass in a timely manner, place the grass between the rows, both to keep the soil moist, but also to prevent the growth of weeds.
3. maintenance technology
(1) plow weed at present most nurseries are still using artificial plow weed method. Focus on loosening and weeding in the trunk as the center of a 1-meter diameter tree plate. Mechanical mid-plowing is carried out with a small tractor. General row spacing of more than 1 meter large seedling area, available mechanical mid-plow weeding. Small seedling areas can be carried out two or three times a month. In addition, after irrigation or rainfall, in order to prevent the soil from sloughing should be plowed to loosen the soil, in order to facilitate the growth of seedlings.
(2) watering and flooding osmanthus watering mainly in the month after the new planting and the summer of the planting year. Newly planted osmanthus must be watered thoroughly, and can be watered at the right time according to weather conditions and standing conditions. If possible, the crown of the plant should be sprayed with water to maintain a certain level of air humidity and reduce water evaporation from the sapling. In addition, in order to promote the early flowering of osmanthus, in mid-September, when the flower buds begin to sprout, it should be watered moderately to keep the soil moist. Osmanthus large seedlings do not need a lot of watering during normal maintenance, and can be watered appropriately during particularly dry summer and fall seasons. Osmanthus does not tolerate waterlogging, poor drainage will cause massive defoliation, root rot or even death. Timely drainage or transplantation of flooded plants, and add a certain amount of sand planting, can promote the growth of new roots.
(3) reasonable fertilization fertilizer should be thin fertilizer diligently applied as the principle of fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, medium and large seedlings fertilizer three or four times a year. Early spring, buds began to expand before the root system has begun to activity, absorption of fertilizer. Therefore, during the early spring in the tree pan in the application of organic fertilizer, to promote the growth of spring. The spring tips are the flowering branches in the fall of the year, and when the spring tips grow strong, there will be more flowers in the future. After the autumn flowering of osmanthus, in order to restore the tree, supplemental nutrition, pre-winter need to apply inorganic fertilizer or garbage miscellaneous fertilizer. In the meantime, according to the growth of osmanthus, fertilization once or twice. Newly transplanted osmanthus, due to the damage of the root system, absorption capacity is weak, fertilizer should not be too early. Transplant pit hole of the base fertilizer should be mixed with the soil before mulching, the root system should not be in direct contact with the fertilizer, so as not to injure the roots, affecting the survival rate.
Fertilizer must be applied in the root system can be absorbed. Seedling root system is concentrated, transplanting is easy to survive, therefore, the nursery fertilizer can not be too far from the seedling crown, otherwise, make the root system to expand outward. But also should not be applied under the trunk, not conducive to the absorption of fertilizer.
(4) plastic pruning osmanthus pruning is an important measure to cultivate single stem osmanthus. Timely and reasonable pruning, can make it ventilation and light, strengthen photosynthesis, and can reduce pests and diseases, so as to make the osmanthus fast-growing, trunk straight, tree shape beautiful.
①Stripping buds osmanthus germination, the main trunk and the base of the buds can also sprout, should be timely to the lower part of the trunk useless buds stripped off, so that the water and nutrition to focus on the promotion of the upper branches of the development of the formation of the ideal tree shape.
②Thinning cultivation of single-trunk osmanthus, from the seedling to consciously cultivate the main trunk straight, to maintain a certain branch height, cut off the useless branches, generally into the osmanthus branch height of about 1.5 meters.
③Short cut to cut off the top branches of the futile, so that the height of osmanthus is maintained at about 3.5 meters, crown 2.5 to 3 meters. Transplantation of osmanthus, in order to maintain the integrity of the tree, should not be strong pruning, only need to cut off dry branches, pests and diseases, thinning out the overlapping branches, cross branches, weak branches, on the long branch to be controlled.
(5) transplantation of seedlings before transplantation, transplantation of land must be deep plowing fine harrowing, to "three plowing three harrowing". Deep plowing and harrowing can improve the physical properties of the soil, keep the soil loose, increase the permeability of the soil and water retention capacity, is conducive to aerobic bacterial activity, promote the decomposition of organic fertilizers, and at the same time to the root system to create a good environment for growth.
