Grain processing machinery can be divided into two categories according to the technological process: one is used to shell and peel raw grains such as rice, sorghum, millet and millet and grind them into finished rice. For example, the raw rice grains go through various impurity removal and cleaning equipment to remove impurities, and then enter a husker to separate rice husks. The discharged coarse-grained mixture enters the coarse-grained separation screen. The separating screen uses the difference of grain size, density and surface characteristics between rice and brown rice to separate unshelled rice and send it back to the sheller. Brown rice is ground into white rice by a rice mill, and then the husk and broken rice are removed by a finished product grading screen to obtain the finished white rice. The other is used to remove the cortex and germ from wheat, corn, barley, buckwheat, naked oats and other raw grains and grind them into finished powder. For example, raw wheat grains are cleaned by various impurity removal and cleaning equipment, and then they are ground into powder by a mill, and the finished powder is extracted by a set of flat screens. The intermediate material enters another mill for grinding, so that the flour is repeatedly extracted, and finally the bran is discharged by the bran brushing machine.

The oil-making technology of oil processing machinery is mainly divided into pressing method and leaching method. Different oil-making processes use different mechanical equipment, but the oil-making raw materials are first removed by oil-cleaning machinery, and then the shell is peeled off by various types of oil shellers to separate the shell from the kernel, and then pressed into blanks by embryo rolling machines. When the leaching method is used, the embryo is soaked in a solvent (hexane or light gasoline) to leach oil, and the oil is separated from the solvent through filtration, evaporation and stripping, and the solvent can be reused after recovery; When the pressing method is used, the blank is fried in a steam frying pan and then sent to a screw oil press or a hydraulic oil press for oil extraction. The crude oil after leaching or pressing is refined into essential oil or refined oil by various refining equipment such as filtration, hydration, alkali refining, acid refining, decoloration and deodorization.

Animal husbandry machinery

All kinds of machinery and equipment used in grazing and raising poultry and livestock production.

Grassland maintenance and improvement machinery includes grassland poison bait seeder, scarifier to improve grassland and increase forage yield, grassland sprinkler irrigation equipment, etc.

The management equipment of grazing land includes electric grazing fence and its erection machinery, mobile epidemic prevention vehicle and drug spraying equipment. ① Electric grazing: Feed the high-voltage pulse current generated by the electric pulse generator into the electric fence, so that the livestock will receive non-fatal electric shock when touching the electric fence, so as to move and feed in the electric fence surrounded by the electric fence. The installation of solar energy or wind turbine can provide convenient and cheap power for electric fence. (2) Mobile epidemic prevention vehicle: a special vehicle with good off-road performance, equipped with laboratory, disinfection equipment and internal combustion generator set for epidemic prevention and veterinary, which can carry several epidemic prevention or veterinary personnel to epidemic areas in time. ③ Drug-filling equipment: it is mainly used to control scabies and body surface parasites of grazing sheep.

Feed and feed harvesting machinery A machine that collects feed in the field and forms loose grass, bales, haystacks, blocks, etc. It mainly includes mowing or mowing modulator, lawn mower, pick-up baler, forage collection stacker, forage loader and forage harvester, etc. There are two types of lawn mowers: reciprocating and rotary. Compared with the traditional reciprocating lawn mower, the rotary lawn mower developed in 1970s has the advantages of fast cutting speed, stable work and strong adaptability to pasture, which is suitable for high-yield grassland, but the cutting is not neat, heavy cutting and high energy consumption. Adding a press roller to the lawn mower makes it a lawn mower, which can crush and crack the cut fresh forage stalks and speed up the drying process. There are two kinds of rake machines, horizontal and side, which are used to rake the cut grass scattered on the ground into different forms of grass strips. Pick-up baler is used to pick up hay bales from the ground and compress them into compact bales with rectangular or circular cross sections for transportation and storage. There are two kinds of forage harvesters: throwing knife type and universal type. The former uses a high-speed rotary cutter to chop green fodder crops and throw them into a trailer, which is mainly used for harvesting low green fodder crops. The latter is equipped with three accessories: full-width cutting header, opposite header and pickup device, so it can harvest all kinds of green forage crops.

Feed processing machinery mainly includes: feed pulverizer, weeding machine and green feed chopper, which are used to process all kinds of coarse and fine feed; A feed mixer for preparing mixed feed; Feed granulator for granulating powdered feed; Straw preparation machine for processing straw feed; Washing machines, slicers, shredders, beaters, mud makers and feed digesters are used to process juicy feed, such as potatoes, melons and vegetables.

