1, temperature. Hericium erinaceus is a mushroom-growing fungus with medium temperature and variable temperature. Mycelium growth and fruiting body formation need different temperatures, the former is relatively higher than the latter. The temperature range of mycelium growth is 6℃ ~ 33℃, and the optimum temperature is 24℃ ~ 26℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 30℃, the mycelium grows slowly, and it stops growing when the temperature is lower than 6℃ or higher than 35℃. The temperature range of fruiting body growth is 12 ~ 24℃, and the optimum temperature is 15℃ ~ 20℃. When the temperature exceeds 25℃, the growth of fruiting body is inhibited, and when it is lower than 16℃, the fruiting body turns red and grows slowly. When the temperature is high, the fruiting body grows rapidly, but the body is small and the thorn is long; Low temperature, large fruiting body, short thorn and good quality. After bag cultivation and artificial directional cultivation, the temperature range of fruiting body formation and growth is wider and the adaptability is stronger. ?

2. humidity. Water is the main component of Hericium erinaceus, and the water content of fresh mycelium and fresh fruiting body reaches 80 ~ 90%. Water is necessary for the growth of Hericium erinaceus. All biochemical reactions of Hericium erinaceus cells are carried out with the participation of water. The absorption and transportation of nutrients, the secretion of enzymes and the decomposition and utilization of complex substances such as cellulose and lignin must be carried out under certain moisture conditions. However, too much water will affect the air circulation in the culture medium, making it difficult for mycelium to breathe and grow. It will also reduce the stress resistance of mycelium and accelerate aging. The sawdust culture medium is dense and requires low water content; Loose culture media such as cottonseed hulls need higher water content. Hericium erinaceus should be cultivated in dense medium such as sawdust, with water content of 55% ~ 60%. The suitable water content of bagasse culture medium is 65% ~ 75%. Determining whether the water content of Hericium erinaceus culture medium (material) is appropriate can be done by hand. That is to say, grab a handful of prepared culture materials by hand and hold them tightly so that water can seep through your fingers and not fall off, which is just right. It's too dry to squeeze water; When squeezing, the water drops fall, which is too wet. ?

4. The relative humidity of air has a great influence on the growth and development of Hericium erinaceus. Hericium erinaceus has different requirements for air relative humidity at different growth and development stages. In the mycelium growth stage, the relative humidity of the air in the culture room should be kept at about 60%. At the stage of fruiting body formation, the relative humidity of air in culture room (mushroom house and mushroom shed) is required to be 85% ~ 90%. Under such suitable humidity conditions, the fruiting body grows rapidly and the mushroom body is white. If the humidity is as low as 70%, the surface of the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus has no protective tissues such as cutin, skin and wax, and the meat is naked and fast. Soon, due to water loss, the color turned yellow, the thorns became shorter, and the growth slowed down or stopped, resulting in a decline in yield. Especially the young fruiting body, when the humidity is low, it will leave permanent spots that cannot be recovered. On the other hand, when the humidity exceeds 95%, the fruiting body will be deformed due to poor ventilation. Most of them are characterized by thick spines, small balls and branches. In severe cases, it will not form pellets, resulting in more basidiospores, bitter taste, greatly reduced stress resistance and easy to get sick. Hericium erinaceus is an aerobic fungus. In the process of growth and development, the growth and development of Hericium erinaceus need to continuously inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide, breathe and generate energy. Because carbon dioxide has an inhibitory effect on respiration, if the carbon dioxide content is too high, the growth will be inhibited; When the carbon dioxide content is low, although the respiration is vigorous and the growth is rapid, the mycelium is easy to age. In the mycelium growth stage, Hericium erinaceus can tolerate high carbon dioxide concentration and grow normally in the air containing 0.3% ~ 1% carbon dioxide. In the fruiting body stage, Hericium erinaceus is very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration. Poor ventilation or high carbon dioxide content in the air has great influence on primordial differentiation and fruiting body growth. During the growth of fruiting bodies, the content of carbon dioxide in the air should not exceed 0.65438 0%. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mushroom shed exceeds 0. 1%, it will stimulate the stipe to branch continuously, the spinous process will be twisted, the spherical center will be underdeveloped, and abnormal fruiting bodies will be formed. Therefore, the Hericium erinaceus culture room is ventilated regularly every day to eliminate excessive metabolic waste gas such as carbon dioxide and replenish fresh air. ?

4, illumination Hericium erinaceus has no chlorophyll, can not carry out photosynthesis, and does not need direct light. If cultured in direct sunlight, on the one hand, ultraviolet rays in sunlight will do harm to it, and on the other hand, due to the rapid evaporation of water, bacteria will quickly dry and wither. The mycelium growth stage does not need light. Scattering light is needed during the growth of fruiting bodies. Under the illumination of 200 ~ 400 lux, the fruiting bodies can grow white, but if the illumination exceeds 1000 lux, the fruiting bodies will appear red, grow slowly and the quality will deteriorate. ?