4. The impact of adverse factors and countermeasures
(1) Pests and diseases in Guilin, open-ground cultivation of osmanthus pests and diseases are relatively small, and occasionally there are red spiders, whiteflies, mesquite and armyworms and other pests, which need to be sprayed with pesticides in a timely manner, early control.
(2) soot pollution osmanthus growth requires clean air. When soot pollution, it will affect the development of new osmanthus or cause a lot of leaf fall, affecting the normal growth of osmanthus. Management should be strengthened to increase the resilience of osmanthus and keep away from smoke and dust so that osmanthus can grow normally.
5. Seedlings out of the nursery
(1) seedling up digging osmanthus seedlings must be with soil ball, the diameter of the soil ball should be 6 to 8 times the diameter of its base, the thickness of the ball of the ball for the ball diameter of about 2 / 3. Seedling should not be carried out in the rain, soil moisture, easy to loose balls. Summer heat, the soil is too dry, two days before starting seedlings to water, so that the soil contains a certain amount of moisture, starting seedlings when the soil is sticky, not easy to loose balls. After starting a good ball of soil, use a pair of hemp rope and the appropriate amount of grass rope to tie the ball of soil. First, use the twine folded and knotted, put in the bottom of the soil ball, and then use the grass rope around the soil ball 3 to 4 circles, with the twine knotted, then the grass rope around the 3 to 4 circles to the upper part of the soil ball, and finally the twine knotted, and the trunk tied tightly, can be ready for shipment.
(2) lifting and transportation with hemp rope or rubber pads in the trunk near the ball of the soil, tied with twine, 70 cm above the ball of the soil can be lifted and loaded to the car crane, and then covered with a rainproof cloth or shade net to block the rain and reduce water evaporation. Night transportation traffic is smooth, and is conducive to reducing water evaporation of seedlings.
6. Other matters
Osmanthus annual seedlings 25 cm high, early spring the following year for the first transplant. Two-year-old seedlings 60 cm high, three-year-old seedlings 120 cm high, for the second transplantation, plant spacing of 1 × 1 meter. When starting the seedlings, try to bring more soil, more to keep the root system, appropriate cut off the main root. When the dry diameter of osmanthus seedlings reaches 3 to 4 centimeters, you can carry out the third transplantation, plant spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 meters, transplantation with soil ball. Osmanthus dry diameter of 6 to 8 cm can be out of the nursery. As a large osmanthus seedlings for landscaping, generally to cultivate more than 8 years.
Osmanthus can generally be transplanted at any time except in the height of summer and the harsh winter season. In warmer climates, it can be transplanted throughout the year as long as it comes with a good soil ball. But the best time for the end of November to February, when the transplantation of osmanthus root wounds heal faster, can catch up with the spring growing season, the recovery of osmanthus growth is very favorable, planted osmanthus almost the year can be normal flowering.
First, the identification and prevention of major diseases of osmanthus
1, leaf spot disease Disease spots occur on both sides of the blade, the early stage of the disease, the leaf surface only appears to appear some scattered brown spots, the later leaf spot center grayish-white to light brown, the shape of the approximate round or irregular, when serious, several spots combined to a piece; the edge of the lesion is reddish-brown to dark brown, with a light brown halo, the leaves scattered on the front. A large number of small gray-black mold, these are the conidia and conidia of the pathogen; abaxial leaf spots brown; due to the gradual expansion of the spots converge into large plaques, often leading to a large number of leaves withered and fall off, seriously affecting the normal growth of the plant and flowering.
The disease fungus to mycelium block in the diseased plant and fallen leaves overwintering, the following year in April-June when the temperature rises, the production of new conidia, and through the airflow and rain spread, the infestation of harm, followed by the production of new conidia, once again infested with the onset of disease. This disease can occur in April-October; on the plant, the old leaves are heavier than the young leaves. Golden laurel varieties are most likely to develop, followed by silver laurel varieties, danggui varieties are not easy to develop; plant growth is weak or transplanted plants, easy to develop; soil crust, sticky heavy, insufficient fertility conditions, easy to occur the disease; in July-August high-temperature and humid season, the disease can be rapidly expanded.