The management machinery for raising poultry and livestock in the barn mainly includes: environmental control equipment such as ventilation, temperature control and lighting in the barn; Livestock feeding and drinking water equipment; Animal epidemic prevention equipment; Fecal removal and treatment equipment, as well as poultry egg collection and milking equipment. Modern henhouses include a complete set of mechanized and automatic equipment from hatching to egg loading, which can automatically control the indoor environment as required under the condition of being isolated from the outside world. According to the needs of different chicken ages and laying hens, feed full-price compound feed quantitatively, and install automatic water dispenser and regular manure cleaning equipment. Eggs are automatically collected, cleaned and graded by the egg collection system, and then packaged and transported.

Crop harvesting machinery

Crop harvesting machinery includes various machinery for collecting various crops or agricultural products. Different crops are harvested in different ways and by different machines. Some machines only carry out a single harvesting process, such as cutting rice, wheat, corn, Gansu and other stalks with ears; Excavation of underground parts such as potatoes, beets and peanuts; Picking cotton, tea and fruit; Extraction of flax, jute and other stalks. Some harvesting machines can complete all or more harvesting processes at one time, which is called combine harvester. For example, the grain combine harvester can cut stalks, thresh ears, separate stalks, clean grains and other operations; Potato combine can dig, separate soil and collect potato pieces. (see color map)

The grain combine consists of a harvesting table, a conveying device, a threshing device, a separating device, a cleaning device, a grain box and a transmission device. According to the feeding mode of crops, it can be divided into full feeding type and semi-feeding type. All countries in Europe and America use full-feed grain combine harvester (Figure 6), which is mainly used to harvest wheat crops, such as wheat. After partial modification and adjustment, it can also be used to harvest corn, beans, rice and sunflower. During operation, the reciprocating cutter at the front end of the harvesting table cuts the stalks with spikes on the harvesting table with the cooperation of the reel, and sends them to the threshing device through the conveying device and the intermediate conveying device of the harvesting table, and threshes through friction and impact when passing through the gap between the threshing drum and the concave plate. Most of the grain enters the cleaning device after passing through the sieve holes of the concave plate, and a small amount of grain is entrained by the extrusion on the concave plate and thrown to the separation device. Under the reciprocating vibration of the chain separation device, the separated grains enter the cleaning device, and impurities such as stalks and drafts are transported backward and thrown out of the machine. The grains entering the cleaning device are cleaned by fans and sieves, and the clean grains are sent to the granary. When the grain box is full, start the grain unloading conveyor belt to unload the grain into the grain truck. In the middle and late 1970s, various types of axial-flow drum-type full-feed grain combine harvesters appeared in North America, which combined the threshing device and the separating device into one, thus canceling the huge chain-type separating device and shortening the length of the whole machine. Semi-feed grain combine harvester, which mainly harvests rice, has been developed in southern China and Japan. When working, only the head of the cut straw enters the threshing device during the clamping and conveying process, and the threshed straw is relatively complete and convenient for comprehensive utilization. The amount of broken straw mixed in the grain is small, so there is generally no need to set up a separate separation device, so compared with the full-feeding type, the structure is simple and the power consumption is small.

The cotton picker picks up the spindle with rotating teeth, grabs the seed fiber from the opened cotton peach, and sends it into the cotton box through air flow. There are mainly two kinds of cotton pickers: the horizontal spindle picker used in the United States has high cotton picking rate, but its structure is complex, manufacturing accuracy and cost are high; The Soviet Union mostly adopts vertical spindle cotton picker, which has simple structure and low cost, but the cotton picking rate is low, and there are many cotton that fall to the ground, which is very harmful to cotton plants.

The impurity content of machine-picked seed cotton is high, and its quality grade is obviously lower than that of hand-picked seed cotton. Machine-picked seed cotton needs a complete set of cotton cleaning equipment, and the picked cotton can be used as textile raw materials after repeated cleaning before and after ginning. Agricultural transport machinery

Agricultural transport machinery is used to transport all kinds of agricultural and sideline products, agricultural production materials, building materials and rural living materials, including all kinds of agricultural transport vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers towed by cars or tractors, animal-drawn rubber-tyred vehicles, rubber-tyred trolleys and agricultural boats.

Tractor-drawn trailers and semi-trailers are similar to car-drawn trailers, but the hitch point is low and the carriage forms are diverse to meet the needs of transporting different agricultural materials, such as bulk grain and feed trailers. Forage and green fodder trailer; Straw bundle transport vehicle; Sugarcane transport vehicle; Fresh livestock transport vehicle; Manure, chemical fertilizer and liquid fertilizer transport vehicle; Agricultural machinery and tool carriers, etc. Part of the weight of the semi-trailer is pressed on the traction device of the tractor through the traction rod, so that the driving wheel of the tractor is stressed, which is beneficial to exerting the traction of the tractor.