5, pH Hericium erinaceus is an acid-loving fungus, which is also one of its characteristics. Among several common cultivated edible fungi, Hericium erinaceus needs the lowest pH value. Hericium erinaceus can decompose the organic matter in the culture medium well only under acidic conditions. Hericium erinaceus mycelium can grow in the range of pH 2.4 ~ 8.5. The optimum pH is 3.5 ~ 5.5, which is not only beneficial to mycelium, but also beneficial to the formation of fruiting body primordium and the increase of yield. According to the characteristic that the pH value of the culture decreases by about 0.5 after sterilization, the pH value of the mixed material is preferably about 6.0.

Second, the cultivation formula and cultivation method?

(1) cultivation formula?

1, cottonseed hull wheat bran formula?

82% cottonseed hull, wheat bran 15%, urea 1%, gypsum powder 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%, and feed-water ratio1:1.2 ~1. ?

2. What is the formula of cottonseed hull corn flour?

82% cottonseed hull, wheat bran 1 1%, corn cob 4%, phosphate fertilizer 1%, gypsum powder 2%, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3. ?

3. What is the formula of cottonseed hull distiller's grains?

40% cottonseed hull, 38% distiller's grains, 20% rice bran, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and feed-water ratio 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3.

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4?

4. Corn cob wheat bran formula?

Corn cob 86%, wheat bran 1 1%, gypsum powder 2%, phosphate fertilizer 1%, and the feed-water ratio 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3. 5, sawdust cottonseed hull formula?

42% sawdust, 42% cottonseed hull, wheat bran 14%, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3. 6, corncob bean cake powder formula?

Corn cob 88%, bean cake powder 10%, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3. 7, sawdust wheat bran formula?

78% sawdust, 20% wheat bran, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and the feed-water ratio 1: 1.2. ?

The distiller's grains, cottonseed hulls, corncob, wheat bran, rice bran and bean cake powder used in the formula should be fresh, free from mildew and pests. However, sawdust needs to be discarded, and it is best to pile it outdoors for several months to remove aromatic substances after sun and rain. Wood chips should pass through a 2-3 mesh bamboo screen or barbed wire screen, and hard objects such as small wood chips and short branches should be removed to prevent the plastic bags from being punctured when bagging. There should be no hard objects or sharp objects in other raw materials. ?

(2) Cultivation season?

Hebei province has a vast territory, so the cultivation season should be arranged reasonably according to the temperature requirements of Hericium erinaceus growth and development. Generally, cultivation bags can be planted in mid-August in central and southern areas, and mushrooms can be cultivated for about one month in mid-to-late September, or in winter, and then in late February and late May of the following year. Zhangjiakou and Chengde Bashang areas can be planted in the wrong season, and can be used as fungus bags in April-May, and mushrooms can be produced in May-65438+1October. ?

(3) Cultivation methods?

Because the growth and development of Hericium erinaceus need strict environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, its cultivation site is limited. Hericium erinaceus should be cultivated in plastic greenhouses in northern China, and mushroom farmers can also use vegetable greenhouses, warehouses, caves, indoors and other places in winter. To build a plastic greenhouse, we should choose a place with flat terrain, close to water sources and clean environment. Greenhouse specifications: the length from east to west is 20-25m (determined according to the cultivation scale), the width from north to south is 8m, the height of the north wall is 2.8m, and the height of the south wall is1.6m. The wall should be thick for insulation, and the south wall should be provided with windows every 3m for ventilation. Dig 0.5 meters under the ground in the shed, cover the roof with a non-dripping film to keep warm, and cultivate Hericium erinaceus. ?

1. In bottle cultivation, Hericium erinaceus is usually cultivated in a 750 ml strain bottle with a material weight of 2 10g. When the mushroom is produced, the bottle mouth is up or the bottle body is horizontal. ?

2. In bag culture, Hericium erinaceus is generally cultivated in polypropylene bags of 13cm× 27cm× 0.047cm, 17cm× 0.047cm and17cm× 40cm× 0.047cm. Bag culture of Hericium erinaceus is a major technical feature of Hericium erinaceus cultivation in Hebei Province. Hericium erinaceus cultivated in bags has high yield, good quality and long storage period. ?

3. What are the technical points of cultivation management?

(1) ingredients?

Select materials and ingredients according to formula requirements. ?

1. Before preparing the culture medium, all the main ingredients used should be dried in the sun for 3 ~ 5 days. Achieve the purpose of sterilization. 2. Prewetting some raw materials, such as broken corncob, has slow water absorption. It should be packed in a nylon woven bag, pressed into a pool and soaked before use. This work should be carried out 4 ~ 5 hours before boring piles. ?