Control methods: strengthen water and fertilizer management, often loosen the soil, avoid soil waterlogging, contribute to the growth of robust plants, improve the plant's ability to resist the disease; winter thoroughly remove the diseased leaves, and centralized burned to reduce the overwintering pathogens, can significantly inhibit the occurrence of the disease in the next year; spring osmanthus plant germination and pumping to the leaf hardening before every half-month spraying a 1:2:100 lime times the type of Bordeaux solution can be used to prevent the occurrence of the disease; the early stages of the disease can be prevented from occurring. Prevent the occurrence of the disease; at the early stage of the disease, spray with 50% multi - sulfur suspension 800 liquid, or spray with 50% carbendazim plus 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 liquid, or spray with 50% zinc diclofenac wettable powder 800 liquid; can also be used to 25% propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate 5,000 times spray, the interval period of 48 days. When seedlings in the worst-hit areas are released from the nursery, they can be sprayed with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution for sterilization.
2, leaf blight, also known as leaf spot disease, is an important disease of osmanthus. It mainly harms the leaves, the disease begins at the tip of the leaf or leaf edge, the first yellow-green or light brown dots, and then gradually expand, reddish brown to gray-brown, the shape of nearly round or irregular; the back of the lesion spot is lighter in color, the edge of the dark brown; the lesion spot is sometimes curled and brittle, several lesions can be fused with each other to reach the leaf blade of the 1/2-1/3, or irregularly shaped large plaque; the late lesion spot Scattered many small black grains, that is, the conidiophores of the pathogen. The disease can occur throughout the year, causing extensive drying of leaves, leading to early shedding; the lower part of the crown of the leaf damage is more serious than the top, the old leaf disease is more serious than the new leaf.
The pathogen overwinters on diseased leaves with mycelium and conidia, and the disease develops in spring when the temperature and humidity are suitable for conidial infestation and spreads by wind and rain, especially in July-November, which is the most serious; it is easy to develop the disease when the temperature is 20-27 degrees Celsius, with a lot of rainfall or high humidity, poor ventilation and air permeability, insufficient fertilizers, weakening of the tree, or when the tree suffers from freezing and mechanical damage. When the temperature is 20-27 ℃, more rain or high humidity, poor ventilation and air permeability, insufficient fertilizer or tree weakness or frost damage, mechanical damage, easy to develop; hot and dry climate, and not timely watering, the disease aggravated.
Control methods: late fall and early winter, thoroughly remove diseased leaves, and centralized burned or buried, to reduce the overwintering germs, can effectively inhibit the occurrence of the disease in the coming year; seedling transplantation or introduction of seedlings, to remove the diseased leaves and centralized burned, if necessary, can be given to the nursery before the spraying of 50% of the myclobutanil wettable powder 500 times solution or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, sterilization; strengthen management, increase phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, increase the use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, increase the use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, increase the use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, often loosen the soil and weed, to prevent the soil and hibiscus knot or stagnant water, encounter high temperature and dry weather should be timely watering and spraying, in order to increase the osmanthus plant's resistance to disease; the onset of the disease in the heavy areas, from the second half of June onwards, every half a month, sprayed with 70% of diclofenac manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 75% of Chlorothalonil 800 times wettable powder liquid, or 1: 2:100 times the amount of lime type Bordeaux liquid, 3-4 times in a row, the control effect is good; also available 25% propiconazole emulsion 5000 times liquid spray, the interval period of 48 days.
3, coal-stained disease to be manifested as a layer of gray-black powdery material of different shades of color on the leaf surface and dry branches, and sometimes even knotted into a black film. The reason is due to aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies and other insects sucking harm osmanthus, secretion of excreta caused by a variety of fungal parasites and thus induced a black, gray coal stain disease.
It usually occurs in hot, humid seasons and in hot, humid, hidden, poorly ventilated environments. The grayish-black coal stain layer not only affects the ornamental osmanthus plants, but also affects the photosynthesis of the leaves, resulting in poor plant growth and causing the disease-affected leaves to turn yellow and wilt and then fall off early.
Control methods: strengthen the osmanthus plant shaping pruning, to ensure that the inner chamber of the plant ventilation, contributing to good plant growth; found that aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies and other insects sucking damage osmanthus, timely and effective prevention and control, to be killed; potted plants, often sprayed with water to wash the foliage; the early stage of the disease, with 50% of the methyl - sulfur suspension 500 times, or 50% of the myclobutanil wettable agent 800 liquid, or 75% Chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 liquid, spraying branches and leaves, have a better control effect.
4, yellowing disease that is iron deficiency yellowing disease. If it is a mild iron deficiency, the performance of young leaves between the veins of the green loss of yellowing, leaf vein tissue is still green; if it is a severe iron deficiency, it is manifested in the yellowing of all the old and new leaves, the young leaves slowly stop growing, some of the old leaves appeared yellow-brown spots, plants can not be normal growth and flowering, seriously affecting the ornamental effect and the amount of flowers harvested. The reason: First, the ground plant due to soil alkali; Second, the pot plant due to potting soil preparation formula ratio is not appropriate, pH value is out of proportion; Third, the urban and rural demolition of illegal planting of osmanthus, due to the building debris cleanup is not complete; Fourth, the management errors, such as watering water pH is high; which results in the soil iron is difficult to dissolve the form of ferric hydroxide, can not be absorbed by the osmanthus root system.
Prevention and treatment methods: mild iron deficiency, can be root watering 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution, foliar spraying 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution; iron deficiency is serious, in each osmanthus (including potted osmanthus) inter-root of the soil around the application of 20-40 grams of chelated iron [F-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric iron)], while using 0.1% of the Chelated iron solution for foliar spraying; spring new growth season, every half month with 0.2% ferrous sulfate solution spray foliar; preparation of potting culture soil, available 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution to adjust its pH to 6.5 or less.
5, dry rot disease mainly occurs in the larger large size of the newly transplanted osmanthus plants.
In landscaping or large osmanthus transplantation, due to digging up bruises, long-distance transportation scratches, hanging planting strangulation, accidental injury, etc., resulting in osmanthus plants, the main trunk or large branches of the outer skin was seriously damaged, or lifted off the large pieces of dry skin, failed to timely and properly protected, encountered rain, sewage infection wound, induced fungi (such as wood-rotting fungi, etc.), a large number of bacterial (such as soil bacillus) invasion, resulting in rotting of the wound. Parasitism, resulting in the wound rot, xylem exposed or the formation of cancerous tumors, resulting in poor plant growth, leaf shedding, large branches withered, and in severe cases will cause the death of the whole osmanthus.
Methods of prevention and treatment: for small wounds on the trunk or large branches, wound healing agent should be applied in time; for small wounds that have been localized or a small amount of decay, the wound can be cleaned up locally until the fresh xylem and phloem are exposed, and then apply a good wound healing agent on the fresh wound, which can contribute to the healing of the wound as soon as possible; for the phloem on the trunk has long been destroyed, the xylem exposed for many years, the old large wounds, the phloem can be removed. For the old large wounds on the trunk has long been destroyed, xylem exposed for many years, can be rotted exposed xylem cleaned up, can be applied regularly every year stone sulfur composite antiseptic or two-component "mica glue" color mixing quickly coated in the fresh wounds, the effect of protection will be better; for the trunk has formed a cavity in the thick osmanthus plants, can be the first part of the rotted part of the first thoroughly cleaned, pay attention to do not destroy the rotted xylem with the non-decayed xylem, and not to be able to heal the wounds as soon as possible. The isolation layer between the decayed wood and the undecayed wood, the cavity is filled with polyurethane foam.
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