3. Add auxiliary materials (wheat bran, gypsum powder, phosphate fertilizer, corn flour, sucrose, etc.). ), mix the cottonseed hull formula.

The method comprises the following steps: uniformly stirring dry auxiliary materials such as wheat bran, corn flour, gypsum powder, phosphate fertilizer (crushed and sieved), bean cake powder and the like, and scattering on a main material pile; Then dissolve sucrose in a small amount of water, sprinkle it on the main material pile, and then stir it carefully. You can use a blender to stir, or you can use a shovel and rake to stir manually. Stir evenly and pile them up, and cover them with plastic film to prevent water loss. Stir quickly, preferably in the morning when the temperature is low, to prevent the culture material from turning sour. When the culture material is ready, the water content should be detected immediately. Grab a handful of the material by hand and drop one or two drops of water. Pre-moistened raw materials, add auxiliary materials after water control, stir evenly, pile up, and detect water content. The method is as above. ?

(2) bagging?

Open the mouth of the plastic bag and stuff the material into the bag by hand. When charging13, lift the bag material, gently shake it on the ground, and press it down by hand to make it dense. Then, reload, shake and press again. After the bag is full, fill in the missing materials under the number of holes in the bag mouth, so that the bag materials are tight without gaps. Leave 6 cm at the mouth of the bag, or add a collar at the mouth of the bag to plug the cotton plug. 13cm× 27cm, 17cm× 37cm has one end open, and 17cm× 40cm has two ends open. When the amount of culture is large, mechanical bagging is generally used to shorten the bagging time, shorten the time from mixing to sterilization, and effectively prevent the spoilage of culture materials. ?

(3) sterilization?

The bag can be sterilized by pressure cooker or ordinary pressure cooker. Its use method has been introduced before, and the key points for attention in atmospheric sterilization are emphasized here. ?

1, get into the kitchen in time?

Immediately after bagging, put the materials into a sterilization furnace, and quickly heat them to start sterilization. Prevent microorganisms from reproducing and decomposing substances, leading to rancidity. Especially in the hot season, we should pay more attention to this. ?

2. Reasonable bag folding?

Bags should be stacked in rows and discharged from bottom to top. There should be a certain gap between rows and between bags, so that the steam can flow smoothly from bottom to top, and the incomplete sterilization caused by local "dead corners" can be prevented. ?

3. Control the temperature?

Immediately after entering the bag, I flew into a rage. After SAIC, pay attention to deflation and discharge cold air. After exhausting air, the temperature of the kitchen should be raised to 100℃ as soon as possible, and it will last for 12 ~ 14 hours, without ceasing fire or adding cold water. Then simmer for 24 hours. In the process of sterilization, the temperature should not be high and low, so pay attention to the water level in the pot to avoid burning the pot dry. ?

(4) vaccination?

Aseptic inoculation is the most critical and technical work in Hericium erinaceus cultivation and production, which can be carried out in inoculation room or inoculation box. The operating procedures of the inoculation room are as follows:

1. Send the sterilization bag to the inoculation room and spray it with Kemeiling bactericide for disinfection. Inoculation can only be carried out after the temperature of the fungus bag is cooled to room temperature. ?

2. Before entering the inoculation room, the staff should wash their hands, put on sterilized white coats and hats, put on slippers and bring the strains into the inoculation room. ?

3. Before inoculation, the staff should use 70% ~ 75% alcohol cotton balls to disinfect the hands and the outer wall of the strain bottle, light the alcohol lamp, disinfect the inoculation tool with flame, open the strain bottle above the flame of the alcohol lamp, and remove the old hyphae. Open the inoculated bacteria

At the mouth of the bag, quickly inoculate the strain to the mouth of the bag with an inoculation tool, and then seal it. Each bottle of strain can be connected to 30 ~ 35 bags. ?

(5) Epidemic situation management?

Namely mycelium culture. After the fungus bag enters the culture room, under suitable conditions, the mycelium can grow full in about 25 days. In order to successfully complete the growth of auricularia auricula and lay a solid foundation for high yield and high quality, management should be strengthened from the following aspects:

1, stack bag?

According to the natural temperature, determine the stacking mode of bacterial bags after entering the culture room. When the temperature is high, the single layer is generally placed horizontally on the shelf, and there should be gaps between the bags. If there are many bacteria bags, they should also be discharged in double layers. When the temperature is low, it can be discharged in two or more layers. Be sure to master it flexibly according to the change of temperature. ?

2. Adjust the room temperature?

Before 1 ~ 4 days in the culture room, the room temperature should be adjusted to 24℃ ~ 26℃, so that the inoculated strains can eat as soon as possible in the most suitable environment, which will attract advantages and reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. From the fifth day, with the growth of mycelium, the temperature in the bag increased, which was about 2℃ higher than the room temperature. So the room temperature should be adjusted below 24℃. After the 16th day, during the vigorous metabolism period, the room temperature should be controlled at 20℃ ~ 23℃. ?

3. Control humidity?

In the germination period (August-September), hyphae are produced by the moisture in the substrate, and no external water supply is needed, and the relative humidity of indoor air can reach 60%. When it is rainy and humid, open the window for ventilation. But fungus should be kept away from light and ventilated at night. When the indoor air humidity is high, it often makes the cotton plug wet, which leads to the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria. ?

4. Check the package (bottle)?

After 3 ~ 4 days in the culture room, it is generally not appropriate to turn over the bag. After 7 days, mycelium growth and contamination by miscellaneous bacteria were examined. Once the bag contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria is found, it should be taken out immediately, burned or buried deeply to prevent infection. ?

(6) Mushroom management?

After more than 20 days of fungal culture, the mycelium reached physiological maturity, that is, from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and the growth and development of Hericium erinaceus began. At this time, we should strengthen management from the following aspects:

1, mushroom shed opened?

Commonly used Hericium erinaceus sheds include indoor and plastic sheds. Practice has proved that plastic greenhouse has better ecological conditions, faster growth and stronger mushrooms than indoor mushroom house, and can also avoid deformed mushrooms. The three-dimensional stacking height of mushroom bags with openings at both ends in the mushroom shed is 8 ~ 12 floors. Note that in order to prevent the mushroom bag from heating, put a layer of bamboo pole every two layers of mushroom bag to fix the mushroom bag. The bacteria bag has a collar. Pull out the cotton plug, or loosen the bag mouth and put on a collar with a diameter of 4 ~ 5 cm. An open mushroom bag enters the mushroom shed, with a height of 8 ~ 12 floors, and then it is opened. Three-dimensional head-to-head bacteria bottle is 8 ~ 12 stories high, and the cork is opened. Increase ventilation and promote the growth of primordia. ?

2. Adjust the temperature?

After the fungus bags enter the mushroom shed, the temperature should be adjusted to 14℃ ~ 20℃. Under the stimulation of suitable temperature, primordium forms rapidly, from primordium formation to harvest need 10 ~ 12 days. The temperature in the mushroom shed is lower than 65438 02℃, so it is not easy to form primordium, and the formed Hericium erinaceus is easy to turn red. When the temperature exceeds 23℃, the fruiting body grows slowly, the stalk grows, and the mushroom body forms cauliflower-like deformity. When the temperature exceeds 25℃, the fruiting body will shrink and die. Therefore, the key to the success of Hericium erinaceus cultivation is to adjust the temperature in the mushroom shed to 14℃ ~ 20℃. ?

3. Keep the mushroom shed moist?

When the mushroom bag enters the mushroom shed, it is necessary to spray water on the space and ground of the mushroom shed to make the relative humidity of the mushroom shed reach 85% ~ 90%, keep the material surface of the mushroom bag moist, ensure the formation of the original base and ensure the normal growth and development of the fruiting body. If the humidity in the mushroom shed is lower than 70%, the primordium is not easy to form and the differentiated primordium will stop growing. If the humidity in the mushroom shed is higher than 95% and the ventilation is poor, it will cause the growth of miscellaneous bacteria and the rot of fruiting bodies. ?

4. ventilation?

When the fungus bags enter the mushroom shed, attention should be paid to the ventilation of the mushroom shed to keep the air fresh. Deformed mushrooms will appear when there is little ventilation. Pay attention to the relationship between ventilation and moisture retention, spray water before ventilation, ensure the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom shed is 85% ~ 90%, and keep the air fresh to facilitate the normal growth and development of fruiting bodies. ?

5.light?

Keep a certain amount of light. During the formation, growth and development of fruiting bodies, 200 ~ 400 lux of light is needed. If the light in the mushroom shed is too strong, the yellow quality of the mushroom body will decrease, which will affect the price. The light is too weak to form primordia or deformed mushrooms. ?

6. Harvest?

Hericium erinaceus produces mushrooms through the above management adjustments to ensure the best conditions. Generally, it takes 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+02 days from the formation of primordia to the harvest. The fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus is mature: the fruiting body is white with fungus spines on the surface, so it should be harvested in time before spores are ejected. Timely harvesting has the highest yield and the best quality. Harvest is too late, the thorns are too long, spores are distributed in large quantities, the fruiting body becomes loose, yellow and bitter, and the quality and edible value are reduced. ?

7. Hydrate and moisturize?

After the first mushroom harvest, clean up the remaining mushrooms and debris on the surface of the material. Stop spraying water for 3 ~ 4 days, pay attention to ventilation, so that the mycelium can get enough fresh air, and then replenish water. Pay attention to the management of temperature, humidity, ventilation and illumination, and three or four mushrooms can be produced, with a biological efficiency of 80% ~ 120%.